污泥在循环流化床炉内的燃烧和污染排放特性

本文介绍了在１００吨／日循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉上进行的工业污水处理厂干化污泥和城市污水处理厂干化污泥焚烧结果。对焚烧产生的烟气中的污染物烟尘、氮氧化物、二氧化硫、氯化氢、汞、镉、铅和二恶英等排放浓度所进行的测试结果表明,采用循环流化床炉焚烧干化污泥,在炉内加石灰石情况下,烟气排放能达到我国生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准。     

流化床中垃圾与煤混烧的技术经济分析

本文对城市生活垃圾在流化床中与煤的混烧技术进行了分析;根据垃圾热值;讨论了低热值垃圾焚烧中添加煤混烧的必要性;给出了垃圾处置收费和售电价格对于混烧电厂的经济影响。结果表明:对于所给定焚烧项目的垃圾来讲,其垃圾的低位热值近似为 4200 kJ/kg,需要进行混烧,其中煤的比例应小于10～20％;垃圾量的提高,垃圾收费带来的收益九;而垃圾热值的提高,售电价格带来的收益大。增加垃圾收费补贴可鼓励焚烧厂焚烧更多的垃圾。     

内旋流流化床燃烧稳定性研究

城市生活垃圾焚烧需要稳定均匀的温度来减少燃烧产生的大气污染物。采用内旋流流化床进行了垃圾焚烧实验,通过改变垃圾处理量、垃圾种类和流化床浓相床区高度,研究了浓相床区温度的稳定性和焚烧炉内温度分布。     

流态化吸收式垃圾焚烧烟气净化试验研究

本文描述了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧后烟气利用流态化吸收式净化装置净化的试验研究结果。当吸收剂为石灰石浆液，浆液浓度１％，循环倍率为３，喷射速度为５～１５ ｍ／ｓ；鼓泡管插入深度１４０ ｍｍ时，流态化吸收式垃圾焚烧烟气净化装置的脱硫效率大于９０％，脱硝效率为２０～３０％之间，脱氯效率大于８０％，除尘效率大于９９％，重金属净化效率大于９８．６％，二恶英净化效率９９．３５％。     

城市垃圾与煤混烧的灰渣中重金属的特性分析

在0.15MWt循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了城市垃圾与煤混烧试验,对焚烧后的灰渣中重金属的特性进行了研究。研究结果显示,重金属在焚烧产物中通常以不同的化合物形态存在,改变垃圾与煤混烧时的燃烧工况条件,可以改变重金属的化合物形态,从而改变重金属在灰渣中的分布;灰渣中重金属的浸出毒性低于危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准中的限定值。     

低能氘团簇离子(d_3~ )诱发固体靶内D-D核聚变过程中的团簇效应研究

通过对由三个氘原子组成的氘团簇离子（ｄ＋３）与三个分立的氘核（３ｄ＋）在轰击吸氘固体靶时所发生的ＤＤ聚变反应率的差别的研究，进而揭示氘团簇离子在与固体靶中的氘核发生聚变反应时所体现出的团簇效应．实验结果显示，在１０—４０ｋｅＶ／ｄ能区，每个氘团簇中的氘核（ｄ＋３／３）所产生的聚变反应率高于具有相同速度的独立氘核（ｄ＋）所产生的聚变反应率．反之，在５０—１００ｋｅＶ／ｄ能区，独立氘核比之于氘团簇中的单个氘核所产生的聚变反应率要高．两者之间的比值具有非常明显的能量相关性．这种团簇特性与团簇离子本身特性及固体靶环境等多方面因素有关．对其作用过程和实验中观测到的现象的实质做了具体讨论．     

生活垃圾焚烧尾气中重金属及二恶英类物质健康风险评价

随着社会经济发展和垃圾焚烧技术的不断进步和完善，垃圾焚烧量占垃圾处理总量的比例将大幅度增加，预计在未来的15年内，全国垃圾焚烧处理量将占总处理量的5％-15％。由于我国生活垃圾的分类收集、分类运输以及分类处理的基础设施还不完善，垃圾管理方面的法规还不健全，加上居民环保意识不高，导致大量有毒有害物质(如废电池、废荧光灯管、废温度计等等)混入生活垃圾，加剧了垃圾处理与处置过程中的二次污染。同时由于资金技术等状况的限制，要使所有垃圾焚烧尾气完全达标排放还需要一段时间。     

REMPI-TOFMS用于焚烧过程二恶英的连续监测

介绍了剧毒污染物二恶英的基本特性以及焚烧过程产生二恶英的特点,阐述了共振增强多光子电离-飞行时间质谱(REMPI-TOFMS)技术的优势以及应用于二恶英连续监测的潜力.对于焚烧过程产生的二恶英,以其替代物作为检测对象的REMPI-TOFMS检测技术在连续监测方面展现出很好的前景.     

