H_2/Air旋转爆震发动机起爆实验研究

为揭示旋转爆震发动机的点火特性,采用普通火花塞和高能火花塞作为发动机点火装置,对以氢气/空气为反应物的旋转爆震发动机进行了实验研究,结合高频压力测量与高速摄影结果分析了旋转爆震波的建立过程,并通过一系列点火实验得到了发动机的稳定工作范围。研究结果表明,两种点火方式均能成功起爆发动机,点火产生的燃烧波通过火焰加速与DDT过程形成旋转爆震波,增大点火能量能够大幅缩短旋转爆震波建立时间。发动机共有三种工作模式,稳定工作范围随燃料质量流量的增加而扩大,且不同工作模式会随反应物当量比的变化而相互转换。     

模拟早燃引起的汽油机爆震特性

在一台压缩比为14的汽油机上,使用火花塞提前点火模拟早燃的方法,研究了低转速时点火位置、空燃比以及冷却水温对早燃以及爆震特性的影响。试验结果表明,模拟早燃所引起的爆震具有超级爆震的特征,且发生在气缸边缘处的早燃比发生在气缸中心处的能产生更为强烈的爆震;降低混合气浓度可以抑制爆震强度,而加浓混合气则无明显效果;当点火时刻较早时,降低冷却水温不能有效抑制爆震强度。     

火花点火发动机的末端气体自燃及爆震的研究

本文介绍了火花点火发动机的末端气体自燃和爆震研究的结果。作者采用高速摄影方法，通过经改装的二冲程发动机气缸盖上的观察窗，拍摄了燃烧室内末端气体自燃和火焰传播，同时测取了气缸内三个不同位置处的压力曲线。实验结果表明，火花点火发动机的爆震是由末端气体自燃引起的。自燃一般是多点同时发生的，并在极短时间内使末燃混合气体全部燃烧。自燃通常会，但并不总是引起爆震。爆震是以缸内压力振荡的出现、碳烟的形成和爆震发生后产生气体的高速运动为特征的。     

煤油／空气脉冲爆震发动机激波反射起爆研究

为了研究煤油/空气脉冲爆震发动机爆震室内激波遇到障碍物发生反射促使PDE通常完成爆燃向爆震转变的起爆技术,设计加工了环型孔板和双半V型楔面体,并安装在内径100 mm的爆震管内,进行了多循环爆震试验,成功实现了煤油/空气脉冲爆震发动机工作频率30 Hz稳定工作,获得稳定传播的爆震波.研究结果表明:在爆震室内安装合理结构的障碍物能够有效提高激波反射,缩短爆燃向爆震转变的距离(时间),成功获得稳定传播的爆震波.研究结果为优化设计煤油/空气脉冲爆震发动机原理样机提供了初步理论基础.     

燃烧过程测量、模拟及爆震燃烧技术应用专题序言

爆震燃烧是基本的燃烧模态之一具有极高的强度和极快的燃烧速率以其构建热力循环并将其应用于先进动力装置具有区别于爆燃燃烧过程的显著优势是人们始终追求的梦幻动力.然而也恰恰由于爆震燃烧过程剧烈因此在受限空间内形成稳定、可控、高频率的爆震波成为挑战.在工程上发展稳定的爆震燃烧动力装置需要解决可靠点火起爆、燃料/氧化剂快速掺混、爆震波稳定传播等关键技术难题.近些年连续旋转爆震取得了长足的进展.连续旋转爆震仅需单次成功点火在环形或者圆柱形燃烧室内形成周向传播的爆震波从而使得不断充入燃烧室的未燃混合气快速起爆.基于连续旋转爆震的火箭发动机、冲压发动机甚至连续旋转爆震涡轮发动机都取得了创造性的成绩.尽管在工程化应用的征途上仍然需要解决诸多爆震物理基础问题和关键技术但人们孜孜以求的决心和动力从未泯灭也必将带来颠覆性技术的诞生.     

基于连续旋转爆震的推进技术研究进展

基于爆震燃烧的推进技术是未来空间技术的重要发展趋势，特别是可实现结构简单化设计和高热力学效率.针对火箭式连续旋转爆震发动机、吸气式爆震发动机的实验测试和数值仿真，文章综述了其国内外研究进展，分别总结了不同燃料、燃烧室结构、喷注方式以及工作方式等对连续旋转爆震波的传播规律和发动机的特性影响规律.虽然上述探索性研究得到了诸多有益的结论，但是由于连续旋转爆震燃烧技术涉及的流动、物理化学过程十分复杂，对旋转爆震燃烧的机理研究仍然有待进一步深入开展.      

