惯性颗粒所见被动标量统计特性的直接数值模拟研究

本文采用直接数值模拟方法,对惯性颗粒所见均匀各向同性湍流中具有平均标量梯度的被动标量场统计特性进行了研究。模拟结果表明:与颗粒所见流体速度的自相关特性不同,颗粒所见标量的自相关特性随颗粒惯性的增加而单调减少;颗粒所见标量脉动能随颗粒惯性的增加先减少再增大,在St≈1.0的临界颗粒附近达到最小值,而颗粒所见标量耗散率随颗粒惯性的变化行为与颗粒所见标量脉动能的变化行为相反;数值模拟的结果进一步揭示,在St≈1.0时颗粒所见流体标量脉动能和耗散率的极值是因为St≈1.0的临界颗粒聚集于低涡量、高应变区域和标量场在高应变区域形成强耗散的片状结构所致。     

对具有平均标量梯度的被动标量的直接模拟

采用直接数值模拟方法,对具有平均标量梯度的被动标量场在稳定、均匀各向同性湍流中的统计特性进行了研究(计算Reλ为25和48,Pr数从0.3到4.0)。模拟结果表明:标量的概率密度函数是高斯分布的;标量耗散率的概率分布是不对称性的,在它的左枝还存在明显的拖尾现象,并非对数正态分布;在Re数相同的情况下,随着Pr数的增加, 沿着平均标量梯度方向上的标量梯度其概率分布的偏斜度是减少的,反映出回归各向同性的趋势,而且在以涡量为条件的标量梯度的偏斜度变化曲线中发现涡量影响的饱和现象,我们认为这是由于涡量通过对标量场小尺度结构进行旋转作用来影响标量场的结果。     

颗粒惯性对标量混合的影响

本文采用直接数值模拟的方法,研究了颗粒惯性对均匀各向同性湍流场中被动标量混合特性的影响.结果表明:与无颗粒算例相比,Tp/Tk<1的小颗粒,增大了标量脉动在高波数上的能量,增强了标量耗散率,标量耗散率最大高出了25%;Tp/Tk>1的大颗粒,在初期显著削弱了标量脉动强度,同时也加快了标量耗散率的衰减,标量脉动强度降低了约15%,标量耗散减少了约5%;而Tp/Tk=1的临界颗粒,对标量场混合的影响较弱,标量脉动强度和标量耗散偏差在5%以内;此外,随着颗粒惯性的增大,标量耗散率的概率密度函数向左平移,但分布特征的改变并不显著.     

湍流混合层流场的PIV测量

本文使用PIV对在坚直通道内放置一个特殊设计的隔板所形成的湍流混合层流动进行测量,高低侧速比为4:1,基于两股流体速度差和管道水力半径的Re数范围4400～158400.发现混合层中大涡拟序结构的尺度随雷诺数的增加而增大,而后又随雷诺数的继续增大而减小,气泡的加入会延缓或阻碍大涡拟序结构的发展.对雷诺应力、湍流强度、涡量、旋涡强度在混合层流场内随雷诺数的变化和分布规律进行分析,发现混合层内雷诺应力、湍流强度、涡量及旋涡强度均集中分布在隔板下游一个较窄的锥形区域内,雷诺应力和湍流强度随雷诺数的增大先增人后减小,随离开隔板距离的增大而减小.涡量及旋涡强度随雷诺数的增大而增加,随离开隔板距离的增大而减小.     

双半球粗糙元对湍流边界层的影响

采用直接数值模拟的方法,对湍流边界层内加入两个半球粗糙元的流动进行研究,探索加入粗糙元后流场的边界层厚度、速度场、涡量、压力梯度等统计量规律。发现加入粗糙元后,原来的流场结构受到了粗糙元的破坏,层流受到这种强影响而转化为湍流,边界层的厚度在波动中不断增大。半球粗糙元造成了其表面上边界层的分离,并在后方产生了对流场的作用强烈的强雷诺应力区域。     

旋转体系中湍流的LBM模拟

采用基于多松弛时间因子的格子Boltzmann方法对旋转体系中的湍流进行数值研究,考察Rossby数和Ekman数对湍流的影响,包括湍流能量及其耗散率、速度、涡结构及湍流的耗散尺度即Kolmorogov尺度和积分尺度等.研究表明,系统的旋转延缓了湍流能量的衰减速率,逐步破坏初始涡结构的均匀性,与旋转方向相反的涡逐步被抑制,并最终形成若干与旋转同向的涡柱.结果还表明,系统旋转越快,湍流的耗散尺度越小而积分尺度越大.     