垃圾焚烧过程中重金属分布特性的研究

本文对垃圾焚烧过程中,不同粒径的灰颗粒中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni六种重金属元素含量进行了测定,同时比较了燃烧飞灰、煤与垃圾混烧的飞灰以及垃圾飞灰三种灰样中相应的重金属含量。结果表明:焚烧飞灰中重金属浓度含量随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减少;三种不同灰样的重金属含量大小依次为:垃圾飞灰>煤与垃圾混烧飞灰>燃煤飞灰。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中砷的赋存形态研究

为实现垃圾焚烧过程中砷的释放控制,本文采集了六个地区两种炉型垃圾焚烧电厂的飞灰,通过分析飞灰中砷的赋存形态,阐释了垃圾焚烧过程中砷的迁移转化机理。结果表明,飞灰中砷总量存在一定的地域性差异,且炉排炉飞灰中砷含量高于流化床飞灰。飞灰中的As(Ⅲ)极少(0.34%~9.56%),大部分砷在高温焚烧过程中与Ca、Fe、Al等元素化合物发生交互反应以As(Ⅴ)存在于飞灰中,此外,少量砷被硅铝酸盐固化在飞灰基质中.     

垃圾焚烧炉氯源对氯化氢和二噁英排放的影响

本文研究了150 t/d垃圾与煤混烧流化床锅炉在不同含氯水平和添加钙基脱硫时氯化氢和二噁英的排放特性。实验结果表明烟气中的氯化氢和二噁英浓度随燃料中垃圾比例的增加而上升,在含氯量一定的情况下,炉内燃烧状况决定了二噁英的生成量,烟气中的二噁英随燃料中含氯量的增加而增加,飞灰中的二噁英则随燃烧状况的改善而增加。钙基的加入可以有效降低氯化氢和二噁英的排放。在我国目前的垃圾组分条件下,全煤工况和垃圾与煤混烧工况的二噁英排放量很低。     

水对垃圾焚烧飞灰二(噁)英从头合成的影响

采用垃圾焚烧飞灰在小型管式炉上进行了二(口恶)英的从头合成试验,通过控制水分在气流中的比例,研究不同的水分对二(口恶)英的总量,毒性当量以及分布特性的影响。结果表明,水分整体上对二(口恶)英从头合成具有促进作用,并提高了二(口恶)英排放的毒性当量,但没有发现对分布特性有明显的影响。可能的反应途径水分通过活化飞灰的活性位置,从而促进了二(口恶)英的生成。在氮气反应气氛中的试验表明,水分可以为二(口恶)英的生成提供氧。     

In-situ gasification chemical looping combustion of plastic waste in a semi-continuously operated fluidized bed reactor

Conventional air incineration of plastic waste has been considered as one of important sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) through de novo synthesis and precursor conversion. Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is an attractive technology for the conversion of plastic wastes to energy with the potential to drastically suppress the formation of PCDD/Fs. In this paper, the iG-CLC (in-situ gasification CLC) experiments of plastic waste were implemented in a semi-continuously operated fluidized bed reactor, which actually simulates the fuel reactor of a continuously-operated interconnected fluidized bed reactor. A kind of low-cost material, natural iron ore without/with 5 wt% CaO adsorbent through the ultrasonic impregnation method, was used as oxygen carrier (OC). Firstly, some key performances of the reactor system, such as the relevance of the bed inventory to the flow rate of fluidizing agent as well as the relationship between the feeding rate and overflow rate of OC, were calibrated. Then, 90 min of single experiment was conducted for each experimental case and an accumulative operation of more than 10 h was attained. Typically, the combustion efficiency can reach at about 98%, and both the carbon conversion and CO₂ yield can approach to 95% at 900 °C and input thermal power of 150 W with a mixture of 5 vol% H₂O and 95 vol% N₂ as the fluidizing agent (U_FR/U_mf = 3). Moreover, the results obtained in the semi-continuously operated fluidized bed reactor demonstrated that CaO decoration to iron ore is conductive to suppressing the formation of chlorobenzene (as a toxic matter and precursor/intermediate of PCDD/Fs) and does not obviously deteriorate the OC performance.     

