密度泛函理论下氯普鲁卡因分子的能级结构和光谱计算

本文基于密度泛函理论,采用B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组上对麻醉剂氯普鲁卡因的分子结构进行几何优化,在此基础上以乙醇为溶剂计算分子的前20个激发态,所有计算在Gaussian 09W-D01中进行.利用Multiwfn3.7软件绘制红外光谱图,并对其分子振动进行分析;利用Origin 201864Bit软件和Multiwfn3.7软件相结合绘制紫外光谱图,并计算空穴-电子来分析分子的激发态性质;通过计算前线轨道来预测氯普鲁卡因分子的活性位点.结果表明,在所计算得到的激发态中,由基态到第2、3、6、10激发态为局域激发,由基态到第19激发态为电荷转移激发.氯普鲁卡因乙氨基上的N22为亲电反应位点,苯环上的碳原子和脂基上的氧原子为亲核反应位点.本研究对更好的了解氯普鲁卡因分子的反应机理和在医学上的麻醉活性提供理论参考.     

尼古丁分子的能级结构和光谱计算

研究尼古丁分子的能级结构与光谱特征,对更好地了解尼古丁分子的毒性和药性有理论指导作用.基于密度泛函理论(DFT),本文利用Gaussian 09软件在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)基组水平上对尼古丁分子进行结构优化,再采用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)在乙醇溶剂中计算尼古丁分子的15个激发态.使用Multiwfn波谱分析软件对分子前线轨道进行计算,并绘制出分子的红外谱图和紫外谱图.通过前线轨道分析可知,尼古丁分子的亲核位点是吡啶环上的C3和N6、亲电位点是吡咯环上的N22.吡啶环上的C-H、N-H键面内伸缩振动峰主要集中在3049～3079 cm~(-1),吡咯环上的甲基、亚甲基的伸缩振动峰主要集中在2796～3005 cm~(-1),其中在2816 cm~(-1)处甲基上C-H键振动峰最为明显,占比43.3%;吡咯环与吡啶环的摆动峰主要集中在1027～1455 cm~(-1),吡啶环的面内振动峰主要集中在1008～1027 cm~(-1),在800 cm~(-1)以下吸收峰都为吡啶环的面外摆动峰.紫外光谱的最大吸收峰位于173.46571 nm处,主要是由基态S0跃迁到激发态S5、S6、S10、S11、S12、S13、S14形成的,其中基态S0跃迁到激发态S11的贡献最大,其余激发态跃迁振子强度小于0.03,为禁阻跃迁.     

尼古丁分子的能级结构和光谱计算

研究尼古丁分子的能级结构与光谱特征,对更好地了解尼古丁分子的毒性和药性有理论指导作用．基于密度泛函理论(DFT),本文利用Gaussian 09软件在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)基组水平上对尼古丁分子进行结构优化,再采用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)在乙醇溶剂中计算尼古丁分子的15个激发态．使用Multiwfn波谱分析软件对分子前线轨道进行计算,并绘制出分子的红外谱图和紫外谱图．通过前线轨道分析可知,尼古丁分子的亲核位点是吡啶环上的C3和N6、亲电位点是吡咯环上的N22．吡啶环上的C-H、N-H键面内伸缩振动峰主要集中在3049～3079 cm~(-1),吡咯环上的甲基、亚甲基的伸缩振动峰主要集中在2796～3005 cm~(-1),其中在2816 cm~(-1)处甲基上C-H键振动峰最为明显,占比43.3%;吡咯环与吡啶环的摆动峰主要集中在1027～1455 cm~(-1),吡啶环的面内振动峰主要集中在1008～1027 cm~(-1),在800 cm~(-1)以下吸收峰都为吡啶环的面外摆动峰．紫外光谱的最大吸收峰位于173.46571 nm处,主要是由基态S0跃迁到激发态S5、S6、S10、S11、S12、S13、S14形成的,其中基态S0跃迁到激发态S11的贡献最大,其余激发态跃迁振子强度小于0.03,为禁阻跃迁.     

