快速干燥过程中多孔介质内部湿分迁移机理的研究

本文对快速干燥过程中多孔介质内部湿分迁移机制进行了实验研究和理论分析。实验本体是一台Ｘ－６５０扫描电子显微镜;实验样品分别为大蒜;胡萝卜和土豆片。提出了压力梯度作用下的毛细管通道内的挤压流动是高强度干燥过程中湿分迁移的主要机理并对单毛细管通道内的挤压流动进行了理论分析。     

菜豆种子薄层干燥物料内部水分扩散系数的确定

本文将数值方法应用于物性测试,用反问题的研究方法,通过建立物料的内部水分扩散模型及边界条件的处理,把反映物料干燥过程动态特性的实验含水率曲线与物料颗粒内部的水分扩散结合起来,确定物料颗粒在非稳态脱水过程中的内部水分扩散系数,并分析内部水分分布及其动态特性。计算结果与实验曲线拟合的分析表明,本文的方法是可行的,对于进一步分析干燥过程参数对种子劣变的影响及确定优化的干燥工艺从而达到干燥控制的目的有重要的意义。     

3D MR image denoising using rough set and kernel PCA method

In this paper, we have presented a two stage method, using kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and rough set theory (RST), for denoising volumetric MRI data. A rough set theory (RST) based clustering technique has been used for voxel based processing. The method groups similar voxels (3D cubes) using class and edge information derived from noisy input. Each clusters thus formed now represented via basis vector. These vectors now projected into kernel space and PCA is performed in the feature space. This work is motivated by idea that under Rician noise MRI data may be non-linear and kernel mapping will help to define linear separator between these clusters/basis vectors thus used for image denoising. We have further investigated various kernels for Rician noise for different noise levels. The best kernel is then selected on the performance basis over PSNR and structure similarity (SSIM) measures. The work has been compared with state-of-the-art methods under various measures for synthetic and real databases.     

Evaluation of Heat Transfer Coefficient During Drying of Typical Municipal Solid Waste Matrices with Significant Shrinkage at Medium Temperature

High-moisture municipal solid waste leads to lower heat value, lower combustion efficiency, and frequent and serious erosion during incinerating. Municipal solid waste should be dried before being efficiently incinerated. The purpose of this work is to carry out experimental study and simulation on characteristics of moisture migration of municipal solid waste matrices at medium temperature (100°C–200°C) in a muffle furnace. Obvious shrinkage during moisture migration of biological waste matrices with high initial moisture content was observed. The results showed the initial moisture content and framework mobility of waste matrices and the rate of moisture migration influence on shrinkage; and linear relationships between shrinkage and moisture content ratio of waste matrices during the first falling-rate period at certain drying temperature were established. Certain experimental results of drying characteristics of moisture migration of biological waste matrices, such as potato slices and watermelon peels, under medium temperature were simulated using the shrinkage model with introducing a shrinkage term in the governing equations. The model was numerically solved by applying the finite-differences method. The results show good agreement with experiment data. The shrinkage of biological waste matrices can enhance surface heat transfer of matrices. Thus, shrinkage plays an important role in the drying behavior of high-moisture biological municipal solid waste matrices.     

Changes in pore size distribution inside sludge under various ultrasonic conditions

The pore size distribution is quite significant for determining the transport capacity of heat and moisture in sludge during the drying process. It is crucial to investigate the transformation of the pore size in sludge under sonication. In this paper, the microstructures of pores inside sludge before and after ultrasonic treatment with various ultrasonic conditions were observed using a microscope. Fractal geometry and image analysis were combined to quantitatively identify the evolution of pore size in sludge undergoing various acoustic energy densities and treatment times. The surface fractal dimension (d_f) was applied to characterize the pore size distribution of sludge. The results confirmed that sonication has a positive influence on the characteristics of pore structure inside the sludge and that the average pore size increases with increasing ultrasonic energy level, as determined by both acoustic energy density and treatment time. The d_f appropriately characterizes and quantifies the evolution of the pore size distribution of sludge under various ultrasonic conditions. This work is quite valuable for further investigating and evaluating moisture removal in the sludge drying process assisted by ultrasonic treatment.     