有旋湍流场中湍流模型应用的研究

本文通过对三种双时间尺度湍流模型的理论分析，选择出最合理的模型，并在其基础上引入非线性Reynolds应力─应变关系式及梯度Richardson数修正，对有旋湍流场进行计算，其结果表明，双时间尺度模型能较好地预测出复杂湍流场中平均物理量的分布，尤其对回流区大小和强度的预测较常规k-ε模型结果有很大改进。因此，本文将双时间尺度模型应用于旋流燃烧器中气体颗粒两相流动的计算。     

切向炉小分隔屏后涡量场的实验研究

本文首次使用六线涡量探针在切向燃烧煤粉炉（切向炉）ＨＧ－２００８－ＹＭ２的冷模上测量了其小分隔屏后的流场，即速度场及涡量场，得到了描述湍流特征的参数如湍流强度、倾斜因子及平坦因子等。实验结果表明，小分隔屏的存在对其后的速度场及涡量场有明显的影响。由于切向炉中残余旋转和翼型效应的作用，右侧屏后方似乎也出现了分离涡。研究分隔屏区的涡结构（相干结构），对研究燃料燃尽和在抑制污染物生成方面有帮助；为切向炉中热偏差成因及其对策研究也提供了思路。     

低阶格式在大涡模拟计算中的适用性

采用三维Taylor-Green涡作为研究对象,利用工程中常用的低阶数值格式,研究格式本身的数值误差对大涡模拟计算的影响.结果表明:三种数值格式的数值耗散行为都与亚格子模型行为类似,即在小雷诺数下,流场比较光滑时,耗散很小,当雷诺数增加,流动转捩为湍流,流场梯度增大,耗散显著增大.对于MUSCL格式和二阶有界中心格式,在高雷诺数下,亚格子尺度模型没有明显改善计算结果,但也没有使计算结果恶化.中心格式相比其它两种格式,数值耗散最小,但是在高雷诺数湍流情况下,中心格式的数值耗散仍然主导了能量的耗散,再添加亚格子模型,计算结果反而变得稍差.对于工程中的低阶格式而言,采用中心格式计算大涡模拟是比较好的选择,而且在计算不存在稳定性问题时,采用不添加亚格子模型的隐式大涡模拟效果更好.     

针对典型分离流动数值模拟的自适应耗散调节方法

分离流动是一种复杂湍流现象,其中微小尺度结构的发展演化有着重要的影响,但是湍流数值模拟中数值方法的固有耗散会抑制小尺度流动结构的发展.因此,本文结合延迟分离涡模拟方法,基于五阶耗散紧致格式,通过引入流场相关的调节因子,构造自适应耗散调节方法,使其在大涡模拟区域降低耗散影响以提高对小尺度流动结构的辨识能力,在雷诺平均区域恢复正常耗散水平以保持稳定求解.本文首先通过近似色散关系和涡输运算例说明该方法可有效降低数值耗散影响,同时具有更高分辨率的涡保持能力;随后通过各向同性衰减湍流和平板槽道流动展示了该方法可有效提高对微小流动结构的辨识能力,同时在存在大梯度的流场中可保持求解稳定性;最后求解Re=3900亚临界状态下的圆柱绕流,通过对比流场云图、时均速度和雷诺应力分布曲线,说明了该方法通过减小分离区耗散影响,可有效提高对典型分离流动求解的准确性.     

