获得非晶态块状合金的新方法—固态反应及机械合金化

本文简介了近年来发展的两种获得块状非晶态合金的方法，即固态反应法及机械合金化方法，包括工艺过程，基本特性及与液态快淬法非晶化的比较等．     

机械合金化合金相形成机制的研究现状

机械合金化是制备难熔金属的非晶合金，不互溶金属的过饱和固溶体和纳米多晶的新方法，简单综述了机械合金化过程中合金相形成的机制。除了亚稳平衡下的层扩散机制外，在机械合金化过程中多晶型约束以及自助放热反应也会控制相的形成和产生。     

机械合金化非晶化过程中内应力的作用

本文利用示差扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射手段研究机械合金化Ni,Zr混合粉形成非晶Ni₃₅Zr₆₅合金的过程,揭示了内应力在机械合金化非晶化过程中的作用,并对其在球磨过程中的变化规律进行探讨和解释。 关键词：     

机械合金化制备铝基非晶和纳米晶合金

综述了机械合金化制备纳米晶、非晶的研究进展,重点介绍了机械合金化制备铝基纳米 晶,非晶合金的研究现状。     

二元合金多层膜中的固态反应非晶化

本文报道在Fe-Ti和Fe-Si系中发生的固态反应非晶化,肯定了Ni-Ti系中非晶相的形成,认为这类新型非晶化主要是一种动力学相竞争的结果,并初步讨论了在固态反应中形成非晶相的动力学判据。 关键词：     

机械合金化贮氢钛铜非晶合金的结构研究

用机械球磨方法制得了数种不同组成的钛铜非晶合金。用Ｘ射线粉末衍射，扫描电子显微镜及扩展Ｘ射线吸收精细结构研究了它们的结构。得出了用机械合金化制得的钛铜非晶合金的结构与用液相急冷法制得的相同合金的结构不同，形成两侧分别为钛与铜金属薄膜，中间夹以非晶钛铜合金的夹心饼干式结构。过长的球磨时间，会使温度升高而产生结构弛豫，在合金属层内形成微细的钛、铜金属微粒。     

二元系合金化行为若干规律

利用原子参数一模式识别方法研究了若干二元系合金化行为的规律,并在此基础上,提出了二元系合金相的判据。     

Nb添加对Cu-Zr非晶合金玻璃转变和晶化动力学的影响

采用铜模吸铸法制备出直径为2 mm的Cu_50.3Zr_49.7-xNb_x(x=0,2)大块非晶合金，利用示差扫描量热分析(DSC)研究了2at%Nb元素添加对Cu-Zr非晶合金玻璃转变动力学和晶化动力学的影响，发现含Nb合金具有较低的脆性指数，和较高的晶化激活能.这表明微量Nb的添加提高了该二元Cu基非晶合金过冷金属液相的热稳定性，从而有利于其非晶合金的形成. 关键词： Cu-Zr非晶合金 Nb添加 玻璃转变动力学 晶化动力学     

基于剪切模量和热分析数据研究Zr_(50–x)Cu_(34)Ag_8Al_8Pd_x(x=0,2)非晶合金缺陷浓度演化

非晶合金具有独特物理和力学性能,如何建立非晶合金微观结构非均匀性与物理/力学性能之间的关联是非晶固体的重要研究课题之一.微合金化是调控非晶合金微观结构有效手段之一.本研究以玻璃形成能力优异的Zr_(50–x)Cu_(34)Ag_8Al_8Pd_x(x=0, 2)非晶合金为模型合金,借助差示扫描量热仪和电磁声转换设备,研究非晶合金铸态、弛豫态和结晶态热流和剪切模量随温度的演化规律,以及物理时效(低于玻璃转变温度)过程剪切模量的变化随时间演化规律.基于自间隙原子理论,利用热流曲线表征非晶合金在相同热历史剪切模量热效应.通过分析铸态和弛豫态自间隙缺陷浓度和激活能谱,发现结构弛豫导致自间隙缺陷浓度减小,诱导剪切模量随温度演化偏离软化过程,并伴随体系放热.与此同时,研究发现添加微量Pd元素可抑制模型合金体系原子迁移,增加特征弛豫时间.本研究从非晶合金模量热效应角度进一步理解非晶合金微观结构非均匀性.     

