超声衰减法测量油水分散流中颗粒粒度分布

针对油水分散流的颗粒粒度测量问题,提出一种基于多频率下超声衰减作用的测量方法。根据多相流体中超声衰减的BLBL模型,推导出超声衰减系数与颗粒粒度分布存在的数学表达关系。通过多频率条件下所获得的超声衰减系数进行联合比较分析,求解被测流体中颗粒粒度分布.通过对含油率低于30%的5个样本中4种颗粒粒度分布的油水分散流进行数值模拟仿真实验,得到颗粒粒度占比分布的测量结果,并对结果进行分析,得到BLBL模型在毫米尺度油相颗粒作为离散相的油水分散流中的适用条件和范围。     

Turbiscan多重光散射法研究纳米银溶胶的分散稳定性

以硝酸银为银源、间苯二酚为还原剂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为保护剂通过化学还原法制得纳米银颗粒,通过离心洗涤等操作洗掉多余的反应物,将其分别超声分散于水、无水乙醇和乙二醇中获得0.2 Wt%不同体系的纳米银溶胶。利用激光粒度分析仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和同步热分析仪对纳米银颗粒进行表征并测定纳米银溶胶中的银含量。激光粒度分析仪的粒度分析结果表明,实验制得的纳米银颗粒的粒径在100nm左右,且粒径分布均一。透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的结果进一步证实纳米银颗粒的粒径在纳米尺度范围且粒径均匀。采用Turbiscan多重光散射法研究了不同体系纳米银溶胶的分散稳定性,分析了导致纳米银溶胶不稳定的主要因素。研究发现:影响纳米银溶胶分散稳定性的主要因素包括颗粒粒径的变化和颗粒的迁移。对于水相体系,样品池中间部分背散射光强度随时间变化不大,样品池底部和顶部背散射光强度有较大变化,说明其稳定性的主要影响因素是纳米银颗粒的迁移,颗粒粒径变化影响不大;对于乙醇和乙二醇体系,样品池中间部分、底部和顶部的背散射光强度均有明显变化,说明颗粒粒径的变化和颗粒的迁移对体系稳定性均有一定程度的影响;最后通过比较三个体系的稳定性动力学指数,得到体系稳定性由高到低依次为乙二醇、水和乙醇。     

基于动态光散射的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体分散稳定性初探

基于动态光散射法,采用同差探测实现了纳米流体分散体系的粒度测量。对体积分数为0.005%和0.0025%浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体颗粒粒径进行了测量,粒径的实验值的平均偏差分别为1.37%和1.39%,可以满足纳米颗粒粒径的高精度测量要求。两种浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体的平均粒径基本一致,偏差在实验的不确定度以内,且随时间无明显变化,证明了颗粒分散的稳定性,本方法可以用于纳米流体分散稳定性的评价。     

超声衰减法测量悬浊液中颗粒粒度和浓度

研究了由颗粒悬浊液中3个频率下声衰减系数测量颗粒粒度分布和浓度的方法。用FFT对测得的1,2和5 MHz 3个频率的声信号进行降噪后得到声幅度和声衰减系数,再根据描述不同频率下声衰减系数与颗粒粒径及浓度关系的ECAH模型,运用Philip-Twomey-NNLS算法和改进Chahine算法求解相关的第一类Fredholm方程,反演出颗粒的尺寸分布和浓度。用该方法对两种不同尺寸体积浓度为5％的玻璃微珠-水悬浊液颗粒进行测量,结果与显微镜法结果吻合。这表明:测量3个频率下的声衰减信号,结合Philip-Twomey-NNLS或改进的Chahine算法,可在较高浓度条件下较准确地测得颗粒粒度和浓度,从而简化了现有的高频率宽频带测量方法。     

