探空温度传感器的计算流体动力学分析与实验研究

伴随着数值天气预报和气候变化研究精细化程度的不断提高, 希望探空温度传感器的观测精度达到0.1 K数量级. 为了实现此目标, 运用计算流体动力学方法对珠状热敏电阻从海平面上升至20 km高空的整个过程进行数值仿真分析. 并在此基础上, 针对影响测温精度的太阳辐射强度和传感器倾斜角度两个因素进行分析. 仿真结果表明, 太阳辐射强度和海拔高度是辐射误差的重要影响因子. 当传感器倾斜角度为90°时, 珠状热敏电阻的辐射误差最小. 通过麦夸特法和通用全局优化法对仿真数据进行拟合, 获得不同海拔高度和太阳辐射强度下的辐射误差修正方程; 为验证方程的准确性, 设计和搭建太阳辐射误差模拟系统. 实验结果表明, 辐射误差实验测量值与修正方程修正值之间的平均偏移量为0.017 K, 均方根值RMS误差为0.023 K, 验证了计算流体动力学方法、麦夸特法和通用全局优化法获得辐射误差数据的准确性.     

太阳辐射观测仪余弦误差修正方法

为了提高太阳辐射观测仪测量准确度,针对余弦校正器自身漫射特性和菲涅耳反射引起的余弦误差,研究了不同安装形式、不同结构下修正余弦误差的方法.结合太阳辐射特性和余弦误差的产生因素,提出了余弦校正器外露、余弦器外露配合挡光环两种安装形式下的余弦误差修正方法,以及余弦校正器、积分腔两种结构形式下的余弦误差修正方法.根据太阳辐射观测仪的使用要求,利用TracePro对不同安装方式下的余弦误差进行建模仿真,利用高准直性太阳模拟器配合转台和转臂模拟不同方向的准直太阳光,并实测余弦误差.实测结果表明,余弦器外露配合挡光环形式下,入射角小于±80°,余弦误差可优于±6%.该修正方法可有效地减小太阳辐射光大入射角情况下的余弦误差,提高太阳辐射观测准确度.     

多约束纳米结构的声子热导率模型研究

纳米技术的快速发展使得对微纳尺度导热机理的深入研究变得至关重要. 理论和实验都表明, 在纳米尺度下声子热导率将表现出尺寸效应. 基于声子玻尔兹曼方程和修正声子平均自由程的方法得到了多约束纳米结构的声子热导率模型, 可以描述多个几何约束共同作用下热导率的尺寸效应. 不同几何约束对声子输运的限制作用可以分开计算, 总体影响则通过马西森定则进行耦合. 对于热流方向的约束, 采用扩散近似的方法求解声子玻尔兹曼方程; 对于侧面边界约束, 采用修正平均自由程的方法计算边界散射对热导率的影响. 得到的模型能够预测纳米薄膜(法向和面向)及有限长度方形纳米线的热导率随相应特征尺寸的变化. 与蒙特卡罗模拟及硅纳米结构热导率实验值的对比验证了模型的正确性.     

一种新型高灵敏度光学微环湿度传感器

提出了以聚酰亚胺（PI）为感湿材料的三耦合点单微环新型湿度传感器。外界湿度变化使得聚酰亚胺SOI微环谐振特性发生变化,最终通过谐振波长的漂移量确定湿度值。讨论了不同部位感湿时系统的传感特性,并且选择了最佳湿敏元件。数值模拟结果表明：与传统的单微环传感器相比,新型传感器具有较高灵敏度和测量范围,Through端口的自由频谱范围可提高3倍。三耦合点单微环谐振器整体结构可作为最佳湿敏元件,该传感器在10%RH~80%RH相对湿度范围内,灵敏度可达到0.98 nm/%RH,该结构为制备高灵敏度可集成微型湿度传感器件提供了一定的理论依据。     

光纤法布里-珀罗传感器光纤端面反射率优化

讨论了反射光纤端面反射率对（F-P）传感器输出信号质量的影响,指出反射光纤端面反射率的提高可以克服光在F-P腔内损耗的影响,且对应传感器腔长有和其匹配的最优反射率.为了使传感器在其工作腔长范围内的输出信号整体上具有尽可能好的信号质量,采用最小均方误差法确定了反射光纤端面的最优反射率.仿真证明了采用最优反射率时的信号质量优于采用非最优反射率时的信号质量.     

