自聚焦透镜的傅里叶变换性质及成像性质

对自聚焦透镜的二维傅里叶变换性质,成像性质以及脉冲响应作了系统论述.并从理论上对自行研制的自聚焦透镜的光斑尺寸进行了计算.在不考虑像差的情况下,直径为1.8 mm的透镜其出射光斑直径为1.2 μm,利用狭缝扫描法进行了实际测量,测量值为1.5 μm,理论值与实验值基本吻合,从而说明理论分析的合理性.     

ODEON仿真与实际测量语言传输指数实验对比

近年来音质仿真技术的快速发展为语言传输指数STI的预测提供了一个潜在的解决方案。但这种方法的有效性如何,则是在使用该技术之前应该考虑的问题。本文对3个房间内音质仿真与实际测量STI进行实验对比,研究表明:在仿真模型与实际空间的声学等效较为准确的情况下,使用音质仿真软件ODEON计算得到的STI误差较小;混响时间的变化在背景噪声较高时可能会对仿真STI的准确性带来显著影响,随着混响时间的增加,仿真与实际测量STI的差值可能变大;信噪比的变化并不会给仿真STI的准确性带来显著影响;仿真脉冲响应与实际测量脉冲响应的频谱有一定差别,时域上的反射声序列也不相同,但这些差别对仿真STI的影响并不大;仿真过程中比较容易产生的信噪比误差对仿真STI产生了较大影响。由于影响音质仿真结果的因素较多,仿真模型与实际空间的声学等效也比较复杂,尤其是对于没有实际参照校准的房间来说,想要获得准确的STI预测结果是比较困难的。     

房间脉冲响应模拟法及混响时间盲估计应用

在构建混响语声数据集时,由于缺乏真实长混响房间脉冲响应且模拟的房间脉冲响应与真实不符,因而导致数据驱动的混响时间盲估计模型性能下降。提出了一种基于条件生成对抗网络的房间脉冲响应模拟法,该方法利用真实的房间脉冲响应训练条件生成对抗网络,可以根据指定的混响时间模拟更加真实的房间脉冲响应。使用不同方法模拟的房间脉冲响应构建训练集用于训练盲估计模型,通过声学实验评估模型性能。实验结果表明,由该方法模拟的房间脉冲响应训练的估计模型在不同信噪比下均具有最小的均方根误差且在长混响情况下显著优于其他模型。     

高压环境下1.58μm波段CO2吸收光谱特性分析

高压气体吸收光谱特性的研究是可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术应用于爆轰发动机等高压燃烧环境的重要基础.为了解气体吸收光谱随压力的变化规律特别是在高压下的吸收光谱特性,本文以CO₂为气体介质对其在高压环境下近红外波段1.58μm处的吸收光谱进行了理论分析与试验研究,并给出一种高压气体浓度的计算方法.在1—10.13×10⁵Pa压力环境下,对1.58μm处CO₂吸收光谱进行了数值模拟,搭建了高压环境气体在线测量试验系统,对CO₂在波段1578.1—1579.7 nm的吸收光谱进行了试验测量.利用线性回归拟合将试验所得光谱吸收率与模拟吸收率进行对比,对高压环境下气体浓度进行了计算.结果表明,试验所得吸收光谱与数值模拟结果相吻合,1—10.13×10⁵Pa压力环境下利用线性拟合寻优法计算气体浓度最大误差为5.5%,平均误差2.6%.     

螺旋慢波电路高频特性的三维计算模拟

 使用MAFIA软件对螺旋慢波线高频特性进行计算模拟，避免解析理论中的假设处理，提高了计算精度，与实验测试值相比色散特性的平均模拟误差为1%左右，耦合阻抗的平均误差为0.2%左右；并对不同建模方法下的不同模拟方法在计算时间和精度上作了比较，证明了准周期边界条件的模拟方法是一种在实际工程应用上同时满足精度与效率要求的模拟方法。     

电子加速器屏蔽室空间散射的蒙特卡罗计算

为解决电子直线加速器屏蔽室的空间散射计算相关问题,采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP4B进行模拟,使用分步计算的方法,结合分裂和轮盘赌技巧,计算出9MeV驻波直线加速器运行时的空间散射剂量率大小.并实际测量了加速器运行时屏蔽室周围距地面上方1m处的空间散射剂量分布.将计算得到的结果、计算空间散射的经验公式结果和实际测量的结果三者进行了比较分析.结果表明:蒙特卡罗方法计算值比较符合实际测量值,经验公式计算值则存在一定的偏差.     