基于密度泛函理论的肾上腺素分子的光谱分析

肾上腺素是一种神经和激素的传送体,研究肾上腺素分子的光谱和能级有助于了解其化学稳定性和药理作用。基于密度泛函理论（DFT）,利用Gaussian 09软件在B3LYP/6-311G（d,p）基组水平上对肾上腺素分子进行结构优化,采用含时密度泛函理论（TD-DFT）的PBE方法在def2tzvp基组水平上计算肾上腺素分子在气相中的前20个激发态,利用Multiwfn3.7（dev）软件绘制出其紫外光谱图并对激发性质进行分析。肾上腺素分子紫外光谱对应的主要跃迁是从基态分别到第1,2,4,8,15和16激发态的跃迁,其他的激发态的振子强度低于阈值0.03。理论计算得出肾上腺素的紫外光谱有两个吸收峰,分别位于206.23和273.92 nm,206.23 nm峰主要由基态跃迁到第16激发态形成,273.92 nm峰主要是基态跃迁到第2、4激发态形成,主要是由苯环上π→π*跃迁所产生,并与实验光谱吻合较好。对肾上腺素分子的激发态性质分析可知,上述吸收峰都是在最高占据轨道和最低空轨道的临近轨道跃迁产生的。利用密度泛函的PBE方法在6-311G（d, p）的基组水平上计算肾上腺素分子频率并绘制红外光谱,由振动分析可知,3 738和3 662 cm-1峰是由酚羟基O-H伸缩振动产生的特征吸收峰,3 715 cm-1峰是由醇羟基O-H伸缩振动产生的特征吸收峰,2 854 cm-1峰是由甲基的C18-H20键的伸缩振动产生的特征吸收峰,1 516和1 439 cm-1峰是苯环骨架的伸缩振动的特征吸收峰,1 279与1 057 cm-1峰分别是由C6-O10和C12-O23键伸缩振动产生的特征吸收峰,620 cm-1峰是N22-H17键摇摆振动的特征吸收峰。对比肾上腺素的实验红外光谱,发现理论光谱与实验光谱中各基团的特征吸收峰都较为明显且总体吻合较好。由于肾上腺素分子二聚体和多聚体之间形成氢键,分子间氢键的形成削弱了O-H键的强度,降低了能形成分子间氢键的羟基O-H的伸缩振动频率,从而导致实验光谱在3 500～2 500 cm-1之间呈现出一个宽峰。     

基态和单态第一激发态的联氨单分子分解反应的密度泛函研究

本文运用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)方法研究了联氨分子的电子结构和能量,并系统分析了联氨分子的分解反应,计算绘制了单分子联氨在基态和单态第一激发态下沿N-N分解反应的势能曲线。本文计算发现联氨分子在这两种电子态下的离解能分别是：基态58.8 kcal/mol,单态第一激发态495.5 kcal/mol。基态分子分解反应是吸热反应,而单态第一激发态分解反应是放热反应。计算发现单态第一激发态的激发能是554.2 kcal/mol。结合这两种电子态下联氨分子的红外振动频率分析,本文认为,在非强制断键的情况下,联氨分子沿N-N键均裂而生成两个NH2自由基的可能性很小。     

基态和单态第一激发态的联氨单分子分解反应的密度泛函研究

本文运用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)方法研究了联氨分子的电子结构和能量,并系统分析了联氨分子的分解反应,计算绘制了单分子联氨在基态和单态第一激发态下沿N-N分解反应的势能曲线。本文计算发现联氨分子在这两种电子态下的离解能分别是：基态58.8 kcal/mol,单态第一激发态495.5 kcal/mol。基态分子分解反应是吸热反应,而单态第一激发态分解反应是放热反应。计算发现单态第一激发态的激发能是554.2 kcal/mol。结合这两种电子态下联氨分子的红外振动频率分析,本文认为,在非强制断键的情况下,联氨分子沿N-N键均裂而生成两个NH2自由基的可能性很小。     

外电场作用下CF_3I分子结构特性及性质

CF_3I由于其良好的绝缘性能和较低的液化温度而作为SF_6替代性气体被广泛研究.本文采用量子化学从头计算法在3-21g基组下优化了CF_3I基态分子结构,得到了基态CF_3I分子的键长、分子前线轨道、Mulliken电荷布居数、红外光谱等.并且在此基础上采用杂化CIS/3-21g方法计算了分子的激发态,得到了分子的激发能、波长和振子强度.结果显示基态CF_3I分子在外电场作用下分子结构发生形变,分子能隙减小,分子活性变强;分子前9个激发态变化明显,随着外电场强度增加,第1、2、9激发能先增大后减小,第3、4、5、6、7与8激发能逐渐减小;第1、2、9激发波长先减小后增大,3、4、5、6、7与8激发波长逐渐增大;在0～0.009 a.u.外电场作用下,第1、2、4、5、6激发态振子强度为零,属于禁阻跃迁,第3、9激发态振子强度随着电场强度的增加而减小,第7、8激发态振子强度随着外电场强度的增加而增加.     