Comparison between airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound to intensify air drying of blackberry: Heat and mass transfer simulation,energy consumption and quality evaluation

This study aimed at investigating the performances of air drying of blackberries assisted by airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound. The drying experiments were conducted in a self-designed dryer coupled with a 20-kHz ultrasound probe. A numerical model for unsteady heat and mass transfer considering temperature dependent diffusivity, shrinkage pattern and input ultrasonic energies were applied to explore the drying mechanism, while the energy consumption and quality were analyzed experimentally. Generally, both airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound accelerated the drying process, reduced the energy consumption and enhanced the retentions of blackberry anthocyanins and organic acids in comparison to air drying alone. At the same input ultrasound intensity level, blackberries received more ultrasound energies under contact sonication (0.299 W) than airborne sonication (0.245 W), thus avoiding the attenuation of ultrasonic energies by air. The modeling results revealed that contact ultrasound was more capable than airborne ultrasound to intensify the inner moisture diffusion and heat conduction, as well as surface exchange of heat and moisture with air. During air drying, contact ultrasound treatment eliminated the gradients of temperature and moisture inside blackberry easier than airborne ultrasound, leading to more homogenous distributions. Moreover, the total energy consumption under air drying with contact ultrasound assistance was 27.0% lower than that with airborne ultrasound assistance. Besides, blackberries dehydrated by contact ultrasound contained more anthocyanins and organic acids than those dried by airborne ultrasound, implying a higher quality. Overall, direct contact sonication can well benefit blackberry drying in both energy and quality aspects.     

基于CARS-CNN的高光谱柑橘叶片含水率可视化研究

柑橘叶片水分亏缺是影响柑橘生长发育的重要因素之一,为研究水分胁迫对柑橘含水率的影响,利用高光谱快速无损检测柑橘叶片含水率,并应用伪彩色处理实现含水率可视化。收集100片柑橘叶片,使用烘干法得到鲜叶和烘干叶片一共500个不同梯度含水率的数据样本,将样本按7∶3的比例划分为训练集（350个样本）和测试集（150个样本）,使用决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)来评估模型预测的好坏。采用卷积神经网络（CNN）对高光谱数据进行预测,CNN模型使用一维卷积核,一共三层卷积池化层,使用RELU激活函数激活,输出层采用linear激活函数回归预测,使用nadam算法对模型进行优化更新,迭代次数为1 000次;将原始光谱数据和SG,MSC和SNV三种预处理后的光谱数据,与全波段、CARS筛选的特征波段、PCA提取的特征波段组合,导入CNN模型,确定最佳模型为原始光谱数据的CARS-CNN,训练集的R2_c和RMSEC分别为0.967 9和0.016 3,测试集的R2_v和RMSEV分别为0.947 0和0.021 4;原始光谱数据的全波段CNN模型效果其次,训练集的R2_c和RMSEC分别为0.934 3和0.024 9,测试集的R2_v和RMSEV分别为0.915 9和0.028 6。对比了不同预处理方式和特征波长选择的支持向量机回归模型(SVR)、偏最小二乘法回归模型（PLSR）、随机森林模型(RF)组合的最佳结果,将最佳组合模型（原始光谱数据+CARS+PLSR,SNV+PCA+RF,SNV+PCA+SVR）与原始光谱数据的CARS-CNN对比,结果表明,依然是原始光谱数据的CARS-CNN模型预测效果最佳。相较于其他的模型,CARS-CNN模型经过CARS筛选特征波段和卷积核进一步提取特征后,预测精度远高于SVR,PLSR和RF模型。选择训练好的CARS-CNN模型,将高光谱图片导入到模型中,计算每个像素点的含水率,得到伪彩色图像,能够可视化叶片的含水率分布情况。研究结果为柑橘叶片水分含量提供了更快速、更直观、更全面的评估,为研究柑橘叶片水分胁迫提供了依据,为智能灌溉决策的优化提供了参考。     

