人体血氧饱和度检测中消除脉搏波信号高频噪声的方法

基于光电容积脉搏波的方法可以用于人体血氧饱和度的无创检测,基于光电容积脉搏波测量时,由于信号采集过程中随机噪声等干扰,脉搏波信号中存在高频噪声,影响最终的血氧饱和度测量精度。提出采用基于连续均方误差(CMSE)准则的经验模态分解(EMD)法消除脉搏波信号中的高频噪声。利用自行研制的光电容积脉搏波采集装置采集脉搏波信号,应用该方法消除信号中高频噪声,并采用信号的频谱进行效果评价。结果表明:该方法有效消除了高频噪声,这将有利于人体血氧饱和度无创检测精度的提高。     

血液成分无创检测中基于不确定度的光谱提取方法

近红外光谱血液成分无创检测技术发展至今已取得一系列进展。为进一步提高检测精度,基于动态光谱理论提出了一种改进的光谱提取方法:首先拟合出漂移基线,抑制了手指与夹具相对运动造成的影响;然后以方和根代替峰峰值组成光谱,减小了系统随机误差造成的影响。最后以血氧饱和度测量为例,对血氧饱和度系数Q进行不确定度分析,结合实验数据的理论分析表明以方和根代替峰峰值可使不确定度下降至原先的38%。在血氧饱和度检测实验中将改进后的方法与峰峰值法对比,可得精度更高的血氧饱和度系数Q,获得十组Q值的方差平均下降至原先的42%。理论分析与实验结果均表明,应用所提出的光谱提取方法可更加精确地从光电容积脉搏波中提取有效光谱,在血液成分的无创检测中有着重要的价值。     

EMD算法在动态光谱无创测量血红蛋白浓度中的应用

将经验模态分解(EMD)算法结合动态光谱理论中的频域提取算法用于血红蛋白浓度的无创测量。在体采集57例光电容积脉搏波,选取636.98~1 086.86nm范围内的光谱数据进行分析。首先通过EMD方法分别对各个样本每个波长的光电容积脉搏波进行去噪预处理,再利用离散傅里叶变换提取脉搏波的峰峰值构成动态光谱,最后运用偏最小二乘方法对各样本的动态光谱和血红蛋白浓度建立模型。与未经EMD处理的数据建模结果相比,EMD处理后,血红蛋白浓度预测集的相关系数从0.879 8提高到0.917 6,预测集均方根误差从6.675 9g·L-1减小到5.300 1g·L-1,相对误差从8.45%减小到6.71%,建模精度有了较大的提高。结果表明,采取经验模态分解的算法进行光电采集数据的去噪预处理可以提高光谱数据的信噪比,进而可以提高血液成分无创测量的准确性。     

基于LabVIEW的动态光谱光电脉搏波信号提取的快速算法

在众多近红外光谱检测方法中,动态光谱法以能消除检测中个体差异和测量条件的影响而备受研究者的青睐。动态光谱提取自光电容积脉搏波,是与动脉血液信息高度相关的近红外光谱,可应用于动脉血液成分的无创检测,具有很好的临床应用价值。高精度和高速度是动态光谱检测的核心问题。应用过采样和数字锁相检测技术能提高动态光谱法中光电脉搏波信号的检测精度,文章对此进行了理论推导。同时,为了克服过采样导致的大数据量和锁相放大要求的大运算量等困难,提出了基于LabVIEW的快速算法和通过外部接口调用C语言的方法应用于动态光谱光电脉搏波的提取,并在LabVIEW环境下进行实验验证。结果表明,该方法不但提高了运算速度,还大大缩小了数据的存储量。     

基于动态光谱的脉搏血氧测量精度分析

脉搏血氧仪具有连续、无创、快速、准确监测人体动脉血氧饱和度和心率的功能,现已在临床上发挥重要作用.脉搏血氧饱和度检测法结合分光光度测定法和容积描记法2个基本方法,用红光和红外光同时对手指及耳垂等组织照射和检测.红外光和红光的容积描记图的波幅比值,随动脉血氧饱和程度而变化.目前使用的脉搏血氧仪基本上采用的是传统的脉搏血氧饱和度检测方法,由于其结果受到测量原理,测量条件及个体差异等多方面因素影响,精度不能令人满意.文章从动态光谱的观点出发,通过分析传统脉搏血氧测量原理中产生误差的原因,从理论上推导出实现高精度脉搏血氧测量的方法.动态光谱方法在原理上具有抑制或克服个体差异和测量条件对检测光谱影响的优点.采用该方法可以消除脉搏血氧饱和度测量的理论上的绝大部分误差.     

