基于PGNAA-XRF联合方法的铅汞混合样品检测的研究

瞬发伽玛中子活化分析(PGNAA)技术用于溶液中重金属元素原位检测时,由于样品成分复杂,中子俘获截面较大的中子毒物(汞)元素,对截面较小的元素(铅)检测精度干扰很大,因此分析精度相对不高。为实现混合样品中多种重金属的高精度原位检测,提出了一种提高热中子俘获截面较低元素检出限的PGNAA-XRF联合检测方法,设计了一套联合检测混合样品中重金属元素的装置;使用MCNP软件,根据重金属元素的特征γ射线和特征X荧光的计数对样品的尺寸进行优化,得到较合适的样品尺寸高度和半径分别为33和16 cm;并模拟研究了Hg和Pb混合样品中的不同浓度(c_i)对瞬发特征γ射线强度(I_γ)和特征X荧光强度(I_X)的影响,模拟结果表明该混合样品中,Hg和Pb元素的I_γ和I_X均与c_i成良好的线性关系,通过探测Pb的X荧光信息,克服混合样品中高低热中子俘获截面元素间的竞争问题,能显著的改善Pb的检出限,最后拟合给出了PGNAA-XRF联合检测方法的经验公式,计算得到该装置对Hg和Pb元素的检出限分别为3.89和4.80 mg·kg~(-1)。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪快速监测重金属土壤环境质量（英文）

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(PXRF)作为一种新型快速测试手段具有突出的应用前景,但也存在检测范围和检测限的局限,为此本文研究PXRF仪器在快速监测土壤环境质量中Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,As和Hg等8种重金属元素的适用性,筛选仪器可检测元素,评价检测结果准确度。具体方法是使用仪器测试重金属污染土壤样品,测试结果与电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法(ICP-MS)测试值进行对比,评判检测结果精密度,建立PXRF仪器测试值与ICP-MS仪器测试值的线性回归关系。结果表明:(1)在监测重金属土壤环境质量时,PXRF仪器可用于检测土壤中Pb,Zn,Cr和Cu含量,但不适于检测Ni,Cd,As和Hg含量。(2)Pb和Zn测试值稍低于ICP-MS测试值,Cu偏高,而Cr过高;PXRF仪器测试值需要参照标准分析方法进行线性校正。研究结论为:便携式X射线荧光光谱仪适用于Pb,Zn,Cr和Cu等4种重金属的土壤环境质量监测,是一种简单快速、准确可靠的低成本土壤重金属分析手段。该研究的创新之处是合理规避PXRF仪器的缺点,将仪器应用于土壤环境质量监测,提高了测试结果应用价值。     

薄膜法X射线荧光测量中样品检测位置及防护铅板内衬材料的选择研究

(1)以型号316不锈钢金属板为研究对象, 对薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量中, 样品检测位置的选择进行研究, 确定了最佳的样品检测位置为样品距离X射线管和探测器水平基线1 cm处, 并且与X射线管和探测器水平基线成16°角度。(2)以工业环境空气重金属污染物Pb, Cd, Cr为主要分析对象, 在有铅板防护情况下进行薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量研究, 发现X射线会穿透样品薄膜而继续激发防护铅板, 使得滤膜背景光谱中有较强的铅谱线干扰, 会对实际样品中铅元素的测量产生影响。在薄样和防护铅板之间加上一层隔离材料, 可有效避免防护铅板中铅谱线对样品测量产生的干扰。(3)以型号316不锈钢、黄铜、铝材、紫铜和聚四氟乙烯几种硬质隔离材料作为铅板内衬材料进行选择研究, 结果表明: 紫铜的X射线荧光光谱中所含元素的谱线最少, 谱图中没有出现重金属Cr, Cd, Pb的谱峰, 并且能量较高部分靶材散射光谱强度较弱, 对实际样品中重金属元素Cr, Cd和Pb的测量不会产生干扰, 作为铅板的内衬金属材料可以避免防护铅板中铅元素谱线的干扰, 是最佳的薄膜法X射线荧光光谱分析中铅板的内衬金属材料。该研究为组装及搭建便携式大气及水体重金属X射线荧光光谱分析仪提供了重要的理论依据。     