煤油氧气脉冲爆震火箭发动机爆震特性

脉冲爆震火箭发动机(PDRE)是一种利用脉冲式爆震波产生高温、高压燃气发出的冲量来产生推力的推进系统.与常规液体火箭发动机相比,脉冲爆震火箭发动机具有更高的性能,并且结构更简单.本文以航空煤油为燃料、氧气为氧化剂、压缩氮气为隔离气体,并利用电磁阀控制燃料、氧化剂和隔离气体的间歇式供给.利用低的点火能量(50mJ),在内径50mm,长度1.1m的爆震管内进行了大量的多循环爆震试验,研究煤油氧气电磁阀脉冲爆震火箭发动机的爆震波特性.研究结果为进一步研究气液两相多次爆震燃烧机理提供了依据,为研制工程应用的PDRE提供理论和实践基础.     

瞬时纳秒脉冲等离子体点火模式

应用高压纳秒脉冲放电技术分别产生了瞬时冷等离子体和瞬时热等离子体。在圆柱型燃烧室内进行了乙烯/空气预混气的瞬时冷等离子体和瞬时热等离子体点火实验。实验结果表明,瞬时冷等离子体放电所需的电能小于瞬时热等离子体放电。与瞬时热等离子体点火技术相比,瞬时冷等离子体点火缩短了碳氢燃料的点火延迟时间。     

爆震波传播速度同阻力和热损失的一般关系

本文采用－维稳态ＺＮＤ模型，从理论分析和数值计算上详细研究了爆震波的结构和非绝热粗糙管中摩擦阻力和热损失对爆震波传播的影响．推导了爆震波的传播方程，揭示了多种爆震机制和爆震极限的存在及其机理。对低速爆震的发生给出了理论解释．     

三电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性参数影响实验

采用放电测量和光学诊断技术对三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电特性及流场特性进行了实验研究,分析了放电电容、激励器腔体体积和射流出口直径对三电极等离子体合成射流流场分布及速度特性的影响.实验结果表明:三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电过程包含触发、放电增强、放电衰减和电弧熄灭4个阶段,表现出典型的欠阻尼放电特征;等离子体合成射流流场包含射流主流、"前驱激波"和复杂的反射波系.放电电容、腔体体积和射流出口直径均存在一阈值,当电容和出口直径小于阈值、腔体体积大于阈值时,"前驱激波"以当地声速（约345 m/s）恒速传播,否则"前驱激波"则以大于345 m/s的速度传播,且与射流速度呈现相同的变化趋势,即随着放电电容和出口直径的增加而增大,随着腔体体积的增加而减小.      

空气中激光支持爆轰波实验及理论分析

为了研究激光击穿空气产生的等离子体爆轰波形成机制和传播规律,利用高能量CO2激光器产生强激光,进行了空气中产生激光支持等离子体爆轰波实验。实验中:设置了诱导靶板,用于诱发和定位空气中的激光支持爆轰波;以激光器升压过程球隙放电产生的光信号作为触发源,触发高时间分辨率(纳秒级)的高速相机,记录了激光支持爆轰波的成长和传播全过程。分析了激光支持爆轰波的形成机理和传播规律。采用C-J爆轰理论,计算了激光支持爆轰波的压力和温度。研究结果表明:激光支持等离子体爆轰波形成初期,等离子体爆轰波发光体为球形;随着时间增加,等离子体爆轰波发光体的形状类似流星,且头部为等离子体前沿吸收层,亮度较高,而尾部等离子体温度较低,亮度较弱。等离子体爆轰波高速向激光源的方向移动,爆轰波速度高达18 km/s,温度约为107K。随着激光强度的减弱,爆轰波速度迅速按指数规律衰减,当爆轰波吸收的激光能量不能有效支持爆轰波传播时,爆轰波转变为冲击波。     

Flame acceleration and the transition to detonation of stoichiometric ethylene/oxygen in microscale tubes