超快非均质电子转移的优化控制研究(Ⅱ)

本文用优化控制理论,以分子的基态作为目标态,考虑了在不同条件下,从二萘嵌苯到TiO2超快电子转移的动力学过程.发现在此目标态的作用下,电子经过一个电子激发-回落的过程从分子的基态激发到与半导体导带耦合的第一电子激发态,然后在给定目标态的作用下回落至电子基态,从而实现了较高的目标态产生率.由于二萘嵌苯的电子激发态与半导体导带能级间的强电子转移耦合,这一控制任务较电子激发态为目标态而言,更适合于实验研究.     

氨分子的激发特征和电子态与振动态相互作用

采用密度泛函(DFT)B3P86方法优化得到了氨分子的基态稳定构型、红外光谱和拉曼光谱,利用对称匹配耦合簇-组态相互作用(SAC/SAC-CI)方法在D95++基组水平上,研究了氨分子基态的激发特征。结果表明,氨分子基态的红外光谱频率和拉曼光谱频率移位是完全相符的,振动的红外光谱和拉曼光谱都是活性的,这与理论分析一致。二维垂直振动ν3,5的红外强度为0.206km/mol,接近于零,这与氨分子的激发特征有关。基态氨分子是C3V群,激发态则变为D3h群,基态转变成激发态引起对称性增加和能量升高,这种变化不是Jahn-Teller效应,而是电子态与振动态相互作用的结果。从理论上分析了这种电子态与振动态相互作用,理论分析与计算结果一致。     

甲醇分子(CH3OH)光谱性质的理论计算

研究了气相甲醇分子(CH3OH)基态和激发态性质。在对不同方法基组所得计算结果和实验结果进行比较之后,选用MP2(full)/6-311++G(2d,2p)理论方法进行计算,得到甲醇分子(CH3OH)基态和三重激发态的几何结构、能量以及频率信息;频率计算显示基态和三重态都为稳定构型。从三重态的结构出发,解释了三重态势能面为排斥型势能面的合理性。计算了甲醇分子单重激发态的垂直激发能,比较不同方法不同基组计算的甲醇分子单重激发态的垂直激发能,发现用TDDFT 中的b3p86方法使用6-311++G**基组的计算值和实验值符合得最好。计算得到的甲醇分子在MP2(full)/6-311++G(2d,2p)的绝热电离能和垂直电离能分别为11.18eV和11.32eV;计算得到的绝热电子亲和势与垂直电子亲和势分别为0.888eV和0.893eV。计算结果对实验研究有指导意义。     

Three-photon interference spectra in four-level atomic systems

We have considered the interference spectra that occur at the three-photon generated frequency arising from the interaction of three laser fields with a four-level atom, where two of the laser fields are on two-photon resonance with the three levels forming a “λ” scheme while the third laser operates between the second ground and the second excited state of the atom. At low intensities of all three laser fields, the overall intensity of the peak at the three-photon generated frequency, describing the spectrum of an electron in the second excited state, depends on the strength of the combined field of the two laser fields that are on two-photon resonance and it takes negative values. This indicates that light amplification without population inversion is likely to occur at the three-photon generated frequency. The combined field of the three laser fields induces multiphoton excitations near the three-photon generated frequency, whose peaks are characterized by linewidths which are much less than the natural linewidths of the atoms. These excitations describe absorption or stimulating emission processes depending on the values of the detunings of the laser fields. The derived results are graphically presented and discussed. Received: 24 January 2001 / Published online: 8 June 2001     

The limits of the rotating wave approximation in electromagnetic field propagation in a cavity

We consider three two-level atoms inside a one-dimensional cavity, interacting with the electromagnetic field in the rotating wave approximation (RWA). One of the three atoms is initially excited, and the other two are in their ground state. We numerically calculate the propagation of the field emitted by the excited atom and scattered by the second atom, as well as the excitation probability of the second and third atom. Our numerical results clearly show the limits of the RWA in subtle problems such as relativistic causality in the atom–field interaction.     

Electron impact excitation cross sections for phosphorus

An analytic atomic independent-particle-model is used to generate wave functions for the valence and excited states of the neutral phosphorus atom. These wave functions are used to calculate generalized oscillator strengths, and from these quantities the cross sections are obtained in Born approximation. Various excitations from the ground state are considered, and results are presented for electron impact energies up to 5 keV. Received: 6 May 1997 / Revised: 21 October 1997 / Accepted: 5 December 1997     

Response of a uniformly accelerated detector to massless Rarita–Schwinger fields in vacuum

We study the response of a uniformly accelerated detector modeled by a two-level atom nonlinearly coupled to vacuum massless Rarita–Schwinger fields. We first generalize the formalism developed by Dalibard, Dupont-Roc, and Cohen-Tannoudji in the linear coupling case, and we then calculate the mean rate of change of the atomic energy of the accelerated atom. Our result shows that a uniformly accelerated atom in its ground state interacting with vacuum Rarita–Schwinger field fluctuations would spontaneously transition to an excited state and the unique feature in contrast to the case of the atom coupled to the scalar, electromagnetic and Dirac fields is the appearance of terms in the excitation rate which are proportional to the sixth and eighth powers of acceleration.     