Scalar Statistics along Inertial Particle Trajectory in Isotropic Turbulence

The statistics of a passive scalar along inertial particle trajectory in homogeneous isotropic turbulence with a mean scalar gradient is investigated by using direct numerical simulation. We are interested in the influence of particle inertia on such statistics, which is crucial for further understanding and development of models in non-isothermal gas-particle flows. The results show that the scalar variance along particle trajectory decreases with the increasing particle inertia firstly; when the particle＇s Stokes number St is less than 1.0, it reaches the minimal value when St is around 1.0, then it increases if St increases further. However, the scalar dissipation rate along the particle trajectory shows completely contrasting behavior in comparison with the scalar variance. The mechanical-to-thermal time scale ratios averaged along particle, （r）p, are approximately two times smaller than that computed in the Eulerian frame r, and stay at nearly 1.77 with a weak dependence on particle inertia. In addition, the correlations between scalar dissipation and flow structure characteristics along particle trajectories, such as strain and vorticity, are also computed, and they reach their maximum and minimum, 0.31 and 0.25, respectively, when St is around 1.0.     

Conditional analysis of temperature and strain rate effects on dissipation structure in turbulent non-premixed jet flames

This work presents results from simultaneous high-resolution temperature and velocity measurements in a series of turbulent non-premixed jet flames. The filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS)-based temperature measurements demonstrate sufficient signal-to-noise (SNR) and spatial resolution to estimate the smallest scalar length scales and accurately determine dissipation rate fields. A comprehensive set of conditional statistics are used to characterize the small-scale structure, including the dependence of dissipation layer widths on Reynolds number, temperature, and dissipation magnitude. In general, the dissipation layer thickness decrease with increasing Reynolds number and increase with increasing temperature. However, dissipation layer widths show two distinct behaviors with respect to dissipation magnitude. For small dissipation values, increases in magnitude results in broadening of the dissipation layer, while for larger magnitude values of dissipation, the layer widths are thinned, highlighting the complexity of small-scale turbulent mixing. Additionally, measured ratios of the dissipation layer width to the Batchelor length scale are consistent across all Reynolds numbers and agree with previous studies in non-reacting flows. The unique aspect about the current set of measurements is the ability to examine the interaction of dissipation structure with turbulent flow parameters for the first time in turbulent non-premixed flames. Particularly, the strain rate/dissipation relationship is examined and compared to previous studies in non-reacting flows. It is found that the dissipation layers tend to align normal to the principal compressive strain axis and this tendency increases with increasing Reynolds number. For the lowest Reynolds number case, no dependence of the dissipation layer width nor dissipation rate magnitude on strain rate is found. However, for higher Reynolds numbers, a strong dependence of the dissipation layer width and dissipation rate magnitude on the principal compressive strain rate is observed. These results indicate the direct role of the compressive strain rate field on small-scale mixing structure in reacting flows.     

A priori analysis of sub-grid variance of a reactive scalar using DNS data of high Ka flames

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of low and high Karlovitz number (Ka) flames are analysed to investigate the behaviour of the reactive scalar sub-grid scale (SGS) variance in premixed combustion under a wide range of combustion conditions (regimes). An order of magnitude analysis is performed to assess the importance of various terms in the variance evolution equation and the analysis is validated using the DNS results. This analysis sheds light on the relative behaviour among turbulent transport and production, scalar dissipation and chemical processes involved in the evolution of the SGS variance at different Ka. The common expectation is that the variance equation shifts from a reaction-dissipation balance at low Ka to a production–dissipation balance at high Ka with diminishing reaction contribution. However, in large eddy simulation (LES), a high Ka alone does not make the reaction term negligible, as the relative importance of the reaction term has a concurrent increase with filter size. The filter size can be relatively large compared with the Kolmogorov length scale in practical LES of high Ka flames, and as a consequence a reaction–production–dissipation balance may prevail in the variance equation even in a high Ka configuration, and this possibility is quantified using the DNS analysis in this work. This has implications from modelling perspectives, and therefore two commonly used closures in LES for the SGS scalar dissipation rate are investigated a priori to estimate the importance of the above balance in LES modelling. The results are explained to highlight the interplay among turbulence, chemistry and dissipation processes as a function of Ka.     

