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1.
Single-phase solid solutions of Sm2 ? x Ce x CuO4 + δ (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) with tetragonal structure are synthesized using acetate combustion followed by sintering at 1373 K for 10 h. X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the formation of solid solution in a single phase. Maximum conductivity (σ = 96.0 ± 0.5 S cm?1 at 973 K) giving composition Sm1.90Ce0.10CuO4 offers the minimum activation energy (E a = 0.32 ± 0.004 eV) among all prepared compositions. Lowest cathode polarization resistance (R p = 3.92 ± 0.07 Ω cm2 at 973 K) and activation energy (E a = 1.12 ± 0.03 eV) values across the measured temperature range are obtained for Sm1.90Ce0.10CuO4. The impedance data fitted well to the Gerischer model indicates that a chemical-electrochemical-chemical-type reaction occurred at the mixed electronic-ionic conducting cathode.  相似文献   

2.
The temperature-dependent field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC) magnetizations, i.e., M FC and M ZFC, measured under different magnetic fields from 500 Oe to 20 kOe have been investigated on two exchange–spring CoFe2O4/CoFe2 composites with different relative content of CoFe2. Two samples exhibit different magnetization reversal behaviors. With decreasing temperature, a progressive freezing of the moments in two composites occurs at a field-dependent irreversible temperature T irr. For the sample with less CoFe2, the curves of ?d(M FC ? M ZFC)/dT versus temperature T exhibit a broad peak at an intermediate temperature T 2 below T irr , and the moments are suggested not to fully freeze till the lowest measuring temperature 10 K. However, for the ?d(M FC ? M ZFC)/dT curves of the sample with more CoFe2, besides a broad peat at an intermediate temperature T 2, a rapid rise around the low temperature T 1~15 K is observed, below which the moments are suggested to fully freeze. Increase of magnetic field from 2 kOe leads to the shift of T 2 and T irr towards a lower temperature, and the shift of T 2 is attributable to the moment reversal of CoFe2O4.
Graphical abstract CoFe2O4/CoFe2 composites with different relative content of CoFe2 were prepared by reducing CoFe2O4 in H2 for 4 h (S4H) and 8 h (S8H). The temperature-dependent FC and ZFC magnetizations, i.e., M FC and M ZFC, under different magnetic fields from 500 Oe to 20 kOe have been investigated. Two samples exhibit different magnetization reversal behaviors. With decreasing temperature, a progressive freezing of the moments in two composites occurs at field-dependent irreversible temperature T irr. For the S4H sample, the curves of ?d(M FC ? M ZFC)/dT versus temperature T exhibit a broad and field-dependent relaxing peak at T 2 below T irr (figure a), and the moments were suggested not to fully freeze till the lowest measuring temperature 10 K. However, for the S8H sample, it exhibits the reentrant spin-glass state around 50 K, as evidenced by a peak in the M FC curve (inset in figure b) and as a result of the cooperative effects of the random anisotropy of CoFe2O4, exchange–spring occurring at the interface of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2 together with the inter-particle dipolar interaction (figure c); in ?d(M FC ? M ZFC)/dT curves, besides a broad relaxing peat at T 2, a rapid rise around the low-temperature T 1~15 K is observed, below which the moments are suggested to fully freeze. Increase of magnetic field from 2 kOe leads to the shift of T 2 and T irr towards a lower temperature, and the shift of T 2 is attributable to the moment reversal of CoFe2O4.
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3.
In order to establish the mechanism and to determine the parameters of lithium transport in electrodes based on lithium-vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3), the kinetic model was designed and experimentally tested for joint analysis of electrochemical impedance (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), pulse chronoamperometry (PITT), and chronopotentiometry (GITT) data. It comprises the stages of sequential lithium-ion transfer in the surface layer and the bulk of electrode material’s particles, including accumulation of lithium in the bulk. Transfer processes at both sites are of diffusion nature and differ significantly, both by temporal (characteristic time, τ) and kinetic (diffusion coefficient, D) constants. PITT data analysis provided the following D values for the predominantly lithiated and delithiated forms of the intercalation material: 10?9 and 3 × 10?10 cm2 s?1, respectively, for transfer in the bulk and 10?12 cm2 s?1 for transfer in the thin surface layer of material’s particles. D values extracted from GITT data are in consistency with those obtained from PITT: 3.5–5.8 × 10?10 and 0.9–5 × 10?10 cm2 s?1 (for the current and currentless mode, respectively). The D values obtained from EIS data were 5.5 × 10?10 cm2 s?1 for lithiated (at a potential of 3.5 V) and 2.3 × 10?9 cm2 s?1 for delithiated (at a potential 4.1 V) forms. CV evaluation gave close results: 3 × 10?11 cm2 s?1 for anodic and 3.4 × 10?11 cm2 s?1 for cathodic processes, respectively. The use of complex experimental measurement procedure for combined application of the EIS, PITT, and GITT methods allowed to obtain thermodynamic E,c dependence of Li3V2(PO4)3 electrode, which is not affected by polarization and heterogeneity of lithium concentration in the intercalate.  相似文献   