颗粒两相体系超声多参数测量实验研究

发展了一种基于超声检测原理的颗粒两相体系颗粒粒度、密度和浓度的测量方法。设计了一套脉冲超声波多参数测量装置和系统,以SiC悬浊液为研究对象,测得了其3～6 MHz的声衰减谱。利用反演算法,获得了SiC颗粒粒度分布曲线,并将此与电感应法测量结果进行对比,两者比较吻合。同时,采用多次回波技术,获得了多达15次回波信号。利用自行编制的LabVIEW分析程序进行数据处理,计算出颗粒两相体系的密度和浓度,其相对测量误差分别在1.6%和8%以内。     

动态光散射技术的角度依赖性

与单角度动态光散射技术相比,多角度动态光散射(MDLS)颗粒测量技术能够提高颗粒粒度分布的测量准确性。但在MDLS技术中,测量角度的选择常常与被测颗粒体系的分布有关。对100nm、500nm的单峰模拟分布和300nm与600nm混合的双峰模拟分布的颗粒体系,分别在1、3、6、9个散射角条件下进行了测量。颗粒粒度反演结果表明,随着散射角个数的增大,颗粒粒度分布更趋于真实的颗粒粒度分布。对数量比为5:1的100nm与503nm双峰分布的聚苯乙烯颗粒,分别在1、3、5、10个散射角条件下进行了测量,实测结果表明采用单角度测量只能得到单峰分布,3个及更多散射角可得到双峰分布,并且双峰的数量比随散射角数量的增加逐渐趋近真实的数量比。因此,MDLS颗粒测量技术能够改善颗粒粒度分布的测量结果,但这种改善程度会随散射角的增多逐渐降低。由于散射角个数的增多会增加散射角的校准噪声和光强相关函数的测量噪声,因而会导致在有些情况下颗粒粒度分布的测量结果反而变差。     

螺旋管内气液固三相流颗粒相分布规律

为了深入认识螺旋管多相流相分离现象,并为新型螺旋管除砂器设计提供指导,本文应用马尔文粒度仪,测量了螺旋管气水砂三相流底部水平段液膜中的颗粒浓度和粒度分布。研究表明:在泡状流和分层流条件下,螺旋管底部水平段可形成稳定的连续液膜流动;在宽广的气速范围内,液膜中的颗粒浓度分布规律均为内弯侧较低、外弯侧较高,说明螺旋管除砂器对于实际生产中流动工况的变化具有良好的适应性;泡状流中提高气速有利于分离;分层流中在中等气速条件下外弯侧颗粒浓度最大,中等气速是相分离的最佳操作工况。     

螺旋管分离器中液固两相流颗粒相分布研究

螺旋管分离器是一种高效低阻的新型液固/气液固分离装置,研究分离器内部相分布特征及影响因素具有重要意义。本文利用Malvern粒度仪和观察窗技术测量了分离器模型中水-砂两相流动的颗粒浓度和粒度分布,并且对具有相似结构和流动参数的平面组合方管液固两相流动进行了数值模拟。研究表明颗粒相分布是离心力、二次流和紊流扩散的综合结果:离心力使颗粒由内弯侧向外弯侧聚集,是实现分离的根本动力,颗粒越大,分离现象越显著;二次流对分离具有双重作用;紊流扩散不利于分离。液速越高,分离效果越好。颗粒平均浓度对浓度分布没有显著影响。     

超细炸药颗粒度测试技术

物质的颗粒度大小及分布，直接联系着物质的性能和应用。过去，对常规10-20gm的炸药颗粒度研究较多，而对超细炸药颗粒度研究较少。与常规炸药相比，超细炸药存在许多特殊性，如颗粒间更易团聚不易分散、在溶剂里表现出不同于大颗粒的溶解性等，使测试变得更复杂。以超细TATB、超细BTF、超细HNS、超细RDX和超细HMX为对象，使用LS-230型激光粒度仪，对颗粒度测试过程中涉及的各种测试条件(如分散介质的选择、分散剂选择、超声时间的确定、光学模型设置、运行时间等)进行研究，获得各种超细炸药的最佳测试条件，形成基本完善的测试方法，并将测试结果与扫描电子显微镜及英国马尔文公司的Matersizer 2000型激光粒度仪的测试结果进行比较。     

