纳米微晶材料的结构和性质

纳米微晶材料是纳米量级晶粒所构成的多晶物质,其晶界区域中存在与长程有序晶态和短程有序非晶态结构不相同的“气体状”的结构。本文讨论了纳米微晶材料的制备方法、结构特点和奇异性质及其在材料科学中的应用。     

纳米微晶材料的结构和性质

纳米微晶材料是纳米量级晶粒所构成的多晶物质,其晶界区域中存在与长程有序晶态和短程有序非晶态结构不相同的“气体状”的结构。本文讨论了纳米微晶材料的制备方法、结构特点和奇异性质及其在材料科学中的应用。     

SiO2气凝胶中ZnS∶Mn纳米微晶的发光性质

利用溶胶 凝胶法在SiO2 气凝胶中制得了ZnS∶Mn纳米微晶 ,并对微晶的X射线衍射谱、激发 发射光谱、发光效率、时间分辨光谱进行了研究 ,讨论了发光性质变化的原因。实验表明 ,Mn2 + 在纳米微晶中的发光效率相对于体材料有明显的提高 ,弛豫时间也比在体材料中缩短了约一个数量级     

SiO2气凝胶中ZnS：Mn纳米微晶的发光性质

利用溶胶－凝胶法在SiO2气凝胶中制得了ZnS-Mn纳米微晶,并对微晶的X射线衍射谱,激发0发射光谱、发光效率,时间分辨光谱进行了研究,讨论了发光性质变化的原因,实验表明,Mn2 在纳米微晶中的发光效率相对于体材料有明显的提高,弛豫时间也比在体材料中缩短了约一个数量级。     

稀土配合物Tb(Sal)3·3H2O纳米微晶的制备及发光性质

利用化学沉淀法制备了不同粒径的Tb(Sal)_3·3H_2O纳米微晶和Tb(Sal)_3·3H_2O稀土配合物。利用元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析和透射电镜表征了纳米微晶和稀土配合物的结构、热性质和粒径大小。利用荧光激发和发射光谱、紫外光谱探讨了有机配体和中心离子之间的能量传递过程。结果显示Tb(Sal)_3·3H_2O纳米微晶的粒径主要分布在50～250nm区域并且发出较强铽(Ⅲ)离子的特征荧光。这些结果为进一步扩展稀土配合物在发光材料以及磁材料中的应用奠定了基础。     

微波吸收法研究ZnO光电子衰减过程

微波吸收无接触测量技术可以用于半导体粉体材料、微晶材料等研究光生载流子衰减过程。本文采用微波吸收法在室温下分别测量了ZnO纳米材料和微晶材料的光电子衰减过程。发现在紫外激光短脉冲激发下,两种材料的导带光电子寿命有很大的差异,ZnO微晶粉体材料的光电子寿命为50ns,而ZnO纳米材料的光电子寿命仅为10ns。分析认为纳米ZnO的光电子寿命缩短是由于纳米ZnO晶体的表面积远远大于体材料的表面积,纳米材料的表面形成了大量的缺陷能级,加速了光电子的表面复合,缩短了光电子的寿命。纳米材料内部缺陷增多和量子限域效应同样会缩短光电子的寿命。     

壳聚醣中ZnS: Mn纳米微晶的发光效率及时间分辨光谱

对制备的分散在壳聚醣中ＺｎＳＭｎ纳米微晶的红外吸收光谱、Ｘ射线衍射谱、激发和发射光谱、发光效率、时间分辨光谱进行了研究，讨论了发光性质变化的原因．实验表明，纳米微晶中Ｍｎ２＋的弛豫时间比体材料减少了约２个数量级．通过测量结果讨论了振子强度的变化     

