爆炸冲击波作用下预制孔靶板塑性变形规律的研究

利用非线性动力学软件AUTODYN,对爆炸冲击波作用下无孔及预制孔靶板的塑性变形进行了数值模拟,获得了不同孔数、孔径情况下靶板中心点挠度的变化规律;设计了模型实验,其结果与数值结果符合较好;并以爆炸冲击波作用下无孔靶板中心点挠度计算公式和数值计算结果为基础,通过拟合给出了预制孔靶板中心点挠度与孔密度、孔径之间的函数关系,该关系可为有孔平板目标的毁伤评估及破片、冲击波对平板目标联合毁伤研究提供参考。     

冲击载荷下混凝土本构模型构建研究

 在对混凝土动态力学性能和现有本构模型综合分析的基础上，构建了一个新的适用于冲击响应问题数值分析的混凝土本构模型。该本构模型全面考虑了压力、应力第三不变量、变形的硬化和软化、应变率强化以及拉伸损伤等各个影响因素。将其加入LTZ-2D程序，确定了本构模型参数，对混凝土靶板的穿透问题进行了数值验证分析。计算得到的弹体剩余速度同实验结果基本一致，同时得到了混凝土靶板破裂的计算图像。计算结果及其分析表明，所构建的本构模型能够较好地反映冲击载荷作用下混凝土动态响应的主要特性。     

破片模拟弹侵彻船用钢靶板的计算模型

为研究破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的过程,将模拟弹冲击钢装甲的侵彻过程分为初始接触、弹体侵入、剪切冲塞和穿甲破坏4个阶段进行理论分析。当靶板剩余厚度的剪切冲塞抗力小于延性扩孔抗力时,靶板的破坏模式完全转变为剪切冲塞;剪切塞块速度与剩余弹体速度相同时,推导出破片模拟弹侵彻钢靶板的能量转化及剩余速度公式,与实验及有限元分析结果吻合较好。研究结果对于破片侵彻钢靶板威力设计具有一定实用价值。     

弹体侵彻混凝土开坑阶段阻力的计算

为了研究弹体侵彻开坑过程中弹头表面阻力,采用应力波表层损伤理论分析了混凝土开坑区的侵彻特性,并在应力波反射形成层裂的基础上解释了靶面成坑机理,建立了计算开坑区弹头表面阻力的新模型,通过数值仿真和实验方法对新模型进行验证。结果表明:数值模拟和实验与新模型的计算结果吻合较好,开坑过程中弹体表面阻力与速度和弹体头部形状有关。新模型能够较好地描述开坑深度与速度的关系,适用于弹体侵彻混凝土靶的阻力计算,克服了Forrestal半经验法的不足。     

卵形钢弹对铝合金靶板侵彻问题的数值模拟

 基于球形空穴膨胀理论（SCE），采用ABAQUS有限元商业软件并结合其子程序的二次开发功能对钢弹侵彻金属靶进行3D有限元数值模拟。根据空穴膨胀理论，靶体对侵彻弹体的影响可以用一个作用在弹体表面的力函数代替，这样在进行数值模拟时就无须划分靶体网格，也避免了复杂的接触问题，从而使模拟大大简化。模拟所用卵形弹为VAR 4340钢弹，靶体为6061-T6511铝合金。模拟过程中考虑到弹体的可变形性和入射时的微小偏航角等实际情况，并且考虑到了弹身在运动过程中和靶体的接触分离效应。所得模拟结果与文献中的实验结果进行了比较，发现模拟结果与实验结果吻合得很好，并得到了一些有意义的推论。     

可变形弹丸贯穿铝合金靶的数值模拟

 采用显式动态有限元商业软件ABAQUS/Explicit对可变形卵形弹丸正贯穿和斜贯穿有限厚度铝合金靶的过程进行了有限元数值模拟。根据空穴膨胀理论，将靶体对侵彻的影响用一个作用在弹体表面的力函数代替，同时考虑了有限厚度靶自由表面的影响，并对空穴膨胀得到的力函数进行了修正。这样在进行数值模拟时就无需对靶体划分网格，也避免了复杂的接触问题，从而使模拟大为简化。最后，用VAR4340钢弹贯穿6061-T651铝合金靶板得到的数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较，二者基本吻合。     

刚体与SPH耦合的三维数值方法研究

 研究了刚性体与SPH（Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics）方法相耦合的计算方法和技术，以此技术为核心，在原有三维综合拉氏程序CL3D的基础上，研制了适用于斜侵彻问题数值研究的刚性弹体与SPH靶体耦合计算的拉氏三维数值模拟程序CRSPH3D。针对金属材料编入了Johnson-Cook本构模型计算模块，针对混凝土材料编入了Johnson-Holmquist本构模型及与之配套的损伤模型和状态方程等的计算模块。用研制的计算程序对弹体分别正碰和斜碰穿透中厚铝靶和侵彻厚混凝土靶的过程进行了数值模拟计算和分析。结果表明，对于铝靶穿透问题，模拟计算得到的弹体剩余速度、弹体动能损失和贯穿图像与实验结果符合得较好。对于混凝土靶的侵彻问题也得到了与实验现象一致的、定性合理的图像。     