混合弹性颗粒体系声衰减数值模拟

采用概率统计方法——蒙特卡罗方法,建立一种预测液固两相体系中混合弹性球形颗粒声衰减的理论模型。在单颗粒声散射和吸收的基础上,将连续超声波抽象离散化为大量独立的声子,追踪声散射过程,通过统计接收器探测声子数最终确定声衰减系数。采用数值方法对单一球形颗粒的液固两相体系中声衰减进行预测和比较,确定了该方法的可行性后将该方法推广到混合颗粒体系中,对玻璃微珠/铁粉构成的混合颗粒及多分散混合颗粒体系进行数值研究。结果表明:在体积浓度低于10%时,蒙特卡罗法预测得玻璃微珠或铁粉颗粒声衰减和ECAH,Lloyd和Berry,Waterman等建立的模型结果吻合。对于混合颗粒构成的两相体系,算例中,随着体积浓度增大到10%,声衰减系数随混合颗粒数目比的变化呈现出了非线性的变化,同时颗粒物性也会影响不同组分颗粒对声衰减的贡献,算例中铁粉颗粒比玻璃微珠对声衰减的影响更大。      

Propagation of ultrasonic waves in suspensions and emulsions: 1. Investigation of emulsions and pigment suspensions by an acoustic method

An experimental study of dispersed systems, particularly suspensions, is documented. The results were obtained by an acoustic method having certain advantages over other tests. The method was used with two interferometers working at ultrasonic frequencies as the main sources of information. Application of the measurements of ultrasonic velocity and absorption coefficient is considered.     

Ultrasonic wave velocity in the restructuring of disperse media

The ultrasonic wave velocities in the restructuring of disperse media were measured using interference and pulsed techniques and the coefficient of reflection in suspensions of starch, Al₂O₃, and SiO₂ particles, glass bulbs, their porous sediments, and composites of Fe₃O₄ particles in 10% gelatin aqueous solution at a frequency of 3 MHz. The experiments showed alternating variation in the concentration velocity coefficient during the transition of the dispersed phase concentration from the subpercolation to percolation region. The minimum ultrasonic wave velocity in the region of discrete clusters correlates with the ratio between the particle and matrix densities. The results obtained are explained using the Isakovich, Chaban, Rytov, Biot, Hausdorff, and other theories.     

Ultrasonication an intensifying tool for preparation of stable nanofluids and study the time influence on distinct properties of graphene nanofluids – A systematic overview

Optimum ultrasonication time will lead to the better performance for heat transfer in addition to preparation methods and thermal properties of the nanofluids. Nano particles are dispersed in base fluids like water (water-based fluids), glycols (glycol base fluids) &oils at different mass or volume fraction by using different preparation techniques. Significant preparation technique can enhance the stability, effects various parameters & thermo-physical properties of fluids. Agglomeration of the dispersed nano particles will lead to declined thermal performance, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. For better dispersion and breaking down the clusters, Ultrasonication method is the highly influential approach. Sonication hour is unique for different nano fluids depending on their response to several considerations. In this review, systematic investigations showing effect on various physical and thermal properties based on ultrasonication/ sonication time are illustrated. In this analysis it is found that increased power or time of ideal sonication increases the dispersion, leading to higher stable fluids, decreased particle size, higher thermal conductivity, and lower viscosity values. Employing the ultrasonic probe is substantially more effective than ultrasonic bath devices. Low ultrasonication power and time provides best outcome. Various sonication time periods by various research are summarized with respect to the different thermophysical properties. This is first review explaining sonication period influence on thermophysical properties of graphene nanofluids.     