薄膜法X射线荧光测量中样品检测位置及防护铅板内衬材料的选择研究

(1)以型号316不锈钢金属板为研究对象,对薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量中,样品检测位置的选择进行研究,确定了最佳的样品检测位置为样品距离X射线管和探测器水平基线1cm处,并且与X射线管和探测器水平基线成16°角度。(2)以工业环境空气重金属污染物Pb,Cd,Cr为主要分析对象,在有铅板防护情况下进行薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量研究,发现X射线会穿透样品薄膜而继续激发防护铅板,使得滤膜背景光谱中有较强的铅谱线干扰,会对实际样品中铅元素的测量产生影响。在薄样和防护铅板之间加上一层隔离材料,可有效避免防护铅板中铅谱线对样品测量产生的干扰。(3)以型号316不锈钢、黄铜、铝材、紫铜和聚四氟乙烯几种硬质隔离材料作为铅板内衬材料进行选择研究,结果表明:紫铜的X射线荧光光谱中所含元素的谱线最少,谱图中没有出现重金属Cr,Cd,Pb的谱峰,并且能量较高部分靶材散射光谱强度较弱,对实际样品中重金属元素Cr,Cd和Pb的测量不会产生干扰,作为铅板的内衬金属材料可以避免防护铅板中铅元素谱线的干扰,是最佳的薄膜法X射线荧光光谱分析中铅板的内衬金属材料。该研究为组装及搭建便携式大气及水体重金属X射线荧光光谱分析仪提供了重要的理论依据。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪快速监测重金属土壤环境质量

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪（PXRF ）作为一种新型快速测试手段具有突出的应用前景,但也存在检测范围和检测限的局限,为此本文研究PXRF仪器在快速监测土壤环境质量中Cr ,Ni ,Cu ,Zn ,Pb ,Cd ,As和Hg等8种重金属元素的适用性,筛选仪器可检测元素,评价检测结果准确度。具体方法是使用仪器测试重金属污染土壤样品,测试结果与电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法（IC P‐M S ）测试值进行对比,评判检测结果精密度,建立PXRF仪器测试值与ICP‐MS仪器测试值的线性回归关系。结果表明：（1）在监测重金属土壤环境质量时,PXRF仪器可用于检测土壤中Pb ,Zn ,Cr和Cu含量,但不适于检测Ni ,Cd ,As和 Hg含量。（2）Pb和Zn测试值稍低于ICP‐MS测试值,Cu偏高,而Cr过高;PXRF仪器测试值需要参照标准分析方法进行线性校正。研究结论为：便携式X射线荧光光谱仪适用于Pb ,Zn ,Cr和Cu等4种重金属的土壤环境质量监测,是一种简单快速、准确可靠的低成本土壤重金属分析手段。该研究的创新之处是合理规避PXRF仪器的缺点,将仪器应用于土壤环境质量监测,提高了测试结果应用价值。     

ICP-MS检测青海省海西州地区羊板粪中的重金属元素含量

实验了电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)测定羊板粪中的重金属元素Cr、As、Hg、Cd、Pb,优化了仪器的测定条件。方法检出限分别为:Cr 0.39、As 0.12、Hg 0.24、Cd 0.090、Pb 0.49ng/mL,方法精密度RSD:4.9%—14.3%,加标回收率92.0%—110.0%。方法适用于类似有机物样品中重金属元素的检测。     

AAS测定紫皮石斛中5种重金属元素的含量

对天然紫皮石斛(Dendrobium devoninum Paxt.)根和茎中Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、Cu 5种重金属元素的含量进行了测定,旨在为该资源的药(食)利用提供基础数据.利用干法灰化处理样品,采用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)分别测定紫皮石斛根和茎中Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、Cu 5种重金属元素的含量.根中Cr、Hg和Cu 3种元素含量分别为122.8043士39.02、311.5152士24.28、0.2890士0.19mg·kg-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)在3.20％-14.07％之间;茎中Cr、Hg和Cu 3种元素的含量分别为139.3997士14.72、276.0101士45.61、0.2854士0.29mg·kg-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)在4.83％-10.99％之间;根和茎中均未检出Cd、Pb两种元素,可能与地球化学背景有关.与人工种植石斛中重金属元素含量相比,Cr、Hg两种元素含量相对较高,Cu元素含量较低.本法操作简便,重复性好,测定结果满意.     