Statistics of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a spatially developing mixing layer

The thin interface separating the inner turbulent region from the outer irrotational fluid is analysed in a direct numerical simulation of a spatially developing turbulent mixing layer. A vorticity threshold is defined to detect the interface separating the turbulent from the non-turbulent regions of the flow, and to calculate statistics conditioned on the distance from this interface. The conditional statistics for velocity are in remarkable agreement with the results for other free shear flows available in the literature, such as turbulent jets and wakes. In addition, an analysis of the passive scalar field in the vicinity of the interface is presented. It is shown that the scalar has a jump at the interface, even stronger than that observed for velocity. The strong jump for the scalar has been observed before in the case of high Schmidt number (Sc). In the present study, such a strong jump is observed for a scalar with Sc ≈ 1. Conditional statistics of kinetic energy and scalar dissipation are presented. While the kinetic energy dissipation has its maximum far from the interface, the scalar dissipation is characterised by a strong peak very close to the interface. Finally, it is shown that the geometric features of the interfaces correlate with relatively large scale structures as visualised by low-pressure isosurfaces.     

A priori assessment of the subgrid scale viscous/scalar dissipation closures in compressible turbulence

An appraisal is made of several subgrid scale (SGS) viscous/scalar dissipation closures via a priori analysis of direct numerical simulation data in a temporally evolving compressible mixing layer. The effects of the filter width, the compressibility level and the Schmidt number are studied for several models. Based on the scaling of SGS kinetic energy, a new formulation for SGS viscous dissipation is proposed. This yields the best overall prediction of the SGS viscous dissipation within the inertial subrange. An SGS scalar dissipation model based on the proportionality of the turbulent time scale with the scalar mixing time scale also performs the best for the filter widths in the inertial subrange. Two dynamic methods are implemented for the determination of the model coefficients. The one based on the global equilibrium of dissipation and production is shown to be more satisfactory than the conventional dynamic model.     

Effects of body force on the statistical behaviour and modelling of scalar variance in turbulent premixed flames

The effects of body force/external pressure gradient on the statistical behaviours of the reaction progress variable variance and the terms of its transport equation have been investigated for different turbulence intensities using DNS data of statistically planar flames. Since the extent of flame wrinkling increases with the strengthening of body force promoting unstable stratification, the scalar variance has been found to decrease under strong body force promoting stability. This trend is particularly strong for low turbulence intensities where the probability density function of the reaction progress variable cannot be approximated by a bimodal distribution. Therefore, an algebraic relation for the reaction progress variable variance, derived based on a presumed bimodal probability density function of reaction progress variable, cannot be used for general flow conditions. The contributions of chemical reaction and scalar dissipation rates in the scalar variance transport equation remain leading order source and sink, respectively for all cases irrespective of the strength and direction of the body force. The counter-gradient type transport is found to weaken with increasing body force magnitude when the body force is directed from the heavier unburned gas to the lighter burned gas side of the flame brush, and vice versa. Although a scalar dissipation rate-based reaction rate closure can be utilised to model the reaction rate contribution to the scalar variance transport accurately, the dissipation rate contribution due to the gradient of the Favre-averaged reaction progress variable cannot be ignored and it plays a key role for large magnitudes of body force promoting stable stratification. An algebraic closure of the scalar dissipation rate, originally proposed for high Damköhler number combustion, has been modified for the thin reaction zones regime combustion by incorporating the effects of Froude number. This model has been shown to predict the scalar dissipation rate accurately for all cases considered here.     

