光源稳定性对简并四波混频信噪比影响的实验研究

在碘蒸气中研究了染料激光稳定性对简并四波混频(DFWM)信噪比的影响。实验中采用多模Nd∶YAG激光器倍频的输出泵浦染料激光器(染料PM580溶于酒精)。在具有前向补偿分光系统和图像探测系统的帮助下,在常温常压条件下测得泵浦光在波长为554.013 nm时达到饱和光强为290 μJ。同时发现染料激光器的光稳定性(输出波长范围,光束质量和能量转换效率等)随使用时间,泵浦激光脉冲次数和能量的增加而逐渐减弱。另外通过对比发现在染料激光器输出不稳定时,光源单色性和指向性等指标的变化导致在同一泵浦强度不同时刻获得的DFWM信号强度相差很大,且DFWM信号信噪比低。染料激光器光源稳定性对DFWM信号影响的研究结果对物质的痕迹量探测以及无荧光物质光谱定标等方面的应用具有重要意义。     

Two-Step degenerate four-wave mixing as a means to decrease pre- and post-filtering effects in optically thick media

The use of crossed beam 2-Step Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (2S-DFWM) for decreasing pre- and post-filtering effects under optically thick conditions has been investigated. 2S-DFWM is a technique in which the DFWM process is performed between two excited states of which the lower one is populated by an ordinary laser excitation from a low lying, highly populated state. Experiments were performed on Au in an acetylene/air flame. We have shown that under conditions where ordinary (one-step) DFWM experiments are significantly affected by pre- and post-filtering effects (i.e., partly absorption of the pump, probe or signal beams prior to or after the interaction region) the 2S-DFWM technique can give virtually interference free signals. A variety of different laser beam and flame configurations have been investigated. It was found that the use of a crossed beam geometry, where the first step exciting laser is incident upon the interaction region perpendicular to the DFWM beams, completely eliminated severe pre- and post-filtering effects occurring for an ordinary single-step DFWM scheme in an optically thick medium.     

钨盐涂覆-GFAAS法测定肿瘤患者体内痕量锂

钨盐涂覆处理石墨管,大幅度提高测定锂的灵敏度。配以（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４基体改进剂,消除生物基体干扰。特征浓度５．５３×１０－３μｇ·ｍＬ－１／１％,回收率大于９３．７２％,相对标准偏差小于８．９３％。     

Femtosecond Time-Resolved Third-Order Nonlinear Response of 4-(N, N-Diethylamino)-β-Nitrostyrene Solutions in the Nonresonant Region—Experimental Evidence of Group-Velocity Dispersion Effec—

We measure the femtosecond time-dependent, third-order nonlinear optical response for 4-(N, N-diethylamino)-β-nitrostyrene (DEANST) dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) from 0.1 to 1.4 M concentrations in the nonresonant region using time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy. It is found that the DFWM signal profile with delayed responses depends on the concentration. This concentration dependence is determined to be mainly due to the group-velocity dispersion effect of the DEANST solution at the high concentration and the nonlinear response of the DMF solvent at the low concentration, but not due to the change in third-order nonlinear response of DEANST itself.     

Fluctuations in the phase-conjugate signal generated via degenerate four-wave mixing

The excess fluctuations of the phase-conjugate (PC) signal generated via pulsed degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in sodium vapor are investigated. Various dye-laser oscillator and amplifier combinations are employed to trace the sources of these fluctuations. For DFWM driven by an externally-stabilized cw dye-laser oscillator amplified with a dye system pumped by the smoothed pulses of a Nd:YAG laser, the PC excess fluctuations are very highly correlated with the energy fluctuations of the input amplified dye-laser pulses. Thus, input-pulse selection on the basis of energy alone permits observation of the quantum-mechanical fluctuations of the PC signal.     

Some Medical Applications of Radioisotopic Induced X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

The X-ray fluorescence, induced by radioactive sources, provides a very sensitive technique for the analysis of trace elements in biological samples.