小波变换提高动态光谱法血液成分无创检测的精度

光谱采集过程中的各种时变噪声影响了动态光谱法血液成分无创检测定量校正模型的精度。该文采用小波变换法,在脉搏频段内对指端投射光谱的时域吸光度波形聚焦,提高了动态光谱数据的信噪比和血液成分含量定量校正模型的精度。对同一个体连续采集10次光谱数据,引入小波变换去噪后动态光谱数据的平均相关系数r自0.979 6提升至0.990 3。对110名志愿者进行血常规体检和指端透射光谱采集,建立动态光谱数据与血糖浓度生化分析值之间的神经网络模型,在引入小波变换去噪后,预测集相关系数自0.6774提升至0.846 8,平均相对误差自15.8%下降至5.3%。实验表明,引入小波变换可以有效地去除动态光谱数据中的噪声,提高定量校正模型的精度,推动了动态光谱法无创血液成分检测的发展。     

动态光谱数据质量的评价

为消除数据采集过程中各种因素对基于动态光谱法无创血液成分测量精度的影响,需要对动态光谱数据建立一个质量评价标准,以提高建模的稳定性和预测的准确度。在对110名志愿者的测量数据进行分析后,提出了动态光谱数据的一个质量评价指标——稳定波长数,并依此选取出60例优秀样本。利用BP神经网络对此样本的总胆固醇、血糖、血红蛋白进行了建模和预测。预测结果较之对照组均有所改善,平均相对误差分别从13.8%,15.8%,5.4%降低到6.5%,6.5%,2.1%,证明将稳定波长数作为动态光谱数据质量评价标准的有效性。引入稳定波长数指标,可对测量数据进行预先的质量评估,提高实际仪器预测的可靠性,为动态光谱法血液无创检测走向临床应用铺平了道路。     

一种光电容积脉搏信号的峰值点自动识别方法

光电容积脉搏信号的峰值点自动识别直接关系到无创血氧饱和度测量与脉搏波峰-峰间期提取的准确率。提出一种小波联合识别方法:基于小波多分辨率分析原理校正影响脉搏波峰值点幅值的基线干扰,再利用二次样条小波模极大算法自动识别峰值点。将该方法应用到自行研制的光电容积脉搏波测量系统中,对采集的信号进行了校正与峰值点识别,通过在信号中增加随机噪声以评价方法的稳定性与可靠性,然后利用10组实测数据,对比本方法与传统差分阈值法的峰值点识别准确率,进一步评价方法的有效性。结果表明:本方法在较好地消除了基线干扰的基础上,在染噪的信号中仍然会较精确地检测出脉搏波主波峰,具有较好的抗干扰能力,有利于提高血氧饱和度检测及峰-峰间期提取的准确性,从而有助于后期人体呼吸功能评价与心率变异性分析。     

利用近红外光谱检测多层组织血氧饱和度的研究

利用近红外光谱无创检测生物组织血氧饱和状态,是一种极富研究和应用前景的检测技术,在临床检测中被广泛应用.但常规临床检测应用于指端仅反映局部血氧饱和度信息,在使用中具有局限性,信号的可信度也存在质疑.该文提出了一种采用反射式脉搏血氧饱和度检测技术检测生物多层组织氧合状况的新方法,该方法通过调节入射光强以适应解剖学中生物组织多层结构的检测.应用该方法针对手指结构的实验结果表明,随着入射光强的改变,反映血氧饱和状态的光电脉搏波信号有显著变化.结合手指解剖学分析表明,光电脉搏波信号的变化与手指的多层面组织结构相对应,反映不同层面血氧饱和状态.这一特点表明,通过此法可以针对生物组织的多层结构进行测量.     

单波长光声光谱血氧饱和度检测技术研究

血氧饱和度(SO2)为临床观察病情变化提供了有意义的指标.传统血氧饱和度检测研究工作多采用双光源和多光源光电容积脉搏波描记法实现无创检测来减少病人痛苦.通过研究生物组织对光的吸收和散射特性,将光谱学和光声技术相结合提出了一种无创式单光源检测血氧饱和度(SO2)、脱氧血红蛋白浓度[HBR]和氧合血红蛋白浓度[HbO2]的新方法.该方法基于血液对光信号的吸收和散射理论基础和光声信号呈现吸收线形关系建立单波长光声光谱血氧饱和度检测技术,不仅可以进行指标性参数分析还可以对组织成像.为了验证该技术可行性,在实验中采用单波长激光脉冲光源,以绿色和红色墨水的混合液体作为含有脱氧血红蛋白和氧合血红蛋白的血液模型注入软管模拟人体血液环境.其中红色墨水的含量类比于血液中含氧血红蛋白含量,从而可通过测量计算出红色和绿色墨水浓度来表征伪血氧饱和度(poseudo-SO2).实验结果表明,所测的伪血氧饱和度与实际浓度误差不超过6.97％,采用该方法量化血氧饱和度是可行的;同时利用实验结果,结合光声成像技术完成了对伪血液中单圆管截面成像.该方法替代多波长光谱分析的方法能显著降低激光系统和便携式实现成本.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.