Ultrasound emulsification: effect of ultrasonic and physicochemical properties on dispersed phase volume and droplet size

Ultrasonic emulsification of oil and water was carried out and the effect of irradiation time, irradiation power and physicochemical properties of oil on the dispersed phase volume and dispersed phase droplet size has been studied. The increase in the irradiation time increases the dispersed phase volume while decreases the dispersed phase droplets size. With an increase in the ultrasonic irradiation power, there is an increase in the fraction of volume of the dispersed phase while the droplet size of the dispersed phase decreases. The fractional volume of the dispersed phase increases for the case of groundnut oil-water system while it is low for paraffin (heavy) oil-water system. The droplet size of soyabean oil dispersed in water is found to be small while that of paraffin (heavy) oil is found to be large. These variations could be explained on the basis of varying physicochemical properties of the system, i.e., viscosity of oil and the interfacial tension. During the ultrasonic emulsification, coalescence phenomenon which is only marginal, has been observed, which can be attributed to the collision of small droplets when the droplet concentration increases beyond a certain number and the acoustic streaming strength increases.     

Interleukin-12 plasmid DNA delivery using l-thyroxine-conjugated polyethylenimine nanocarriers

The influence of the hydrophilicity and length of the cation alkyl chain in imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the dispersability of ZnO nanoparticles by ultrasound treatment was studied by dynamic light scattering and advanced rheology. ZnO nanopowder synthesized by chemical vapor synthesis was used in parallel with one commercially available material. Before preparation of the dispersion, the nanoparticles characteristics were determined by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption with BET analysis, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Hydrophilic ionic liquids dispersed all studied nanopowders better and in the series of hydrophilic ionic liquids, an improvement of the dispersion quality with increasing length of the alkyl chain of the cation was observed. Especially, for ionic liquids with short alkyl chain, additional factors like nanoparticle concentration in the dispersion and the period of the ultrasonic treatment had significant influence on the dispersion quality. Additionally, nanopowder characteristics (crystallite shape and size as well as the agglomeration level) influenced the dispersion quality. The results indicate that the studied ionic liquids are promising candidates for absorber media at the end of the gas phase synthesis reactor allowing the direct preparation of non-agglomerated nanoparticle dispersions without supplementary addition of dispersants and stabilizers.     

Study on ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation for preparing graphene-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheets

Nanomaterials with graphene-like structures have many excellent properties different from bulk materials and have become one of the most popular international frontiers in recent years. In this paper, graphene-like molybdenum disulfide materials are prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation method assisted with 1-Dodecanethiol. Double solvent ultrasonic exfoliation is realized by introducing chloroform. In addition, the optimal preparation conditions for the preparation of graphene-based molybdenum disulfide are investigated from the aspects of ultrasonic processing time and volume ratio of 1-Dodecanethiol and chloroform. Ultrasonic cleaning instrument is used in the experiment, it’s type is KQ3200E (40KHz, 150 W). Results show that the prepared graphene-like molybdenum disulfide has the highest concentration when the volume ratios of 1-Dodecanethiol and chloroform is 1:1 and ultrasonic processing time is 12 h. The dispersion of graphene-like molybdenum disulfide in low-boiling organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropanol (IPA), acetone, acetonitrile (CH₃CN) and ethanol, is realized by solvent exchange method. Characterized by transmission electron microscopy, a relatively thin sheet material is obtained. In addition, the latest methods for preparing graphene-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheet are discussed in view of micromechanical exfoliation, lithium ion intercalation, chemical vapor deposition and chemical synthesis, the advantages and limitations of various preparation methods are compared, the applications of graphene-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheets are also investigated.     

Sonochemical-assisted synthesis of nano-structured lead dioxide

PbO(2) nano-powder was synthesized by the ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous suspension of dispersed beta-PbO, as precursor, in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidant. The reaction rate increased with an increase in temperature and ammonium peroxydisulfate concentration. In the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate, the increased concentration of hydroxyl radical facilitated the oxidation of beta-PbO to PbO(2) under ultrasonic irradiation. The PbO(2) nano-powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the applied ultrasonic wave determines the particle size. PbO(2) samples prepared under optimized experimental conditions have lead dioxide particles in the range of 50-100 nm, as shown by SEM. The XRD results reveal that only beta-PbO(2) is formed under optimum conditions. When the reaction mixture was stirred instead of ultrasonically irradiated, only a fraction of the lead oxide was converted to lead dioxide, and lead sulfate was the main reaction product.     