机械合金化Cu＿（1－x）Sn＿x系的穆斯堡尔研究

利用机械合金化方法获得了几种铜－锡合金，特别是熔融法不易获得的，Ｘ射线衍射结果显示球磨使各样品纳米化，并形成包含确定合金相的固溶体，穆斯堡尔谱表明，各固溶体中除包含合金相外，还存在富锡相及富铜相，提出在机械合金化过程中，首先铜和锡纳米化，然后两种原子相互扩散形成包含合金相、富α－锡相和富ｆｃｃ铜相的固溶体。     

Construction of free-energy diagrams of amorphous alloys

Summary Free-energy diagrams of amorphous alloys are constructed using Miedema's semiempirical model of heats of formation. These diagrams account for the experimental glass-forming concentration range in binary alloys of transition metals. One of the main factors controlling glass formation is the elastic contribution to the heat of mixing of the solid solution phase. Free-energy diagrams of this kind are also useful for interpreting some characteristic processes occurring in amorphous systems, such as the spontaneous vitrification observed by Von Allmen and coworkers in several Ti-based and Nb-based alloys. The authors have agreed not to receive proofs for correction.     

Calculations of the thermodynamic properties for binary hcp alloys with simple embedded atom method model

The simple embedded atom method model for hcp metals developed by Johnson has been applied to calculate the thermodynamic properties of all binary alloy systems for the eleven transition hcp metals. It has been shown that the agreement with the calculation results from Miedema thermodynamic theory and with the available experimental data is general good, but the agreement with the experimental data for the formation energy of Co-Y alloys is weak, which implies that a more better model for hcp metals is needed.Project supported by the National Natural Science Fundation     

Mechanism and kinetics of solid-state amorphization by mechanical alloying of Al65Cu 35−x Nb x

In the present study, we have synthesized a number of Al-based Al₆₅Cu_35???x Nb_x ternary alloys by mechanical alloying and undertaken a detailed characterization of their microstructural evolution by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and positron annihilation spectroscopy. To predict the phase-equilibrium in a given ternary powder blend subjected to mechanical alloying, we have modified the Miedema model to incorporate the influence of interfacial energy contribution in solid-state amorphization and analytically calculate the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of ternary amorphous and nanocrystalline solid solutions. The predicted trend compares well with the experimental data. Finally, an attempt has been made to determine the mechanism of solid-state amorphization in Al₆₅Cu_35?xNb_x alloys utilizing both experimental results and model-based thermodynamic calculations.     

Die magnetische Suszeptibilität flüssiger Übergangsmetallegierungen

Investigations on the magnetic susceptibility of alloys of the transition metals Fe, Co and Ni with the normal metals Au, (Cu), Zn, Ga and Ge were performed in the liquid state over the whole concentration range. These alloys show complicated phase diagrams, so that in the solid state a systematic investigation over the whole concentration range is not possible. The results are discussed with the existing models for the transition metal rich side and for impurities of transition metal in normal metals. A connection between the susceptibility and the density of states has been found, which allows to explain the behaviour of the susceptibility over the whole concentration range. The measurements of the susceptibility give some information about shape and position of the density of states on alloying.     

ATOMIC SHORT-RANGE ORDER OF AMORPHOUS Ta-Cu ALLOYS PREPARED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

In the present work, the atomic short-range ordering structure of the amorphous Ta-Cu alloys formed by mechanical alloying was investigated through radial distribution function (RDF) analysis. The results suggest that the elemental powders of Ta and Cu were well mixed by mechanical alloying at atomic level. The regions of short-range order (r_s) increase with Cu concentration in Ta-Cu alloys, This means that the short-range ordering becomes stronger in those alloys with higher Cu content. The coordination number was estimated to be 12-13 from the area under the first maximum of the RDF (r) curves for all the Ta-Cu amorphous alloys. This result indicates that the amorphous alloys formed by mechanical alloying are also of topologically dense-packing structure.     