激光反射镜薄膜散射的测量

本文介绍在可见光区内对激光反射镜进行光谱散射测量的方法和测量的一些结果.对测量误差进行了分析,并采取了一些相应措施,估计测量的相对误差约为±15%,即对1×10~(-3)量级的散射率,测量的绝对偏差约为±1.5×10~(-4).测量结果与理论计算和实际情形基本吻合.结果表明,目前21层λ/4 TiO_2-SiO_2硬膜激光反射镜的散射率一般在5×10~(-4)～2×10~(-3)范围,起伏较大,反射率的高低主要受散射损耗限制.     

光频梳频域干涉测距主要参数分析及一种改进的数据处理方法

本文对光学频率梳频域干涉测距中的测距范围、分辨力、非模糊范围等的影响因素进行了分析,并说明了传统傅里叶变换法的局限性和系统误差产生原因;提出了一种等频率间隔重采样数据处理方法,该方法基于三次样条插值,修正了傅里叶变换法因频率量不等间隔造成的误差;在此基础上提出峰值位置拟合算法,解决了包络随距离展宽的问题.模拟光谱仪数据并使用算法处理,仿真结果表明系统误差小于0.2μm,且可将测量范围扩展至周期内任意位置.最后搭建经典Michelson测距系统并进行了绝对距离测量实验,将测量结果与干涉仪测量值进行对比,达到了任意位置3μm以下的误差.     

锶原子光晶格钟塞曼减速器的设计与实现

介绍了一种以电脑程序模拟计算线圈分布的方法,以精确匹配作为锶原子光晶格钟中作为冷却装置的塞曼减速器的理论塞曼磁场。说明了优化设计程序的算法结构及基本流程,并对实验中的实际塞曼磁场和锶原子光晶格钟磁光阱信号进行测量。这种设计方法完全基于电脑程序的模拟运算,可以根据实际情况改变物理参数和磁场模型,并迅速有效地计算出与之匹配的线圈分布。计算磁场相对于理论磁场的均方根(RMS)达到2.17×10~(-4)T,实现了较高的磁场匹配度。     

压力罐中水声材料声学特性的参量源测量法

设计了一种原波频率500 kHz、差频范围1~30 kHz的截断宽带参量阵,作为水声材料测量系统的声源。通过分析典型频率下的宽带参量源指向性理论计算和实际测量结果,发现两者结果的曲线基本吻合,证明计算模型是正确的。应用钟形短时脉冲实现水声材料声特性的宽带测量,有益于降低样品边缘衍射干扰。并建立了测量水声材料大面积板状样品声压反射系数、声压透射系数和吸声系数的压力罐测量系统,罐体内尺寸Φ4 m×12 m,最高静水压4.5 MPa,测量频率范围1~30 kHz。对标准样品(尺寸1m×1m)进行了测量实验,其测量结果和理论曲线有很好的吻合,参量源测量法得到了验证;之后,通过对一块橡胶板样品在不同静压力下的吸声性能进行了测量和有效评估,进一步确认了参量源测量法在压力罐这样有限水域中的潜在应用价值。      

Feasibility of subjective speech intelligibility assessment based on auralization

Subjective speech intelligibility can be assessed by speech recorded in an anechoic chamber and then convolved with room impulse responses that can be created by acoustic simulation. The speech intelligibility (SI) assessment based on auralization was validated in three rooms. The articulation scores obtained from simulated sound field were compared with the ones from measured sound field and from direct listening in rooms. Results show that the speech intelligibility prediction based on auralization technique with simulated binaural room impulse responses (BRIRs) is in agreement with reality and results from measured BRIRs. When this technique is used with simulated and measured monaural room impulse responses (MRIRs), the predicted results underestimate the reality. It has been shown that auralization technique with simulated BRIRs is capable of assessing subjective speech intelligibility of listening positions in the room.     