基于无人机多光谱图像的土壤水分检测方法研究

以表层土壤为对象,探究土壤的多光谱反射率与土壤水分含量相关性,进行基于无人机多光谱图像的土壤水分含量预测模型方法的探究。选取中国农业大学通州实验站为研究区域,实地采集试验田的土壤样本100组,按照一定梯度配制土壤含水量,配成的土壤含水率为10%~50%之间,土壤含量的真实值采用土壤烘干法进行测定。多光谱相机灵巧便捷,可搭载在无人机上对土壤进行监测。将RedEdged-M型多光谱相机搭载在Phantom 3型无人机上,选择阳光充足的采集环境,实时采集土壤样本的多光谱图像,建立土壤多光谱信息与水分含量之间的模型。利用处理光谱数据的ENVI5.3软件提取土壤样本多光谱信息,以多光谱相机自带的标准白板反射率为100%,计算出土壤样本在蓝、绿、红、红边、近红外五个波段的光谱反射率。采用BP神经网络算法、支持向量机算法、偏最小二乘算法分别建立基于无人机多光谱图像的土壤水分含量的预测模型。以80组土壤样本数据作为训练集,建立基于多光谱图像的土壤水分含量预测模型。采用莱文贝格-马夸特算法对BPNN进行改进,提高了其训练速度,当网络结构为5-10-1时,训练效果最好,本文选择该网络结构;SVM采取高斯核函数,当参数为0.56时,模型效果最好。本研究采用归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)和决策系数(R 2)对三种土壤水分含量的预测模型进行定量对比。以20组土壤样本数据作为测试集,结果可知,基于BP神经网络土壤水分含量预测模型的NRMSE为0.268,R 2为0.872;基于支持向量机的土壤水分含量预测模型的NRMSE为0.298,R 2为0.821;基于偏最小二乘土壤水分含量预测模型的NRMSE为0.316,R 2为0.789。对三种模型分析可知,基于BPNN的土壤水分含量预测模型效果均较好。结果可知,土壤的光谱反射率与含水率间存在较密切的相关性,将多光谱相机搭载在无人机上可以对土壤水分含量进行有效的实时监测,对监测土壤墒情提供技术支持和理论支撑。     

A phase analysis of vorticity vectors associated with tropical convection

Three new vorticity vectors have been proposed by Gao et al to study the two-dimensional tropical convection. In the present paper, phase relations between surface rain rate and the vorticity vectors are analysed with the calculations of lag correlation coefficients based on hourly zonally-averaged mass-integrated cloud-resolving simulation data. The cloud-resolving model is integrated with the vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal thermal and moisture advections, and sea surface temperature observed and derived from tropical ocean global atmosphere - coupled ocean atmosphere response experiment （TOGA-COARE） for 10 days. Maximum local increase of the vertical component of the convective vorticity vector leads maximum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly due to the interaction between vorticity and zonal gradient of ice heating. While maximum local increase of the vertical component of the moist vorticity vector leads maxfinum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly because of the interaction between zonal specific humidity gradient and zonal buoyancy gradient. And the maximum local decrease of the zonal component of the dynamic vorticity vector leads maximum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly due to the interactions between vorticity and vertical pressure gradient as well as vorticity and buoyancy.     

利用TD-NMR技术研究杨木高温干燥过程水分分布

木材中水分状态变化和迁移对木材的物理性质有重要影响.通过时域核磁共振技术(TD-NMR)可以从分子层面解读木材与水分的关系,可以为木材干燥、木制品加工提供理论依据和实践参考.该研究以北京杨为研究对象,通过对高温干燥过程中木材内部水分变化的自由感应衰减(FID)曲线和横向弛豫时间(T_2)进行测定与分析,探究木材干燥过程中水分状态变化及迁移过程.研究结果表明,FID和T_2信号量与木材含水率高度线性相关,由此可以计算木材在干燥过程中任意时刻的含水率.通过对干燥过程中水分T_2分布的分析表明:心材试件在干燥过程中,长弛豫时间自由水(c状态水分)的拟合面积出现了先减小后增大然后再减小的趋势,而边材试件中则不存在这种现象.在北京杨心材试件中含量最多的是弛豫时间为10 ms数量级的水分,而在边材试件中各状态水分含量差异较小,含量最多的是弛豫时间为100 ms数量级的水分.在高温干燥过程中,边材试件内各状态水分百分含量减少的速度快于心材,各试件中自由水的蒸发速度明显快于结合水.     

Moisture Migration in Wood Under Heating Measured by Thermal Neutron Radiography

The article addresses the transport of moisture due to high-temperature gradients resulting from heating by means of thermal neutron radiography. Moisture migration due to heating is quantified along the orthotropic directions of two wood species, spruce and beech, with high spatial and moisture content resolution. As the heat wave is propagating into the wood, the moisture content in the heated zone rapidly decreases, and moisture is transported due to the high-temperature gradient ahead of the heated zone, resulting in a zone with higher moisture content. Both the drying and the moisture accumulation areas evolve non-uniformly, depending on wood microstructure and orientation.     

Isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture from pan water evaporation measurements

A continuous and reliable time series data of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture is an important requirement for the wider applicability of isotope mass balance methods in atmospheric and water balance studies. This requires routine sampling of atmospheric moisture by an appropriate technique and analysis of moisture for its isotopic composition. We have, therefore, used a much simpler method based on an isotope mass balance approach to derive the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture using a class-A drying evaporation pan. We have carried out the study by collecting water samples from a class-A drying evaporation pan and also by collecting atmospheric moisture using the cryogenic trap method at the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India, during a pre-monsoon period. We compared the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture obtained by using the class-A drying evaporation pan method with the cryogenic trap method. The results obtained from the evaporation pan water compare well with the cryogenic based method. Thus, the study establishes a cost-effective means of maintaining time series data of the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture at meteorological observatories. The conclusions drawn in the present study are based on experiments conducted at Roorkee, India, and may be examined at other regions for its general applicability.     