Metastable surface alloys produced by ion implantation,laser and electron beam treatment

Ion Implantation, Laser and Electron-beam Treatment (LET) of metals have been employed extensively to produce metastable surface alloys. Recent published work on implanted alloys is reviewed first. The dilute implanted alloys (solute concentration <10 at. %) are shown to lead to crystalline metastable solid solutions. At higher solute concentrations, an amorphous phase has been observed for several binary systems and recently for a ternary system. The physical mechanisms at play, are discussed in detail. A review of the surface alloys produced by LET of metals is then presented—with an emphasis on the mechanisms involved. In particular, general criteria governing formation of metastable solid solutions under LET are proposed and shown to have excellent agreement with available data on metals and Si.     

NANOSTRUCTURED Zr-BASED ALLOYS-PHASE FORMATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Newly developed nanostructured Zr/Ti-Al-TM multiphase alloys can provide a large bandwidth of interesting properties, such as mechanical properties. Bulk materials with nanocrystalline/ amorphous and (nano)quasicrystalline/ amorphous microstructure with different volume fractions of nanophases and with different grain sizes can be obtained by slowly cooling the melt as well as by solid state reactions. Multiphase structures are realized either by partial de-vitrification of bulk glass-forming alloys or by defined addition of inert compounds upon alloying. Special preparation techniques e.g. copper mould casting and subsequent controlled annealing and mechanical alloying combined with hot consolidation of powders are described. The phase formation and transformation processes and the thermal stability of such materials in dependence on alloy composition and processing parameters are discussed in detail. Currently, the exploration of properties with respect to potential applications of these nanostructured alloys is still at the beginning. First investigations on the contributions of different phases/ volume fractions to the overall mechanical behaviour will be shown. At room temperature, the deformation behaviour of amorphous/crystalline bulk samples is governed by contributions of all existing phases yielding a high strength of the material.     

NANOSTRUCTURED AND AMORPHOUS MATERIALS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

Mechanical Alloying is particularly attractive because it can be used to process structurally uniform and isotropic bulk quantities of powdered materials that have a fine length scale. Furthermore, it appears to be applicable to many combinations of elements. Here experimental results regarding the synthesis and characterization of several binary and ternary nanocrystalline and amorphous alloys of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb and Fe with other transition elements and with B, C and Si are reported. The nanocrystalline and amorphous powders, with effective particle size between 7 and 30nm, were prepared by mechanical alloying in a high-energy ball-mill using commercial elemental powders and/or alloy powder.     

Thermal and optical studies of an amorphous InSe9 alloy produced by mechanical alloying

In this paper we investigated thermal and optical properties of an amorphous alloy of the In–Se system. The amorphous InSe₉ alloy was produced by mechanical alloying and it was studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and microPhotoluminescence spectroscopy techniques, and from them several properties, such as glass transition and crystallization temperatures and energies and the optical gap energy were determined and compared to the values found in other alloys of the In–Se system. This comparison revealed some differences among our alloy produced by mechanical alloying and alloys produced by other techniques, which is a clear indication of the influence of the fabrication technique in their physical properties. The main differences occur in the activation energies associated with the glass transition and crystallization processes and also in the optical gap energy.     

Simulation study for atomic size and alloying effects during forming processes of amorphous alloys

1 Introduction Since amorphous alloys were successfully prepared by Duwez et al.[1] in the 1960s by rapid cooling from the eutectic alloy of Ag-Cu system, the investigation about atomic size and alloying effects during the formation process of amorphous alloys has become such an important area that many people paid a good deal attention. From the experiments that AgxCu1-x alloys formed amorphous structures, Takayama[2] has determined the content range of amorphous alloys, being x = 35—65, …