稀土配合物Tb（Sal）3·3H2O纳米微晶的制备及发光性质

利用化学沉淀法制备了不同粒径的Tb（Sal）3·3H2O纳米微晶和Tb（sal）3·2H2O稀土配合物。利用元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析和透射电镜表征了纳米微晶和稀土配合物的结构、热性质和粒径大小。利用荧光激发和发射光谱、紫外光谱探讨了有机配体和中心离子之间的能量传递过程。结果显示Tb（Sal），·3H2O纳米微晶的粒径主要分布在50～250nm区域并且发出较强铽（Ⅲ）离子的特征荧光。这些结果为进一步扩展稀土配合物在发光材料以及磁材料中的应用奠定了基础。     

壳聚糖中ZnS：Mn纳米微晶的发光效率及时间分辨光谱

对制备的分散在壳聚糖中ＺｎＳ：Ｍｎ纳米微晶的红外吸收光谱，Ｘ射线衍射谱，激发和发射光谱，发光效率，时间分辨光谱进行了研究，讨论了发光性质变化的原因，实验表明，纳米微晶中Ｍｎ＾２＋的弛豫时间比体材料减少了约２个数量级，通过测量结果讨论了振子强度的变化。     

纳米介孔ZrO2及其表面修饰的发光性质

水热合成法制备的高度有序多孔ZrO2具有规则六角排列、均匀纳米孔洞(约1．8nm)，并且其蓝、(近)紫外光发射强度比纳米微晶材料高2个数量级。本文研究了纳米介孔ZrO2这种不同于常规体材料与纳米晶材料的特殊发光性质。通过化学方法对纳米介孔ZrO2进行表面修饰后，能进一步提高其光发射聋度约3倍。通过这些发光性质的研究，以期增进对ZrO2发光机理的认识。     

Advances in Functional Nanomaterials Science

Technologies employing nanomaterials, such as electronics, optoelectronics, nanobiotechnologies, quantum optics, and nanophotonics, are perceived as the key drivers of investigations on novel and functional materials and their nanostructures for various applications. It is well understood that the study of such materials and structures has been of great importance for the optimization and development of electrical and optical devices. From such devices, one does not only expect higher efficiencies, but also access to the development of completely new concepts, which are strongly demanded by modern information-processing, quantum, or medical technologies, and sensing applications. In this context, a wide range of aspects such as the physics of novel materials, as well as materials engineering, characterization, and applications are summarized here. Novel materials, which can be used, for instance, for energy harvesting or light generation, as well as for future logic devices; material engineering, which can lead to improved device functionality and performance in optoelectronics; material physics, the study of which allows insight to be gained into optical and electrical properties of nanostructured systems and quantum materials; and technologies/devices, addressing progress on the application side of sophisticated material systems and quantum structures, are highlighted using representative examples.     

磁性材料进展

磁性材料大体上分为两类 :其一为铁磁有序的金属磁性材料 ;其二绝大多数为亚铁磁有序、具有半导体导电性质的非金属磁性材料 .5 0年代以前 ,金属磁性材料占绝对优势 ;5 0年代以后 ,非金属磁性材料发展成为磁性材料的主流 ,除电力工业用的高饱和磁化强度FeSi合金外 ,铁氧体几乎应用于各个领域 .历史似乎按螺旋形的方式发展 ,90年代后 ,金属磁性材料又以新的面貌出现 ,3d (4f,4d ,5d ,5f… )合金与化合物、非晶、纳米微晶磁性材料重领风骚 ,其性能远超越铁氧体 .纳米磁性材料将成为新的功能材料 .文章重点介绍了永磁材料与软磁材料 ,其他如磁记录材料、磁致冷材料、磁致伸缩材料等将作简单介绍 .     