弹体斜撞击单层金属薄靶的数值仿真

通过调用ABAQUS子程序引入修正的靶板J-C本构模型和修正的应力三轴度三分段式失效准则,开展了平头、卵形弹0°~60°斜撞击单层Q235钢薄靶的数值仿真计算,分析了弹体头部形状、撞击角度对靶板防护性能及失效模式的影响,同时对弹体击穿靶板后的角度偏转问题进行了分析,并提出了一个改进的角度偏转半理论模型。结果发现:平头弹在各个撞击角度下较卵形弹更容易击穿靶板;靶板的防护性能与弹体造成的靶板损伤及失效模式紧密相关,单层靶板在平头弹以同一角度分别低速和高速斜撞击后具有不同的失效模式,而在卵形弹斜撞击下失效模式相差不大;仿真与实验结果吻合较好。     

混凝土材料动态力学性能实验与数值模拟研究

 利用轻气炮对素混凝土材料进行了3种不同冲击速度下的动态力学性能实验,得到了时间-应力曲线,随后利用软件进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,解释了飞片和靶板破坏过程中波的传播过程。通过分析发现：混凝土材料表现出明显的率相关性、滞后效应和应力波的衰减特征,这些与材料内部损伤的演化密切相关;混凝土材料在压缩波、边侧稀疏效应和左、右自由表面反射拉伸波的共同作用下,最终形成宏观破碎;实验中靶板尺寸设计合理,有效避免了边侧稀疏效应对锰铜压阻计测试信号的影响。     

双硬度靶对球形弹丸的防护性能

以钢/铝双硬度爆炸焊接复合靶为研究对象,采用系列弹道实验和数值模拟方法,研究了其在球形弹丸垂直侵彻作用下的抗侵彻性能。侵彻实验利用直径为14.5mm的滑膛枪发射直径为6mm的钢质球形弹丸;采用LS-DYNA3D非线性有限元程序和有限元-光滑粒子流体动力学(FE-SPH)耦合法,进行数值模拟。基于实验和数值模拟结果,分析了不同靶板的毁伤机理和破坏模式,以及靶板厚度、强度等因素对复合靶抗侵彻性能的影响。结果表明:在球形弹丸的垂直侵彻作用下,钢面板发生剪切冲塞破坏,铝背板发生延性扩孔破坏;对于双层靶而言,钢面板与铝背板的厚度比约为2/3时,复合靶的抗侵彻性能最差;数值计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明FE-SPH耦合算法可较好地预测双层复合靶板的抗侵彻性能。     

面层混凝土对跑道内爆毁伤影响的仿真研究

 采用考虑混凝土拉伸破坏的TCK失效模型,运用AUTODYN软件对跑道内爆毁伤进行了数值模拟。研究了炸点置于面层混凝土底部时,不同装药量和不同面层混凝土厚度对爆破漏斗坑参数的影响规律。结果表明：数值模拟结果较好地反映了混凝土因拉伸损伤引起的破裂和抛掷漏斗现象。基于数值模拟得到的漏斗坑参数值,建立了漏斗坑半径、空腔半径与面层厚度的无量纲表达式,计算得到的漏斗坑参数值得到了实验验证。     

不同罩材聚能装药对多层介质侵彻的实验与数值模拟

 为实现聚能装药对多层介质的大破孔侵彻,提出了钛合金药型罩聚能装药设计方案。采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对钛合金、低碳钢及紫铜罩聚能装药侵彻多层介质进行了研究,分析了钛合金聚能侵彻体相对于紫铜和低碳钢侵彻体在成型过程中,其动能、头部速度及射流长度等的差异,并对侵彻过程中应力波的传播特性进行了分析。结果表明：相对于紫铜和低碳钢,钛合金罩聚能侵彻体的能量转换率高,所获得的动能大,头尾速度梯度小,外形更为短粗;虽对多层介质侵彻时侵彻深度有所减小,但漏斗坑尺寸明显增大,且平均破孔孔径提高了约20%。     

Crater geometry characterization of Al targets irradiated by single pulse and pulse trains of Nd:YAG laser in ambient air and water

High intensities laser pulses are capable to generate a crater when irradiating metal targets. In such condition, after each irradiation significant ablation occurs on the target surface and as a result a crater is formed. The crater characterization is very important specifically for some applications such as micromachining. In this paper, the crater formation in metal targets was studied experimentally. The planar aluminum 5052 targets were irradiated by frequency doubled (532 nm), Q-switched Nd:YAG (∼6 ns) laser beam in ambient air and distilled water. A crater was produced after each irradiation and it was characterized by an optical microscope. Different laser intensities as well as pulse trains were applied for crater formation. The effects of laser characteristics in crater geometry were examined. The depth of the craters was measured by optical microscope and the diameter (width) was characterized by processing of the crater image. The results were explained in terms of ablation threshold and plasma shielding. The results show that the crater geometry extremely depends on the laser pulse intensity, the number of laser pulses, and ambient.     