时域有限差分法在建筑声学中的应用及前景

介绍了声波方程的基本差分格式及稳定条件、数值色散、吸收边界条件等数值计算理论，例举了前人用时域有限差分法对噪声传播过程的模拟和室内声学中座椅吸声低谷效应模拟的模拟结果。本文指出，由于时域有限差分法的特点使其具有在模拟脉冲响应方而的特别优势，因而，应用这一技术研究厅堂的声学特性，尤其是低频特性，将有重要意义。     

Combined wave and ray based room acoustic simulations of audio systems in car passenger compartments,Part I: Boundary and source data

The present series of papers summarizes the results of a three-year research project on the realistic simulation of car audio sound in car passenger compartments using a combined Finite Element (FE) and Geometrical Acoustics (GA) approach. The simulations are conducted for the whole audible frequency range with the loudspeakers of the car audio system as the sound sources. The challenges faced during the project relate to fundamental questions regarding the realistic sound field simulation in small enclosures with strong modal and diffraction effects.The paper denoted here as Part I focuses on boundary and source representations in the FE and GA domain and suggests guidelines for a best-possible acquisition of the required data. Since a straight-forward determination of the boundary and source characteristics is mostly hampered by the immense complexity and inhomogeneity of the materials and loudspeaker configurations inside a car compartment, different measurement and calculation methods have been applied to determine the required data and quantify the corresponding uncertainty. The paper clearly points out the strength and weaknesses of the applied methods depending on the considered frequency range and material characteristics. In order to keep the complexity of the FE simulations at a manageable level, all passive boundaries were considered as locally reacting with impedance conditions.Part II of the study applies the obtained data in combined FE-GA room acoustic simulations and compares the simulated room impulse responses (RIR) with corresponding measurement results. In a final step the observed differences in the RIRs are related to the uncertainty and inherent errors in the boundary and source representation.     

Source excitation strategies for obtaining impulse responses in finite difference time domain room acoustics simulation

This paper considers source excitation strategies in finite difference time domain room acoustics simulations for auralization purposes. We demonstrate that FDTD simulations can be conducted to obtain impulse responses based on unit impulse excitation, this being the shortest, simplest and most efficiently implemented signal that might be applied. Single, rather than double, precision accuracy simulations might be implemented where memory use is critical but the consequence is a remarkably increased noise floor. Hard source excitation introduces a discontinuity in the simulated acoustic field resulting in a shift of resonant modes from expected values. Additive sources do not introduce such discontinuities, but instead result in a broadband offset across the frequency spectrum. Transparent sources address both of these issues and with unit impulse excitation the calculation of the compensation filters required to implement transparency is also simplified. However, both transparent and additive source excitation demonstrate solution growth problems for a bounded space. Any of these approaches might be used if the consequences are understood and compensated for, however, for room acoustics simulation the hard source is the least favorable due to the fundamental changes it imparts on the underlying geometry. These methods are further tested through the implementation of a directional sound source based on multiple omnidirectional point sources.     

Estimating the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio from the coherence between coincident pressure and particle velocity

An analytical expression for the relationship between the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio (DRR) and the coherence estimation function between coincident pressure and particle velocity component is derived. The analytical solution is first validated with simulated room impulse responses and then used to estimate the DRR in five octave bands for several receiver positions measured in a total of 11 rooms of vastly different sizes and acoustic characteristics. The accuracy is evaluated by comparison with the DRR estimated directly from the room impulse response. The difference is typically 5 dB. For two rooms, the variation of the DRR estimate with source-to-receiver position is also shown. The method is blind in the sense that it is virtually independent of the signal generated by a single sound source.     