Conversion of wood pyrolysates to PCDD/F

This contribution assesses the propensity of wood components to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in fires and in combustion in stoves, heaters and burn barrels. Volatiles generated from model lignocellulosic compounds or fractions isolated from wood are reacted with a surrogate ash positioned in a tubular reactor under inert pyrolysis atmospheres. The surrogate ash contains copper and chlorine salts to simulate heterogeneous PCDD/F formation during combustion of preservative-treated wood. Pyrolysis temperatures were selected to fall within the range in which the component decomposes, while the surrogate ash temperature was set at 400 °C which is typical of pyrolysis during fires, and corresponds to conditions which were favourable to PCDD/F formation. PCDF are favoured over PCDD in all experiments. Lignin yields considerably more PCDD/F than the carbohydrates. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF varies according to the chemical structure of the feed; with carbohydrates demonstrating greater relative preference for PCDD than lignin. PCDD/F formation via direct chlorination of dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin dominates the pyrolysis of lignin, as evidenced by a significant preference for 2,3,7,8 congeners. Carbohydrates likely produce PCDD/F as a result of formation and condensation of chlorophenol.     

城市垃圾与煤在CFBC试验台上的混烧试验

城市垃圾的焚烧处理一直是人们关注的研究领域。本文详细报告了一种城市垃圾与劣质煤在0.15兆瓦CFBC试验台上的混烧试验。试验结果表明,城市垃圾与劣质煤在循环流化床中的混烧可以很好地满足稳定和高温燃烧的要求,通过添加石灰石等含钙物料可以有效地在燃烧过程巾控制SO2、HCl和二(?)英类污染物的生成。     

固相(微)萃取-室温磷光联用技术及其应用

综述了固相 (微 )萃取 -室温磷光技术的主要方法以及在环境分析中的应用。主要从固相萃取的基本原理、装置、操作步骤、分离模式及填料等方面评述了固相 (微 )萃取技术的特点和应用 ,评述了室温磷光技术的优点和经典室温磷光技术在操作方法和定量分析方面存在的不足 ,提出了固相 (微 )萃取和室温磷光联用技术的必然性及其优点 ,并对该方法的关键技术和存在的难题进行了分析。该技术结合了富集技术与高选择性的磷光分析方法 ,使得分析的灵敏度进一步提高 ,选择性也得到了较大的改进。目前常用的固相萃取填料主要有Whatman 1PS滤纸和填充有C18或C8盘或 (膜 ) ,目标分析物主要集中在多环芳烃、多氯联苯和多氯联苯呋喃等物质的分析 ,应用前景十分广泛     

微生物接种堆肥胡敏酸三维荧光特性研究

为提高堆肥效率,试验采用接种微生物堆肥技术,通过对堆肥样品中胡敏酸三维荧光光谱特性进行动态分析,探讨了微生物接种对堆肥腐殖化进程的影响。在堆肥初期,胡敏酸只产生一个类富里酸荧光峰(peak a,Ex/Em为330/440)。在堆肥的336 h,与对照(RUNck)相比,接种微生物堆肥(RUNmic)胡敏酸三维荧光光谱中类富里酸特征峰(peak a,Ex/Em约为350/440)荧光强度明显减少,而类胡敏酸荧光峰(peak b,Ex/Em约为390/470)强度则略有增加;并且peak a和peak b对应的激发、发射波长均有一定程度的红移。胡敏酸元素分析表明,堆肥336 h,RUNck胡敏酸分子中C/H和O/C依次增加9.68%和10.91%;RUNmic中胡敏酸C/H和O/C依次增加了11.11%和20.37%,表明RUNmic中胡敏酸分子缩合度明显。以上结果证实,接种微生物可明加快堆肥腐殖化进程,进而提高堆肥效率。     

Amplitude and frequency fluctuations of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions

Amplitude and frequency fluctuations of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions have been studied. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were recorded from eight human ears and two frog ears (Rana esculenta). Record length typically was 80 s. For a recorded emission signal, the amplitude signal A(t) (average A0) and time intervals T(ti) between successive positive-going zero crossings (i counts zero crossings) were determined. Emission amplitude and period both showed small fluctuations: delta Arms/A0 ranged from 0.7 X 10(-2) to 6.3 X 10(-2) for human emissions and was 24 X 10(-2) for both frog emissions; delta Trms ranged from 1.4 to 6.9 X 10(-7) s for human emission and was 50.0 and 55.0 X 10(-7) s for the two frog emissions. There was a positive correlation between delta Arms/A0 and delta Trms as determined for different emissions (R = 0.9). Spectra of A(t) and T(ti) revealed that amplitude and period were slowly fluctuating functions: cutoff frequency delta f delta A of the amplitude spectrum ranged from 3 to 18 Hz; delta f delta T ranged from 7 to 32 Hz. Results have been compared to amplitude and frequency fluctuations of a second-order oscillator, that interacts with a noise source. It has been concluded that an oscillator with linear stiffness (for example a Van der Pol oscillator) driven by white Gaussian noise, cannot account for all experimental results. Other possible oscillators (e.g., nonlinear stiffness) and noise sources (e.g., narrow-band noise), that may account for the observed phenomena, are discussed.