4.
Lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) and (1 ? x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 + xBaTiO3 with x = 0.1 and 0.2 (where x = 0.1 and 0.2 are named as NBT1 and NBT2, respectively), (1 ? y)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 + yBa0.925Nd0.05TiO3 with y = 0.1 and 0.2 (where y = 0.1 and 0.2 are named as NBT3 and NBT4, respectively)-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics were prepared using the sol-gel method. The crystal structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature (RT). The XRD patterns confirmed the presence of the rhombohedral phase in all the samples. The electrical properties of the present NBT-based samples were investigated by complex impedance and the modulus spectroscopy technique in the temperature range of RT–600 °C. The AC conductivity was found to increase with the substitution of Ba2+ ions to the NBT sample whereas it significantly decreased with the addition of Nd3+ ions. The more anion vacancies in Ba-added samples and the lower anion vacancies in Nd-added samples were found to be responsible for higher and lower conductivities, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
Temperature dependences of specific heat Cp(T) and coefficient of thermal expansion ;(T) for Na0.95Li0.05NbO3 sodium-lithium niobate ceramic samples are investigated in the temperature range of 100–800 K. The Cp(T) and α(T) anomalies at T3 = 310 ± 3 K, T2 = 630 ± 8 K, and T1 = 710 ± 10 K are observed, which correspond to the sequence of phase transitions N ? Q ? S(R) ? T2(S). The effect of heat treatment of the samples on the sequence of structural distortions was established. It is demonstrated that annealing of the samples at 603 K leads to splitting of the anomaly corresponding to the phase transition QR/S in two anomalies. After sample heating to 800 K, the only anomaly is observed in both the Cp(T) and ;(T) dependence. Possible mechanisms of the observed phenomena are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
The sample of Mg0. 5+y (Zr1-y Fey) 2 (PO4) 3 (0.0 ≤y ≤0.5) was synthesized using the sol-gel method. The structures of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurement. XRD studies showed that samples had a monoclinic structure which was iso-structured with the parent compound, Mg0.5Zr (PO4) 3. The complex impedance spectroscopy was carried out in the frequency range 1–6 MHz and temperature range 303 to 773 K to study the electrical properties of the electrolytes. The substitutions of Fe3+ with Zr4+ in the Mg0.5Zr (PO4) 3 structure was introduced as an extrainterstitial Mg2+ ion in the modified structured. The compound of Mg0.5+y (Zr1-y Fey)2(PO4)3 with y?=?0.4 gives a maximum conductivity value of 1.25?×?10?5 S cm?1 at room temperature and 7.18?×?10?5 S cm?1 at 773 K. Charge carrier concentration, mobile ion concentration, and ion hopping rate are calculated by fitting the conductance spectra to power law variation, σ ac (ω)?=?σ o ? +?Aω α . The charge carrier concentration and mobile ion concentration increases with increase of Fe3+ inclusion. This implies the increase in conductivity of the compounds was due to extra interstitial Mg2+ ions.  相似文献   