数值计算法实现同振式矢量水听器驻波管中灵敏度修正EI北大核心CSCD

大尺寸的矢量水听器在驻波管中进行灵敏度校准时会引起校准声场分布不均匀,使得灵敏度校准结果出现较大误差。在无法获取校准声场准确的解析表达式情况下,以实际驻波管校准装置为原型,建立声场仿真分析模型,通过数值计算得到矢量水听器和参考标量水听器的声压和加速度量值,并结合灵敏度校准公式和参考值导出灵敏度修正因子。利用修正因子,对不同尺寸矢量水听器灵敏度测试结果修正以后,与参考值最大绝对误差减小到2.0 dB下。结果表明数值计算法能有效减小非均匀声场引起的大尺寸矢量水听器灵敏度校准误差,扩展了矢量水听器驻波管校准装置的测试对象。     

用周期极化KTP晶体高效倍频获得稳定461nm激光

实验采用准相位匹配的PPKTP晶体对922nm连续激光进行外腔谐振倍频,获得稳定461nm激光.实验装置采用一体化环形腔没计,实现最大耦合转换效率达73.3%,获得208 mW的461 nm蓝光输出.实验结论中通过分析,修正损耗误差,得到最佳耦合腔镜反射率,并深入讨论了耦合腔镜的两种反射率对倍频输出功率和效率的影响,同时就晶体吸收效应和热透镜效应对倍频试验的影响也进行了深入研究.     

ITER PF导体缩径机轧辊温升数值模拟研究

文中对ITER PF超导导体缩径机轧辊温升问题进行了数值模拟研究.针对不同导体坯料尺寸和轧辊形状单独建模进行热力耦合数值模拟,基于热力耦合模拟结果构造轧辊传热分析模型,获得了多道次轧制过程中各轧辊的温度场信息,确定了各轧辊处于热平衡状态时的温度场.研究结果表明,各轧辊在轧制400米PF导体后轧辊温度均达到平衡,且平衡状...     

基于热响应法的航天器推进剂质量测量热模型

本文以热响应法测量航天器微重力条件下贮箱推进剂剩余质量为背景,建立了航天器贮箱内外热环境耦合作用下的整体热分析模型,通过将航天器贮箱外部热环境视为第二类浮动热边界条件,实现贮箱气液两相分布下的热分析解耦计算,为热响应法提供精确的温度场计算方法。采用该方法,针对热响应法测量微重力条件下某航天器贮箱内部推进剂质量所需的温度场分布,通过数值仿真获得了空间在轨阶段,热响应法加热工作时贮箱内外热环境整体耦合下的温度场分布,并依据特定检测点的瞬态温度变化,反演得到了剩余推进剂的质量。研究发现采用热响应法测量推进剂质量时,贮箱温度场不仅受贮箱内部加热影响,在轨外部热环境也会明显影响贮箱壁面温度的均匀性。     

用于气象观测的阵列式温度传感器流体动力学分析与实验研究

传统百叶箱和防辐射罩内部的温度传感器受到太阳辐射会导致其温度高于大气真实温度, 升温量可达0.8 K甚至更高. 为提高大气温度观测精度, 本文设计了一种阵列式温度传感器. 利用计算流体动力学方法分析计算该传感器在不同环境条件下的辐射升温量, 采用遗传算法对计算结果进行拟合, 获得辐射升温量修正方程. 为验证阵列式温度传感器的实际性能, 研制了强制通风温度测量平台. 将阵列式温度传感器、配有传统防辐射罩的温度传感器和强制通风温度测量平台置于相同环境下, 进行大气温度观测比对实验. 配有传统防辐射罩的温度传感器辐射升温量平均值为0.409 K; 与前者相比, 阵列式温度传感器的辐射升温量仅为0.027 K. 这种阵列式温度传感器可将辐射升温引起的误差降低约93%. 辐射升温量实验测量值与修正方程修正值之间的平均偏移量为0.0174 K, 均方根误差为0.0215 K, 该结果验证了计算流体动力学方法与遗传算法的准确性. 如果配合计算流体动力学方法与遗传算法, 温度测量精度有进一步提高的潜力.     

抛物槽式太阳能集热器内合成油基纳米流体传热特性的数值模拟

对Al₂O₃-合成油纳米流体在槽式太阳能集热管内的传热特性进行流体动力学数值模拟,重点考察纳米流体导热系数模型的影响。通过与管内Nusselt数半经验模型的预测结果对比,表明使用考虑布朗运动的纳米流体导热系数模型可较好地预测集热管内传热特性。研究表明纳米颗粒与流体基液的相对运动具有促进集热管内传热的作用。最后,定量研究纳米颗粒添加量对提高基础流体平均传热系数的影响,显示纳米流体在太阳能集热器中具有巨大应用潜力。     

汽车座椅局部散热除湿研究

车内空气的温度和相对湿度是影响人体舒适性的重要因素。特别是在高温条件下,高湿对人体的影响更加明显。使用计算流体力学和计算传热学的方法,对座椅和人体接触面温湿度较高的问题进行分析。根据人体及汽车座椅的相关尺寸,建立座椅的计算模型,然后进行数值计算。从改变结构的方面考虑解决问题的途径,即在座椅与人体接触面下开槽,并强制通风。使用FLUENT软件进行数值模拟,选择k-ε模型求解温度场和湿度场。计算结果表明,这种方法可以降低汽车座椅与人接触区域的温度和相对湿度,提高局部热舒适性。所得数据为车室内人体局部热舒适性评价提供理论依据。     