Ultrasonic properties of nanoparticles-liquid suspensions

A polymer colloidal solution having dispersed nanoparticles of Cu and Au metals have been developed using a novel chemical method. Average size of the nanoparticles could be varied in the 4-10 nm range by conducting the reaction at an elevated temperature of 50-70 degrees C. Colloidal solutions of representative concentrations of 0.1-2.0 wt% Cu/Au contents in the primary solutions are used to study the modified ultrasonic attenuation and ultrasonic velocity in PVA polymer molecules on incorporating the Cu/Au particles. A characteristic behaviour of the ultrasonic velocity and the attenuation are observed at the particular temperature/particle concentration. The results demonstrate that the primary reaction during the nanoparticles-PVA colloidal formation occurs in divided groups in small micelles. The results are analyzed predicting the enhanced thermal conductivity of the samples.     

Characterization of transient cavitation activity during sonochemical modification of magnesium particles

Investigation of the cavitation activity during ultrasonic treatment of magnesium particles during nanostructuring has been performed. Cavitation activity is recorded in the continuous mode after switching the ultrasound on with the use of ICA-5DM cavitometer. It has been demonstrated that this characteristic of the cavitation zone may be varied in a wide range of constant output parameters of the generator. The speed and nature of the cavitation activity alteration depended on the concentration of Mg particles in the suspension and the properties of the medium in which the sonochemical treatment has been performed. Three stages of the cavitation area evolution can be distinguished: 1 – the initial increase in cavitation activity, 2 – reaching a maximum with a subsequent decrease, and 3 – reaching the plateau (or the repeated cycles with feedback loops of enlargement/reduction of the cavitation activity).The ultrasonically treated magnesium particles have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis. Depending on the nature of the dispersed medium the particles can be characterized by the presence of magnesium hydroxide (brucite) and magnesium hydride. It is possible to reach the incorporation of magnesium hydride in the magnesium hydroxide/magnesium matrix by varying the conditions of ultrasonic treatment (duration of treatment, amplitude, dispersed medium etc.). The influence of the magnesium reactivity is also confirmed by the measurements of cavitation activity in organic dispersed media (ethanol, ethylene glycol) and their aqueous mixtures.     

Effect of ultrasound on the structural characteristics and oxidative stability of walnut oil oleogel coated with soy protein isolate-phosphatidylserine

In this study, the three-dimensional network system formed by rice bran wax (RBW) was used as the internal structure, and the external structure formed by soybean protein isolate (SPI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) was added on the basis of the internal structure to prepare walnut oil oleogel (SPI-PS-WOG). Ultrasonic treatment was applied to the mixed solution to make SPI-PS-WOG, on the basis, the effects of ultrasonic treatment on SPI-PS-WOG were investigated. The results showed that both β and β’ crystalline forms were present in all SPI-PS-WOG samples. When the ultrasonic power was 450 W, the first weight loss peak in the thermogravimetric (TGA) curve appeared at 326 °C, which was shifted to the right compared to the peak that occurred when the ultrasonic power was 0 W, indicating that the thermal stability of the SPI-PS-WOG was improved by the ultrasonic treatment. Moreover, when the ultrasonic power was 450 W, the oil holding capacity (OHC) reached 95.3 %, which was the best compared with other groups. Both confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the ultrasonic treatment of appropriate power succeeded in making the SPI-PS-WOG samples more evenly dispersed in the internal structure and denser in the external structure. In terms of oxidative stability, it was found that the peroxide value of SPI-PS-WOG remained at 9.8 mmol/kg oil for 50 days under 450 W ultrasonic power treatment, which was significantly improved compared with liquid walnut oil (WO). These results provide a new idea for the preparation of oleogels, and also lay a theoretical foundation for the application of ultrasonic treatment in oleogels.