7.
The Ru-Ru spin-singlet formation in La2 ? x L n x RuO5 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy) was investigated by measurements of the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility. After subtraction of the lattice contribution from the specific heat (C p ), similar excess entropy values were obtained for all compounds. These entropies can be explained by the formation of antiferromagnetic Ru-spin dimers at low temperatures and provide a lower estimate for the intradimer exchange strength. Pronounced changes in the transition temperatures and a broadening of the corresponding peak in C p were observed. These changes depend on the rare-earth element and are due to local structural changes and heterogeneities caused by the substitution. The magnetic susceptibilities can be described by the sum of a rare-earth paramagnetic moment and the susceptibility of the unsubstituted La2RuO5. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for various compounds to investigate the origin of the magnetic transition and the relationship between structural changes and the spin-dimerization temperature. The combination of the present results with previous structural investigations supports the model of a spin-pairing of the Ru moments which occurs as a reason of the structural phase transition in La2 ? x L n x RuO5.  相似文献   

8.
Higher dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and good transmission characteristicshave been the goal for developing the ceramic waveguide window for high power windowapplications. The choice of materials having high k with low dielectric lossand reduced window size is key parameters to achieve maximum microwave transmissionwithout unleashing microwave dissipation. The microwave dielectric properties ofsynthesized Ba(Zn1/3Ta2 /3)O3 (BZT) ceramics have been studied for high power windowapplications. The structural studies are correlated with microwave dielectric propertiesof BZT. The maximum values of dielectric constant ?r =30, Q ×f0 = 102 THz and near zero temperaturecoefficient of resonance frequency were obtained for BZT ceramics sintered at thetemperature of 1550 °Cfor 4 h. The measured results are used to design a tapered transition from air filledwaveguide to narrow (reduced width and height) dielectric filled waveguide using Heckenslinear taper at a specific frequency. The simulation result shows that the lowerreflection loss is obtained for the tapered transition of the narrow BZT window ascompared to the standard waveguide BZT window. The return loss of –34 dB is obtained forS-bandwaveguide window with a bandwidth of 675 MHz. The return loss observed in the narrow BZTwindow is –46 dB with a bandwidth of 570 MHz at a center frequency of 3.63 GHz. Most ofthe disadvantages in conventional windows will be rectified using the design of the tapertransion employing narrow waveguide window in high power applications.  相似文献   

9.
Nonstoichiometric Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with the composition of Bi2?+?x WO6?+?1.5x (?0.25 ≤ x ≤ 1) wa synthesized by a facile solid state reaction method. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis absorption spectrum. The Bi2.5WO6.75 photocatalyst showed excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance; nearly 100 % of RhB (10 ppm, pH?=?3?~?4) was decomposed within 25 min, which demonstrated that nonstoichiometric semiconductors could be an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst.  相似文献   

10.
We propose an efficient strategy to infer sparse Hopfield network based on magnetizationsand pairwise correlations measured through Glauber samplings. This strategy incorporatesthe ? 1 regularization into the Bethe approximation by aquadratic approximation to the log-likelihood, and is able to further reduce the inferenceerror of the Bethe approximation without the regularization. The optimal regularizationparameter is observed to be of the order ofM ?ν where M is the numberof independent samples. The value of the scaling exponent depends on the performancemeasure. ν ? 0.5001 for root mean squared error measure whileν ? 0.2743 for misclassification rate measure. The efficiency of thisstrategy is demonstrated for the sparse Hopfield model, but the method is generallyapplicable to other diluted mean field models. In particular, it is simple inimplementation without heavy computational cost.  相似文献   

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