Dynamics of impact cratering in shallow sand layers

When a solid sphere impacts a shallow layer of sand deposited on a solid surface, a crater can be obtained. The dynamics of the opening of the crater can be followed accurately. During this opening, the radius of the crater can be conveniently modeled by an exponential saturation with a well-defined time constant. The crater then closes up partially once the opening phase is over as the sand avalanches down the slope of the crater. We here present a detailed study of the full dynamics of the crater formation as well as the dynamics of the corrola formed during this process. A simple model accounts for most of our observations.     

Measurement of crater geometries after laser ablation of bone tissue with optical coherence tomography

The feasibility of measuring crater geometries by use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is examined. Bovine shank bone on a motorized translation stage with a motion velocity of 3 mm/s is ablated with a pulsed CO2 laser in vitro. The laser pulse repetition rate is 60 Hz and the spot size on the tissue surface is 0.5 mm. Crater geometries are evaluated immediately by both OCT and histology methods after laser irradiation. The results reveal that OCT is capable of measuring crater geometries rapidly and noninvasively as compared to histology. There are good correlation and agreement between crater depth estimates obtained by two techniques, whereas there exists distinct difference between crater width estimates when the carbonization at the sides of craters is not removed.     

Irradiation effects of CO2 laser parameters on surface morphology of fused silica

To understand the surface morphology evolution of fused silica induced by 10.6-μm CO2 laser irradiation at different parameters,this paper reports that optical microscopy,profilometry,and hydrophilicity tests are utilized to characterize the surface structure and roughness of the laser irradiated area. The results show that three typical surface morphologies and two typical hydrophilicity test images are observed at different laser powers and pulse durations. The correlations between surface temperature and surface morphology as well as hydrophilicity behaviours are presented. The different hydrophilicity behaviours are related to surface structures of the laser-induced crater and thermal diffusion area. The thermal diffusion length monotonously increases with increasing laser power and pulse duration. The crater width is almost determined by the laser beam size. The crater depth is more sensitive to the laser power and pulse duration than the crater width.     

In-situ Observation of Tissue Laser Ablation Using Optical Coherence Tomography

In laser ablation of biological tissue, tomography of the tissue surface is necessary for measurement of the crater shape and the crater depth. In this paper, we demonstrate in-situ observation of biological-tissue surface in laser ablation by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Depth of a crater of human tooth is measured by these OCT images, and then the ablation rate of 0.21 μm/pulse is determined.     

Erosion Craters and Arc Cathode Spots in Vacuum

The development of erosion craters on clean, smooth cathodes in UHV has been investigated with a time resolution of nanoseconds (current range 10–200 A). Furthermore, crater size erosion rate and velocity of spot displacement have been measured in dependence on current and surface conditions. The relevance of the results for different cathode spot models is discussed in detail. From the measurements the following conclusions are drawn. The craters are caused by the action of the discharge pressure on the molten metal within a spot. The spots move in a random manner in elementary steps of a crater radius with time constants of the order of 10^?8 s. The main reason for the movement is the formation of micropoints at crater boundaries. Droplets and contaminations induce jumps of more than a crater radius. The impact of droplets causes considerable deformations of the cathode surface. Nanosecond pulse breakdowns and quasi-stationary arcs result in values of crater size, spot velocity and erosion rate that are comparable within an order of magnitude. These results support a non-stationary spot model that describes the cathode spot as a sequence of surface explosions.     

Morphology of ablation craters generated by fs laser pulses in LiNbO3

The surface morphology of the ablation craters generated in LiNbO₃ by 130 fs laser pulses at 800 nm has been investigated by AFM/SNOM microscopy. The single pulse fluence corresponding to the ablation threshold has been estimated to be ≈1.8 J/cm².A complex structure including random cone-shaped protrusions is observed inside the ablated crater. The scale of the protrusion spacing is in the submicron range and the heights are typically of a few tens of nanometers. At and outside the crater rim a novel quasi-periodic wave-like topography pattern is observed in both types of microscopy techniques. The average wavelength, that is slightly dependent on pulse fluence, is (500-800 nm) comparable to the light wavelength. This novel topography feature keeps a close similarity with a Fresnel diffraction pattern by an absorbing circular obstacle or impact wave pattern produced by a combination of heat and shock wave (resemble that of impact crater). It is proposed that the obstacle is associated to the strongly nonlinear multiphoton absorption at the peak of the pulse profile. The energy deposited by nonlinear absorption of such profile causes ablation of both the crater and the rippled structure.     

Application of Laser Simulation Method for the Analysis of Crater Formation Experiment on PALS Laser

The crater formation process is studied in the laser - Al solid target interactions on the PALS iodine laser facility. A great variety of laser beam parameters are used to irradiate massive aluminium targets. Large laser energies available (up to 600 J) open a possibility to investigate the process of crater formation for physical conditions different from the earlier studies for the lower laser energies. Comparison with the earlier results is presented.A simple theory, LSM (laser simulation method), has been applied for the analysis of the experimental results. This model leads to a universal relation (scaling law) for the crater relative volume. Our work extends the study of crater formation to the virtual macroparticle velocities exceeding 100 km/s. The scaling law is derived here for this previously unexplored region. An alternative method of studying crater formation is also proposed.