Ultrasonic wave propagation across a thin nonlinear anisotropic layer between two half-spaces

Boundary conditions and perturbation theory are combined to create a set of equations which, when solved, yield the reflected and transmitted wave forms in the case of a thin layer of material that is perfectly bonded between two isotropic half-spaces. The set of perturbed boundary conditions is created by first using the fully bonded boundary conditions at each of the two interfaces between the thin layer and the half-spaces. Then, by restricting the layer's thickness to be much smaller than an acoustic wavelength, perturbation theory can be used on these two sets of boundary equations, producing a set of equations which effectively treat the thin layer as a single interface via a perturbation term. With this set of equations, the full range of incident and polar angles can be considered, with results general enough to use with a layer that is anisotropic, nonlinear, or both anisotropic and nonlinear. Finally the validity of these equations is discussed, comparing the computer simulation results of this theory to results from standard methods, and looking at cases where the results (or various properties of the results) are known or can be predicted.     

Prediction of the absorption exponent in rectangular enclosures with a single absorbent boundary

It is known that the classical theory of room acoustics cannot be strictly applied to the study of the sound field in a rectangular enclosure with only five boundaries (i.e., with a single absorbent boundary), as the sound field in the enclosure is not diffuse. A theoretical method is developed for the prediction of the absorption exponent in a rectangular enclosure with a single absorbent boundary, and the absorption exponent is used to describe the exponential decay of the sound energy. The method is based on the radiosity-based theoretical/computer model and is used for diffusely reflecting boundaries. The predicted absorption exponent is compared with the Kuttruff values and the simulation results from Monte-Carlo computations. It is found that the predicted absorption exponent of the proposed method shows better agreement with the simulation results from Monte-Carlo computations than the Kuttruff values. With the more accurately predicted absorption exponent, the slope of the energy decay curve and other acoustic parameters in an enclosure with a single absorbent boundary can be obtained accurately.     

Combined wave and ray based room acoustic simulations of audio systems in car passenger compartments,Part II: Comparison of simulations and measurements

The present series of papers summarizes the results of a three-year research project on the realistic simulation of sound fields in car passenger compartments using a combined Finite Element (FE) and Geometrical Acoustics (GA) approach. The simulations are conducted for the whole audible frequency range with the loudspeakers of the car audio system as the sound sources. The challenges faced during the project relate to fundamental questions regarding the realistic sound field simulation in small enclosures with strong modal and diffraction effects. While Part I of this series of papers focusses on the determination of the boundary and source conditions for the simulation model of the car compartment, the present paper, denoted here as Part II, presents extensive objective and subjective comparisons of the corresponding room acoustic measurement and simulation results.By applying the FE method to the low frequency part of the room transfer function (RTF) the study aims at the quantification of potential objective and subjective benefits with regard to the simulation quality in small rooms, when compared to a purely geometrical acoustics approach. The main challenges and limitations in the simulation domain are due to the very small volume, the difficult to determine source and boundary conditions and the considerable diffraction effects (especially at the seats) in the car passenger compartments. In order to keep the complexity of the FE simulations at a manageable level, all boundary conditions were described by acoustic surface impedances and no fluid-structural coupling was considered in the FE simulation model.While the results of the study reveal that an overall good agreement regarding the energy distribution in time and frequency domain is generally possible even in such complex enclosures, the results also clearly show the limitations of the impedance boundary approach in the FE domain as well as the strong sensitivity of the simulation results with regard to the uncertainty in the boundary and source conditions in both simulation domains. It can thus be concluded, that possible fields of application of the FE extension in room acoustic simulations lie in the prediction of the modally dominated low frequency part of the RTF of well defined rooms and in the prediction of sound fields that are strongly affected by near-field or diffraction effects as in the car passenger compartment. However, due to the considerable problems in the determination of realistic boundary conditions for the FE model, improved measurement techniques are urgently needed to further improve the overall simulation quality.     

半导体器件多物理场计算中的热边界条件北大核心CSCD

基于半导体器件的物理模型,联立并求解由电磁场、半导体物理及热力学方程构成的多物理场方程组,实现半导体器件及电路的电磁效应计算。为了更加准确地仿真半导体器件的温度变化,深入研究了多物理场计算中的热边界条件。以肖特基二极管HSMS-282c为例,采用多物理场算法仿真并对比了器件在相同激励(幅值为2V的阶跃脉冲)、不同边界条件下的温度变化情况。实际测量了器件在正向偏置下的表面温度,并于多物理场计算结果进行对比。结果表明,采用热对流边界可以准确仿真半导体器件的热效应。