Liquid samples are deposited on filter paper disks, thus increasing the solids concentration, and are successively analyzed for single-element analysis by means of a very simple equipment which consists of a proportional gascounter,an amplification chain, a single channel analyzer and a timer-scaler. For multielement analysis a high resolution Si(Li) detector and a pulsehigh analyzer are employed. The sensitivity of the technique ranges from a tenth of part per million to some parts per million. The X-ray fluorescence analysis has been applied to trace elements determination in blood and hair samples. Further applications of the technique to the analysis of elements introduced into blood are discussed. Finally, applications of X-ray analysis to the study of kinetic processes are shown.     

苯基荧光酮沉淀捕集-GFAAS测定痕量镓、锗、钼和铟

以苯基荧光酮沉淀捕集溶液中的痕量镓、锗、钼和铟,用石墨炉原子吸收法进行测定。研究了溶液酸度、苯基荧光酮(PF)用量、陈化时间、溶液体积以及共存元素的影响。最佳条件分别为：Ga(Ⅲ)：500 mL pH≈2溶液中加入10.00 mg·mL-1 PF 2.00 mL,陈化4h;Ge(Ⅳ)：500 mL pH≈2溶液中加入10.00 mg·mL-1 PF 4.00 mL,陈化10 h;Mo(Ⅴ)：1 000 mL pH≈3溶液中加入10.00 mg·mL-1 PF 3.00 mL,陈化6 h;In(Ⅲ)：100 mL pH≈5溶液中加入10.00 mg·mL-1 PF 4.00 mL,陈化10 h。实验显示,苯基荧光酮沉淀对痕量镓、锗、钼和铟的捕集过程以后沉淀为主。方法检出限(3s)：镓0.12 ng·mL-1, 锗0.30 ng·mL-1, 钼0.046 ng·mL-1,铟2.7 ng·mL-1。该方法成功地用于石墨炉原子吸收测定水溶液、国家地质标准物质和锌精矿中痕量镓、锗、钼和铟。     

Optical phase conjugation by resonant degenerate four-wave mixing in liquid phase medium

In this paper, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser's phase conjugation has been investigated experimentally using resonant degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM). The iodine solution was used as resonant medium. In this way, the energy of the DFWM phase conjugation beam arrived at 43μJ/pulse while the total pump beam's energy reached 8mJ/pulse. The relation between the pulse energy of the DFWM phase conjugation beam and that of the pump beam was investigated. We also measured the optical field distributions of pump beam and DFWM phase conjugation beam, from which it can be noticed that the DFWM phase conjugation can improve the laser beam quality. At the same time, we observed the influence of the pump beam's disturbance on the DFWM signal.     

原子吸收光谱法测定5种中草药中K、Cr和Cu的含量

分析中草药中金属元素K、Cr、Cu的含量.选取丹参、当归、党参、鱼腥草和银杏叶5种治疗呼吸系统疾病的中草药,采用湿法消化(HNO3、HClO4),用火焰原子吸收光谱法分别测定K、Cr、Cu的含量.测量结果表明,鱼腥草中金属元素含量丰富,丹参中K、Cr以及党参的Cu元素在5种中草药中含量最低,鱼腥草中K、Cr、Cu的含量最高,分别为3654.8125±20.9367μg/g、35.0667±0.8872μg/g、102.1475±9.6936μg/g,丹参中K、Cr的含量最低,分别为3334.0000±31.6465μg/g、2.3012±0.2701μg/g,党参中Cu元素含量最低,是44.8250±0.7823μg/g.在5种中草药中K的含量大小顺序为:鱼腥草＞当归＞银杏叶＞党参＞丹参,Cr元素含量大小顺序为:鱼腥草＞当归＞党参＞银杏叶＞丹参,Cu元素含量大小顺序为:鱼腥草＞当归＞丹参＞银杏叶＞党参.各种中草药中金属元素的含量有一定差异(P＜0.05).结论:本实验结果提供了中草药丹参、当归、党参、鱼腥草和银杏叶中金属元素含量的数据,为探讨中草药中金属元素与治疗呼吸系统疾病的关系以及临床上合理有效使用药物提供了科学的依据.     