Ultrasound- and microwave-assisted convective drying of carrots – Process kinetics and product’s quality analysis

The aim of these studies was to investigate the influence of airborne ultrasound-assisted convective drying and microwave-assisted convective drying, as well as their combination, on process kinetics, total color change, water activity, content of carotenoids, polyphenols and antioxidant activity of carrots (Daucus carota L.). The global model of drying kinetics based on coupled ordinary differential equations was used to describe the moisture and material temperature profiles during drying. Application of ultrasound and microwave in convective drying reduced drying time in the range of 9–81%, but the shortest drying time was observed for simultaneous action of convection, ultrasound and microwave. The results of qualitative analysis showed a product improvement due to ultrasound as compared to convective drying and microwave-convective drying. The proposed mathematical model of drying kinetics successfully simulated real drying processes. The proposed mathematical model of drying kinetics successfully simulated real hybrid drying processes.     

Salt transport and crystallization in porous building materials

Salt weathering is a major cause of deterioration of porous building materials. To obtain information about the mechanisms underlying these damage processes we have studied the moisture and ion transport. We measured the time evolution of NaCl saturated samples of fired-clay brick during one-sided drying using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The moisture content and amount of dissolved Na ions could be measured quantitatively as a function of position. The NaCl concentration profiles obtained from these data reflect the competition between advection to the surface and redistribution by diffusion. By representing the measured moisture and NaCl profiles in an efflorescence pathway diagram (EPD) also the crystallization can be taken into account.     

高光谱图像信息检测玉米籽粒胚水分含量

通过波段比和阈值相结合的方法,分别提取了玉米籽粒全表面结构和胚结构区域的1 000～2 500 nm近红外高光谱信息,研究了玉米籽粒水分含量与胚结构区域光谱关系,同时采用竞争性自适应重加权变量选择算法(CARS)、遗传算法(GA) 、连续投影算法(SPA)筛选特征波段,建立并比较偏最小二乘回归(PLS)模型对水分含量的预测效果。结果显示,玉米籽粒水分含量与胚结构区域光谱关系显著,随着水分含量的增加,光谱反射值逐渐降低。预测模型结果表明,基于玉米籽粒胚结构区域光谱信息所建立的CARS-PLS,GA-PLS和SPA-PLS回归模型预测相关系数Rp分别为0.931 2,0.917 6和0.922 7,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.315 3,0.336 9和0.336 6,所选取的特征波段数量分别为9,14和6,较基于全表面光谱信息所建模型的特征波段数量分别少了49,12和24个,且预测效果与采用全表面光谱信息无显著差别,SPA-PLS算法为基于玉米籽粒胚结构光谱信息的水分含量预测最高效模型。提取胚结构区域所用光谱波段为1 197,1 322和1 495 nm,建立SPA-PLS回归模型所用特征波段为1 322,1 342,1 367,1 949,2 070和2 496 nm。研究结果表明,采用近红外高光谱技术进行玉米籽粒水分含量无损检测时,提取玉米籽粒胚结构的图谱信息较全表面光谱信息更高效。     

Ion transport in porous media studied by NMR.

Moisture and salt transport in masonry can give rise to damages. Therefore a detailed knowledge of the moisture and salt transport is essential for understanding the durability of masonry. A special NMR apparatus has been made allowing quasi-simultaneous measurements of both moisture and Na profiles in porous building materials. Using this apparatus both the absorption of a 4 M NaCl solution in a calcium silicate brick and the drying of a 3 M NaCl capillary saturated fired-clay brick have been studied. It was found that during the absorption process the Na ions clearly stay behind, which this is caused by adsorption of these ions to the pore surface. For the drying it was found that at the beginning of the drying process the ions accumulate near the surface. As the drying rate decreases, diffusion becomes dominant and the ion profile levels off again.     