一种基于支持向量机回归的旋转遮光带日射表散射辐照度修正新算法

通过比较旋转遮光带日射表(RSP)和参考标准表所测散射辐照度之间的数值差异,分析了太阳总辐照度、环境温度、相对湿度和太阳光谱等气象要素对RSP散射辐照度测量误差的影响关系,提出了一种修正RSP散射辐照度测量值的新算法。该算法从支持向量机回归预测角度,建立了对RSP散射误差修正值的一次预测模型,然后根据误差修正值最优预测模型推导出RSP散射辐照度修正算法模型。利用该算法对美国国家太阳辐射研究实验室和劳里观测站采集的RSP散射辐照度数据进行修正,修正后两观测站数据的平均偏差和均方根误差分别降低到-0.2W/m2,3.3W/m2和1.9W/m2,8.5W/m2,显示算法具有良好的修正性能和适用性。该算法能够有效避免Vignola算法中存在的欠修正和Vignola and Augustyn(VA)算法中存在的过修正现象。     

Investigating the thermal conductivity of materials by analyzing the temperature distribution in diamond anvils cell under high pressure

Investigating the thermal transport properties of materials is of great importance in the field of earth science and for the development of materials under extremely high temperatures and pressures. However, it is an enormous challenge to characterize the thermal and physical properties of materials using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) platform. In the present study, a steady-state method is used with a DAC and a combination of thermocouple temperature measurement and numerical analysis is performed to calculate the thermal conductivity of the material. To this end, temperature distributions in the DAC under high pressure are analyzed. We propose a three-dimensional radiative-conductive coupled heat transfer model to simulate the temperature field in the main components of the DAC and calculate in situ thermal conductivity under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The proposed model is based on the finite volume method. The obtained results show that heat radiation has a great impact on the temperature field of the DAC, so that ignoring the radiation effect leads to large errors in calculating the heat transport properties of materials. Furthermore, the feasibility of studying the thermal conductivity of different materials is discussed through a numerical model combined with locally measured temperature in the DAC. This article is expected to become a reference for accurate measurement of in situ thermal conductivity in DACs at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.     

Two-phase zone at Al2O3 meltin by laser radiation and at melt solidification under the conditions of free cooling

Experiments and numerical simulation have shown that the two-phase zone of liquid and solid phases concentration, variable over the coordinate, is formed both at alumina heating by laser radiation and at free melt cooling. During heating this zone is formed only at the initial stage of heating. Its width is not large and is lesser than the depth of the heating laser beam penetration due to the effect of intense heat losses through the crystal by thermal radiation and thermal conductivity.     

A new approach to optimizing pigmented coatings considering both thermal and aesthetic effects

Pigmented coatings with high reflectivity against solar irradiation can be used to control unwanted thermal heating that occurs as materials absorb sunlight such as heat in buildings that increases cooling loads. However, these surfaces produce glare that is unpleasant to the eye, and the coatings themselves can damage the appearance of the coated object. We introduce a new optimization method that embraces both thermal and aesthetic requirements. Our proposed coatings maximize the reflectivity of the near infrared (NIR) region to reduce thermal heating, while for aesthetic appeal they also minimize the visible (VIS) reflected energy received by human eyes, especially at wavelengths where eye sensitivity is high. The optimization parameter is defined as the ratio of the total reflected energy in the NIR region to that in the VIS region weighted by human eye sensitivity. Titanium dioxide is used as the pigment, and databases of its radiative properties are constructed using the Mie theory. To compute reflectivity, nongray radiative heat transfer in an anisotropic scattering monosized pigmented layer, with independent scattering, including direct and diffuse solar irradiations, is analyzed using radiation element method by ray emission model (REM²). Colors are calculated and optimization parameter is evaluated by using spectral reflectivity. Finally, the optimum values of particle size, volume fraction of pigment, and coating thickness are obtained.     

Transient heat transfer in a spherical protective material, submitted to flux and mixed boundary conditions: an investigation on zirconia

An analytic solution is presented for describing combined radiation and conduction heat transfer in a spherical fiber thermal protection exposed to combined radiative and convective heating. The solution includes the equation of radiative transfer within the material, coupled to a transient energy equation that contains both radiative and convective terms. At elevated temperatures radiative transfer becomes important, and if several hot surfaces view each other, the radiation exchange process must be considered carefully. Some thermal protections are partially transparent to thermal radiation. Hence, an exchange process is complicated by radiation penetrating into and coming out of material. The radiation leaving an area depends on the temperature distribution inside that area and that is unknown and is affected by the exchange process to other areas. The analysis has allowed for unlimited spectral detail but assumes that the various material properties do not vary significantly with temperature. Transient temperature distributions are obtained for the boundary conditions of external radiation and convection. The present analysis includes the influence of reflectivity, surface radiative properties and spectral properties on the temperature distributions.     

用热线法测定气体热导率的仪器改进

实验用室内温度作为测量室外壁温度t2,经过经验系数修正得到数据来测定空气的热导率误差比较大,现采用在测量室管壁上加装一个温度传感器,以数显温度作为实验中t2的方法来计算气体的热导率。两种方法加以比对,探究相同环境下的两者误差,最后提出实验改进方案。