用于快速定量塑料中微量元素的标准样品制备方法研究

采用色母粒法制备含重金属元素的电子信息产品(塑料)的标准样品,建立了标准样品制备的程序;利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)定量分析方法,考察了标准样品测定重金属和溴元素含量的重复性以及不确定度,建立了标准样品工作曲线的测定程序及测定电子信息产品实际样品的方法和程序.结果表明,利用该方法制备的标准样品在200～2 000 mg·kg-1浓度范围内,测量有机物中微量Pb,Hg,Cr,Br元素及在20～200mg· kg-1浓度范围内测量Cd元素,均获得了非常好的线性关系,并经六次检测具有很好地重复性,并以日本三菱重工公司的电路板ICB288和ICB288G作为实际样品进行测试,其结果与推荐值一致.     

便携式X射线荧光光谱分析仪测定土壤中重金属

应用NITON XL3t600型便携式X射线荧光谱分析仪对土壤中主要重金属污染物Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr和As进行了测试。结果表明,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr和As元素的最低检出限分别为:23.96,11.69,8.58,19.23,6.24mg.kg-1;对土壤成分分析标准物质GSS-5进行5次重复测定,准确度在96%～102%之间,RSD在1.0%～7.6%范围内,表明仪器对于土壤中较高浓度重金属检测准确度和精密度良好;田间进行原位检测,相对标准偏差均小于20%,与国标方法检测结果相比,准确度在55%～119%之间。通过实验室测试和田间原位检测,验证了便携式X射线荧光谱分析仪检测土壤中重金属元素有较好的准确度和精密度,适用于土壤中重金属的快速检测。     

水体中铬、镉和铅的X射线荧光光谱同时快速分析方法研究

以氢氧化钠和硫化钠为沉淀剂采用共沉淀法同时富集水体中的Cr,Cd和Pb,通过对Cr(OH)3,Cd(OH)2和PbS沉淀均匀悬浮液抽滤以制成Cr,Cd和Pb均匀分布的薄膜样品并进行能量色散XRF光谱测量,以实现水体中Cr,Cd和Pb的同时快速分析与检测。研究了富集过程中的反应时间和反应物摩尔比对薄膜样品XRF光谱强度的影响,确定了富集过程的最佳反应条件为沉淀反应时间为5min,OH-与Cr3+的最佳摩尔比为5.0,OH-与Cd2+的最佳摩尔比为5.0,S2-与Pb2+的最佳摩尔比为2;对富集后不同浓度的薄膜样品进行了均匀性检验,富集区域6个不同位置荧光强度的相对标准偏差均小于4.8%,说明富集后的薄膜样品具有较好的均匀性;将不同浓度薄膜样品的理论浓度值与ICP-MS方法测得的浓度值进行对比分析,验证了该富集方法对水样中Cr,Cd和Pb的富集率均能达到90%以上;根据薄膜样品的荧光强度与ICP-MS测得的浓度值,建立了基于该富集方法的水体中Cr,Cd和Pb的X射线荧光光谱定量分析方法,Cr,Cd和Pb校准曲线的线性相关系数分别为0.997 3,0.995 0和0.999 8,当实际采集水样体积为50mL时,Cr,Cd和Pb的检出限分别为7.4,29.6和8.5μg·L~(-1),均低于《污水综合排放标准GB 8978—1996》中Cr,Cd和Pb的最高允许排放浓度,因此该方法能够实现工业生产及生活排放污水中Cr,Cd和Pb的同时快速分析与检测。该研究为基于X射线荧光光谱法的水体多种重金属同时快速在线监测提供依据。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.