基于植物根系仿生的土壤热湿迁移数值模拟

以实验数据为依据,把土壤中的水分含量和水分梯度分布作为影响植物根系生长的环境因子,结合非饱和多孔介质中传热传质的数学模型,对冬小麦的根系生长进行仿生模拟,分析根系吸水对非饱和土壤湿分与热量传递的影响。在相同环境条件下,对裸土和有作物覆盖的土壤床中的热、湿迁移也进行了模拟比较。     

Osmotic dehydration and convective drying of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) – The influence of ultrasound on process kinetics and product quality

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ultrasound on two subsequent processes – initial osmotic dehydration and convective drying of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). The effect of ultrasound (at a frequency of 25 kHz) was assessed both in terms of process kinetics and product quality. During the study, three different osmotic agents were used – erythritol, sorbitol, and sucrose – in an aqueous solution at a concentration of 50% (w/w). The essential kinetic parameters were analyzed – water loss and increase of dry matter during osmotic dehydration, and evolution of moisture content and temperature of samples during convective drying (drying curves). Product quality was assessed on the basis of color, water activity, and content of relevant bioactive components – polyphenols and carotenoids. It was found that the application of ultrasound during osmotic dehydration resulted in higher water loss and solid gain. This surely results from the phenomena occurring during the propagation of the elastic waves in the liquid medium (mainly related to cavitation) and enhancement of the mass transfer. The use of ultrasound during convective drying also had a positive effect on the kinetics of this process. In most cases, during the ultrasonically assisted drying operations, a significant increase in drying rate was observed, leading to a reduction in drying time. This may be due to the intensification of both heat and mass transfer as a result of the mechanical and thermal effects of ultrasound. The assessment of product quality showed that the use of sugar alcohols was a good alternative to sucrose, and ultrasound-assisted convective drying increased the retention of valuable carotenoids and polyphenols. Moreover, in all dried kiwifruit slices, water activity was below 0.6, which can guarantee the microbiological stability of the tested samples.     

近红外光谱的北方寒地土壤含水率预测模型研究

我国北方寒地温差大,土壤温差对近红外光谱测量土壤墒情有较大影响。针对这一问题,以北方寒地土壤为研究对象,探究大范围温度胁迫下（-20～40 ℃）土壤的近红外光谱与土壤不同含水率之间的关系预测模型方法。选取黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院试验基地中的黑土,经烘干、过筛等操作处理后配置含水率范围在15%～50%内八种不同湿度的土壤样品,建立北方寒地土壤大范围温度胁迫下土壤的近红外光谱信息与含水率之间的定量预测模型。在全波段光谱数据的基础上,结合五种不同光谱信号预处理方法,采用BP神经网络算法、优化支持向量机算法（SVM）、高斯过程算法（GP）三种智能算法建立北方寒地土壤近红外光谱与含水率的预测模型并验证模型的效果。利用69组数据进行训练建模, BP神经网络相关参数设置为学习速率0.05,最大训练次数设置为5 000,隐层单元数确定为20;SVM采用径向基函数,并利用leave-one-out cross validation确定了最佳惩罚参数为0.87,使模型预测的准确性提高;高斯过程算法内部采用马顿核。模型的定量评估采用决定系数(R2)和均方根误差（RMSE）。结果表明,在建立的全部BP神经网络模型中,效果最佳的为S_G-BP神经网络模型,模型的R2为0.960 9,RMSE为2.379 7;在SVM模型中SNV-SVM模型的效果最好,模型的R2为0.991 1,RMSE为1.081 5;在GP模型中S_G-GP模型的效果最好,模型的R2为0.928,RMSE为3.258 1,综上基于SNV预处理的SVM模型训练效果最优。利用剩余的35组光谱数据作为预测集验证模型性能,经模型对比分析发现基于SVM算法的预测模型效果优于其他两种算法,其中基于S_G的SVM模型效果最优,其预测模型的R2和差RMSE分别为0.992 1和0.736 9。综合建模集与预测集的参数最终确定基于S_G的SVM模型为最佳模型。此模型可以作为大范围温度胁迫条件下（寒地）的土壤含水率有效预测方法,为设计优化适宜寒地便携式近红外土壤含水率快速测量仪提供科学依据。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of single rice kernels during cooking

The RARE imaging method was used to monitor the cooking of single rice kernels in real time and with high spatial resolution in three dimensions. The imaging sequence is optimized for rapid acquisition of signals with short relaxation times using centered out RARE. Short scan time and high spatial resolution are critical factors in the investigation of the cooking behavior of rice kernels since time and spatial averaging may lead to erroneous results. The results are confirming the general pattern of moisture ingress that has been suspected from previous (more limited) studies. Water uptake as determined by analysis of the MRI time series recorded during cooking compares well with gravimetric studies. This allows using these real-time MRI data for developing and validating models that describe the effect of kernel microstructure on its cooking behavior.