植物标样多元素测定的五种前处理方法比较

本文采用植物样品的五种前处理方法,即干灰化法,硝酸＋硫酸＋高氯酸法,硝酸＋硫酸＋高氯酸＋氢氟酸法、硫酸＋过氧化氢法、灰化＋碱熔法,对植物标样ＧＢＷ０７６０３作样品分解,试液用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法进行十九种常量及微量元素的测定。     

Ultrashort dephasing-time measurements in Nile Blue polymer films

Optical dephasing measurements using degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) were performed on thin dye-polymer films at room temperature. Incoherent light centered at 575 nm was used as a source for ultrafast measurements on the blue side of the inhomogeneous distribution of the oxazine dye Nile Blue. Under these conditions, a new form of interference was observed as a sinusoidal variation of the DFWM signal versus delay time. A measured interference period of 1.96+/-0.07 fs corresponds to the optical cycle time of the light source. Numerical solutions for the DFWM intensity confirm the oscillation effect and estimate a measured dephasing time of 2-3 fs.     

利用谱线宽度测人发中的微量元素

通过实验证明了可以利用谱线宽度做永久工作曲线用于光谱定量分析。给出了用于测量人发中微量元素Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｆｅ和Ｃａ的永久工作曲线，利用这些工作曲线对实际样品进行了测定，所得结果与用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ测得的结果相吻合。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of collisions and temperature on degenerate four-wave mixing

An experimental investigation (including a comparison with a simple theoretical model) of the effect of buffer-gas composition, pressure and temperature on resonant Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) has been performed. The DFWM signal from NO in a quartz cell was measured and the effect of quenching as well as elastic (phase-changing) collisions was studied by varying the total and partial pressures of N₂ and CO₂ as buffer gases. It was found that the DFWM signal first slowly increased with buffer-gas pressure (up to 10 mbar) and then rapidly decreased. It was furthermore found that the DFWM signal was considerably less sensitive to quenching collisions as compared to Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) (for laser intensities approximately equal to half the DFWM saturation intensity of the transition). On the other hand, while LIF is virtually insensitive to elastic collisions, DFWM displays a larger sensitivity to elastic collisions than to quenching collisions. The DFWM saturation intensity was found to increase with buffer-gas pressure (although slower than expected). When varying the temperature of the gas composition, it was found that the DFWM signal decreased markedly with increasing temperature. This decrease is too fast to be explained solely by a change in the population of the molecular state probed by the laser.     

电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定野生皂荚中多种微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)法测定野生皂荚中多种微量元素的含量。皂荚样品以HNO₃+H₂O₂+HCl为混合消解试剂经微波消解后直接测定。在MS/MS模式下向碰撞反应池中通过氧气或氨气,分别利用氧气质量转移、氧气原位质量和氨气质量转移消除多原子离子质谱干扰。通过分析国家标准参考物质绿茶(GBW10052)和芹菜(GBW10048)验证方法的准确性和精密度,所测定结果与参考值基本一致,RSD≤7.8%。采用所建立的方法分别分析了来自中国云南和重庆武陵山区野生皂荚中的12种微量元素(V,Cr,Co,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Ni,As,Cd,Hg,Pb),12种微量元素的检出限为0.29～21.36 ng·L-1。结果显示,野生皂荚12种分析元素中Fe含量最高,其次为元素Zn,重金属元素As,Cd,Hg和Pb的含量远低于《中国药典》限量标准。该研究为野生皂荚中微量元素的安全评价和监管提供了科学方法和数据。     