Scalar flux in a uniform mean scalar gradient in homogeneous isotropic steady turbulence

Statistics of a passive scalar flux in a uniform mean scalar gradient convected by homogeneous isotropic steady turbulence are numerically studied by using very high resolution direct numerical simulation. It is found that the Nusselt number increases in proportion to the Péclet number and that the one point probability density function of the scalar flux is negatively skewed and exponential, and is insensitive to the variation of the Péclet number. The scalar field is studied by visualization, and the ramp-cliff structure and the mesa-canyon structure are observed along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the mean scalar gradient, respectively. The probability density function of the scalar flux is theoretically computed and found to be in good agreement with the numerical results. A Lagrangian statistical theory for the scalar flux is developed, which predicts that the scalar transfer flux is given by the time integral of the Lagrangian velocity autocorrelation and increases in proportion to the Péclet number, which is consistent with the results of the direct numerical simulation. A physical explanation of the asymmetry of the scalar flux PDF is explored.     

Experimental study of velocity-scalar filtered joint density function for LES of turbulent combustion

The velocity-scalar filtered joint density function (FJDF) used in large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent combustion is experimentally studied. Measurements are made in the fully developed region of an axisymmetric turbulent jet using an array consisting of three X-wires and resistance-wire temperature sensors. Filtering in the cross-stream and streamwise directions is realized by using the array and by invoking Taylor’s hypothesis, respectively. The means of the FJDF conditional on the subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulent kinetic energy and the SGS scalar variance at a given location range from close to joint normal to bimodal with the peaks separated in both velocity and scalar spaces, which correspond to qualitatively different mixing regimes. For close to joint normal FJDFs, the SGS fields are well mixed. For bimodal FJDFs, the conditionally filtered scalar diffusion and dissipation strongly depend on the SGS velocity and scalar, consistent with a combination of diffusion layers and plane strain in the SGS fields, which is similar to the counter-flow model for laminar flamelets. The results suggest that in LES, both mixing regimes could potentially be modeled accurately. The velocity field affects the SGS variance and the filtered scalar dissipation rate primarily by changing the degree of nonequilibrium of the SGS scalar and the SGS time scale, respectively. This study further demonstrates the importance of including velocity in mixing models.     

Topological evolution near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in turbulent mixing layer

The topological evolution near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) in turbulent mixing layer is studied by means of statistical analysis of the invariants of velocity gradient tensor (VGT) based on direct numerical simulation data. The dynamics of topological evolution is investigated in terms of the source terms of the evolution equations for the invariants, including the pressure effect term, viscous effect term and interaction term among the invariants. It is found that the local topology of fluid particles at the TNTI evolves from non-focal region to focal region in the plane of the second (Q) and the third (R) invariants of the VGT. The topological evolution is mainly associated with the pressure effect term in the TNTI region. According to the analysis of the evolution of enstrophy and dissipation, the enstrophy increase and the dissipation decrease are revealed in the TNTI region, which are caused by viscous vorticity diffusion near the TNTI. A weak correlation between the strain rate and the rotation rate is found in the TNTI region which is related to the reduction of enstrophy production. The alignments between vorticity and strain near the TNTI are investigated and a strong alignment of the vorticity with the extensive eigenvector direction is identified in the TNTI region.     

Detailed measurements of local scalar front structures in stagnation-type turbulent premixed flames

Local scalar front structures of OH mole fraction, reaction progress variable, and its three-dimensional gradient have been measured in stagnation-type turbulent premixed flames. The reaction progress variable front is observed to change with increasing turbulence from parallel iso-scalar contours but reduced progress variable gradients, called the lamella-like front, to disrupted non-parallel iso-contours that deviate substantially from those of wrinkled laminar flamelets, called the non-flamelet front. This transition is attributed to the different scales of interaction between the flame internal structure and a spectrum of turbulence extending from the integral scale to the Kolmogorov scale. The lamella-like front pattern occurs when the length scales of interaction are smaller than the laminar flame thickness but the time scales are greater than the flame residence time. The non-flamelet front pattern occurs when the length scales of interaction are greater than the laminar flame thickness but the time scales are smaller than the flame residence time. This difference corresponds to the change of combustion regime from complex-strain flame front to turbulent flame front on a revised regime diagram. A correlation is also proposed for the turbulent flame brush thickness as a function of turbulent Reynolds number and heat release parameter. The heat release parameter is considered to arise from the non-passive effects of flame-surface wrinkling.