物理学与材料科学结合的机遇与挑战

物理学，特别是凝聚态物理学与材料科学的交叉在近几十年已取得丰硕的研究成果，文章分四部分：（1）简要介绍了材料与材料科学的基本概念；（2）回顾近代历史上物理学与材料科学交叉的一些典型例子；（3）介绍在表面和界面、缺陷、理论和模型、微结构表征、新材料以及新工艺等领域物理学与材料科学交叉的简况及材料研究的一些前沿问题；（4）讨论物理学在纳米材料发展中的作用。     

Jamming: A simple introduction

Amorphous materials as diverse as foams, emulsions, colloidal suspensions and granular media can jam into a rigid, disordered state where they withstand finite shear stresses before yielding. Here we give a simple introduction to the surprising physics displayed by a very simple model system for the jamming transition: frictionless, soft spheres at zero temperature and zero shear that act through purely repulsive contact forces. This system starts to become rigid, i.e. goes through the jamming transition, whenever the confining pressure becomes positive. We highlight some of the remarkable geometrical features of the zero pressure jamming point and discuss the peculiar mechanical properties of these systems for small pressures.     

P-doped TiO2 nanoparticles film coated on ground glass substrate and the repeated photodegradation of dye under solar light irradiation

The convenient reuse of photocatalysts is essential to the practical application in the degradation of organic pollutant. In this study, compact P-doped TiO₂ film coated on ground glass substrate was easily achieved by layer-by-layer assembly technique. Thus such an elaborate complex system exhibited very convenient in recycling photocatalyst in the degradation of dye with high catalytic activity. The excellent performance of P-TiO₂ film coated on ground glass substrates endows the assembled route potential in purifying waste water.     

Guided mode lasing in ZnO nanorod structures

Quasi-two-dimensional arrays of nearly parallel hexagonal ZnO nanorods and a three-dimensional cylindrical microstructure consisting of ZnO nanorods have been grown by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and carbothermal evaporation technologies, respectively. The technology ensures high optical quality of the produced nanostructures so as to act as a gain medium for stimulated emission in the ultraviolet spectral region in combination with high quality factor laser resonators. Multiple sharp lasing peaks were realized from the produced structures under nanosecond pulse optical excitation. The lasing peaks display successive onset and saturation with increasing excitation power density in accordance with the lasing behavior of guided modes in ZnO nanorods. The produced structures are expected to find applications in integrated nanoscale optoelectronics, photonics, and sensor technologies.     

Unique combination of zero–one–two dimensional carbon–titania hybrid for cold cathode application

A unique multi-dimensional hybrid system has been developed by incorporating titania nanoparticle into chemically synthesized amorphous carbon nanotubes (a-CNTs)-amorphous graphene composites. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy; Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The microscopic studies confirm the attachment of the TiO₂ nanoparticles on carbon structures. The performance of the both the pure and hybrid samples as cold cathode emitter has been investigated and it has been found that cold emission performance of the pure carbon system improves considerably after TiO₂ nanoparticles being added to it giving a turn on field as low as 2.1 V/μm and enhancement factor 2746. The enhancement of field emission characteristic after TiO₂ addition was justified from the ‘ANSYS- Maxwell’ software based simulation study.     

On standardization of low symmetry crystal fields

Standardization methods of low symmetry – orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic – crystal fields are formulated and discussed. Two alternative approaches are presented, the conventional one, based on the second-rank parameters and the standardization based on the fourth-rank parameters. Mainly f-electron systems are considered but some guidelines for d-electron systems and the spin Hamiltonian describing the zero-field splitting are given. The discussion focuses on premises for choosing the most suitable method, in particular on inadequacy of the conventional one. Few examples from the literature illustrate this situation.     

Influence of iron ions on dielectric properties of the PbO–Bi2O3–B2O3 glass system

PbO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ glasses containing small concentrations of Fe₂O₃ (0–1 mol%) were subject to dielectric studies (dielectric constant ε′; loss tan δ; and ac conductivity σ _ac) over a wide range of frequency and temperature. From spectroscopic (infrared, optical absorption and ESR spectra) and magnetic susceptibility studies, variations in these properties with dopant ion concentration were analyzed in terms of different oxidation states and iron ion environment in the glass network.