Long-range Rydberg-Rydberg interactions and molecular resonances

We present a detailed theoretical treatment to describe the lineshape of molecular resonances in a cold dense gas of rubidium Rydberg atoms. Molecular potentials in Hund's case (c) are calculated by diagonalization of an interaction matrix. We show how the strong ℓ-mixing due to long-range Rydberg-Rydberg interactions can lead to resonances in excitation spectra. Such resonances were first reported in [S.M. Farooqi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 183002 (2003)], where single UV photon excitations from the 5s ground state occurred at energies corresponding to normally forbidden transitions or very far detuned from the atomic energies. Here, we focus our attention on resonances at energies corresponding to excited atom pairs (n - 1)p_3/2+(n + 1)p_3/2. Very good agreement between the theoretical and experimental lineshapes is found.     

Electronic excitation and singlet-triplet coupling in uracil tautomers and uracil-water complexes

Electronic spectra of uracil in its diketo (lactam) form and five enol (lactim) tautomeric forms have been investigated by means of combined density functional and configuration interaction methods. We have simulated the effects of hydrogen bonding with a protic solvent by recomputing the spectrum of uracil in the presence of two, four, or six water molecules. Geometries of the electronic ground state and several low-lying excited states have been optimized. Spin-orbit coupling has been determined for correlated wavefunctions employing a non-empirical spin-orbit mean-field approach. In accord with experiment, we find the diketo tautomer to be the most stable one. The calculations confirm that the first absorption band arises from the ¹( π↦π^*) S ₀↦S ₂ excitation. The experimentally observed vibrational structure in this band originates from a breathing mode of the six ring. Complexation with water molecules is seen to cause a significant blue shift of n↦π^* excitations while leaving π↦π^* excitations nearly uninfluenced. Computed radiative lifetimes are presented for the experimentally known weak phosphorescence from the π↦π^* excited T₁ state. Among the uracil lactim tautomers, one is particularly interesting from a spectroscopic point of view. In this tautomer, the π↦π^* excitation gives rise to the S₁ state. Received 18 February 2002 / Received in final form 5 June 2002 Published online 13 September 2002     

Excitation of even levels of Tm II from ground state of thulium atom

The electron-impact excitation of even levels of Tm II from the ground level of the thulium atom is studied by the method of extended crossing beams with recording the optical emission of excited ions. At the exciting electron energy of 50 eV, 54 excitation cross sections are measured. In the electron energy range of 0–200 eV, 12 excitation optical functions are recorded. The most probable channels of the excitation process are discussed.     

特丁基对苯二酚的光谱及密度泛函研究

特丁基对苯二酚是重要的食品抗氧化剂.理论上,基于密度泛函理论,采用B3LYP泛函及6-311G(d,p)基组在气相环境下优化分子的结构并进行频率计算.在此基础上,基于含时密度泛函理论,选用SMD(solvation model based on density)溶剂模型,利用B3LYP泛函并结合def2-TZVP基组计算分子在无水乙醇溶剂中的前50个激发态.再通过Multiwfn软件对红外光谱做振动分析并考察分子间相互作用对红外光谱的影响,对紫外光谱做分子轨道和电子空穴分析.实验上,通过KBr压片法,利用傅里叶红外变换光谱仪测定样品红外光谱.采用液相法,以乙醇为溶剂,利用紫外可见分光光度计测定样品紫外光谱.通过对比分析可知,理论光谱与实验光谱总体吻合较好.红外光谱各基团的特征吸收峰都较为明显且较好吻合,特丁基对苯二酚二聚体存在氢键作用,这使得O—H键的强度被削弱,导致吸收频率降低并在3670—3070 cm^-1处出现一个宽峰.紫外光谱主要由基态跃迁至第1,2,6,7激发态形成,最大吸收峰位于200 nm以下,为π→π^*和s→π^*跃迁形成,268.8 nm和221.4 nm处的吸收峰均为n→π^*和π→π^*跃迁形成.由电子空穴图可知,这4个主要激发均为电子局域激发.