ICP-AES法测定古代车师人肋骨中的痕量元素

近几十年来 ,古代人群的食谱研究已经成为现代科技考古学的一个重要组成部分 ,也是当前国际科技考古学研究领域的一项前沿性课题。人类骨骼的微量元素分析为重建古代居民的食谱提供了大量信息。本文用硝酸 盐酸消解样品 ,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪 (ICP AES) ,在选定的最佳条件下 ,对新疆地区古代车师人肋骨中的Sr,Zn ,Ca ,Cu ,Mg,Fe ,Ba ,Mn等 8种痕量元素进行了测定 ,该方法采用一次溶样 ,多元素同时测定 ,回收率为 87 4 %～ 1 0 6 6 %之间。相对标准偏差为 0 5 %～ 3 3%。该方法简单 ,快捷可靠 ,适用于古代骨样品的测定 ,结果令人满意。其结果为考古学和人类学的研究提供了科学的依据。同时考察了不同酸度对分析结果的影响和共存元素间的相互干扰 ,此外还进行了精密度实验。     

Neutron activation analysis of sea-, lake-, and evaporated salt

Salt is essential for human nutrition. Recently, it has become popular in Europe to rather use exotic sea salt or lake salt instead of purified evaporated salt, because of an alleged higher content of trace elements. In this study the content of trace elements and their bioavailability of 19 samples of different types of salt and 1 sample of brine purification sludge were investigated using instrumental neutron activation analysis. In general, sea-, lake-, and evaporated salt are quite pure. Trace elements determined in salt were Al, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Sc, Sr, and Zn; some of them only in individual cases. It was found that, in general, the content of trace elements in sea- or lake salt was higher than in purified salt. Nevertheless, the use of sea- or lake salt does not contribute significantly to the human needs of essential trace elements, because their concentration in salt is too low or their compounds are not bioavailable.     

用高重频激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱分析铝合金样品

为了提高基于等离子体原子发射光谱元素分析技术的分析速度,在高重复频率的前提下建立了一套激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱元素分析系统并以铝合金为样品开展了光谱分析。实验以低脉冲能量的声光调Q固体激光脉冲剥离样品,并触发高压火花放电以增强等离子体辐射、提高光谱分析灵敏度。研究结果表明： 在高重频火花放电的作用下,等离子体辐射的峰值强度和弛豫时间分别得到了增强和延长,信号的时间积分强度增强因子可以达到1～2个数量级,且更易于实现时间分辨的信号检测。对铝合金中微量铬元素分析的检出限可达~132 ppm。该研究验证了高重频激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱用于分析固体样品元素的可行性,其技术有望在固体样品元素的快速分析中发挥一定的作用。该光谱技术能同时兼顾扫描成像的速度、空间分辨率和光谱分析灵敏度,并为固体样品的二维或者三维元素分布的高分辨快速扫描成像分析提供了一种很好的技术途径。     

超声搅拌悬浮液进样FAAS法测定茶叶中的微量元素

将超声搅拌悬浮液进样技术应用于火焰原子吸收光谱法,成功地测定了茶叶中铜、铁、锌、锰的含量,此法快速、简单、准确。样品在(80±2)℃烘干4h后,研磨过160目筛,然后加入5mL015%琼脂悬浮液,用超声搅拌混匀后直接上机测定。测定结果与传统湿法一致,t检验表明两者无显著性差异,相对误差<±096%。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定东北大豆中微量元素

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定了11种东北大豆中大量、小量和微量元素。比较了两种湿法消解方法，HNO3-HclO4，HNO3-H2SO4和干类化法对分析结果的影响。由于大豆含有较多的油脂，用混合酸消解时费时较长且需加入较多的酸，从而可能产生较高的背景空白，因此对大豆样品的前处理采用干灰法较为合适。大豆中钾和磷是大量元素，本工作还研究了钾和磷对其他元素测定的影响。结果表明，大豆中钾和磷对其他微量元素的测定没有影响。结果还表明，这11种大豆中的各微量元素的含量没有显著性差异。     

Phase conjugation by degenerate four wave mixing in InSb with a cw CO laser

Degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) in indium antimonide has been observed at 80 K with a low power c.w. CO laser. Phase conjugate reflectivities of up to 20% have been observed without saturation effects. In addition, a cross-modulation component has been identified which co-exists with the DFWM signal. From the experimental results a third order nonlinear susceptibility x⁽³⁾ = 1.1 ± 0.3 esu has been established.