Flame propagation in capillary tubes with smooth circular cross-sections and diameters of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm are investigated using high-speed photography. Flames were found to propagate and accelerate to detonation speed in stoichiometric ethylene and oxygen mixtures initially at room temperature in all three tube diameters. Ignition occurs at the midpoint along the length of the tube. We observe for the first time transition to detonation in micro-tubes. Detonation was observed with both spark and hot-wire ignition. Tubes with larger diameters take longer to transition to detonation. In fact, transition distance scales with the diameter in our 1.0 and 2.0 mm cases with spark ignition. Flame structures are observed for various stages of the process. Three types of flame propagation modes were observed in the 0.5 mm tube with spark ignition: (a) acceleration to Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation speed followed by constant CJ wave propagation, (b) acceleration to CJ speed, followed by the detonation wave failure, and (c) flame acceleration to a constant speed below the CJ speed of approximately 1600 m/s. The current detonation mechanism observed in capillary tubes is applicable to predetonators for pulsed detonation, micro propulsion devices, safety issues, and addresses fundamental issues raised by recent theoretical and numerical analyses.     

激光支持等离子体爆轰波温度的实验测量

 高能量激光聚焦空气产生等离子体,等离子体进一步吸收激光能量会形成激光支持等离子体爆轰波。等离子体爆轰波温度是表征爆轰波的一个重要参数,研究等离子体爆轰波温度对于深入了解激光支持等离子体爆轰波形成机理有重要意义。分析了激光聚焦空气形成等离子体爆轰波过程和影响等离子体爆轰波温度的主要因素。采用多通道瞬态光学高温计,测量了不同激光发射能量下空气中形成的激光支持等离子体爆轰波的辐射强度,获得了一系列等离子体爆轰波温度动态变化曲线。测量结果表明：等离子爆轰波温度在随时间演化过程中出现3个峰,最高温度在7 000～10 000 K范围内;激光能量与等离子体爆轰波温度没有明显的相关性。     

雷管引爆过程光学测量

本文叙述用光学方法测量了金丝在空气中爆炸冲击波速度,等离子体温度,及金丝引爆2~*药的全过程。研究了EBW雷管的积累区,阈引爆现象及其判断,真爆速与视爆速间的函数关系。提出了该雷管的引爆机理。     

低温下JB-9014钝感炸药DSD参数研究

 爆轰冲击波动力学（Detonation Shock Dynamics,DSD）是目前研究爆轰波非理想传播的有效途径。利用DSD的广义几何光学模型,研究了大长径比药柱中爆轰波非理想传播现象,根据-30 ℃下直径为10～30 mm药柱的直径效应实验数据,利用遗传算法确定了低温下JB-9014钝感炸药的DSD参数。由DSD参数计算得到了JB-9014药柱中的定态波形和爆速,计算结果与实验结果符合。     

Direct blast initiation of spherical gaseous detonations in highly argon diluted mixtures

In this study, direct initiation of spherical detonations in highly argon diluted mixtures is investigated. Direct initiation is achieved via a high voltage capacitor spark discharge and the critical energy is estimated from the analysis of the current output. Stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen mixtures highly diluted with 70% argon is used in the experiment. Previous investigations have suggested that detonations in mixtures that are highly diluted with argon have been shown to be “stable” in that the reaction zone is at least piecewise laminar described by the ZND model and cellular instabilities play a minor role on the detonation propagation. For the acetylene–oxygen mixture that is highly diluted with argon, the experimental results show that the critical energy where the detonation is “stable” is in good agreement with the Zel’dovich criterion of the cubic dependence on the ZND reaction length, which can be readily determined using the chemical kinetic data of the reaction. The experimental results are also compared with those estimated using Lee’s surface energy model where empirical data on detonation cell sizes are required. Good agreement is found between the experimental measurement and theoretical model prediction, where the breakdown of the 13λ relationship for critical tube diameter – and hence a different propagation and initiation mechanism – is elucidated in highly argon diluted mixtures and this appears to indicate that cellular instabilities do not have a prominent effect on the initiation process of a stable detonation.     

Model of the spark discharge initiation of detonation in a mixture of hydrogen with oxygen

A model of the spark-discharge initiation of detonation was developed to integrally describe both spark channel processes and detonation initiation processes under the action of a spark-generated shock wave. The consumption of discharge energy for dissociation, ionization, and emission processes and conversion into thermal and kinetic energies with consideration for fuel combustion energy conversion was evaluated. The time history of the spark channel resistance was calculated. The time history of the fractions of energy inputted into a spark and lost for the heating of external circuits with respect to the total discharge energy was determined. Simulation was performed for capacitor discharge in a mixture of hydrogen with oxygen.     

Numerical studies on autoignition and detonation development from a hot spot in hydrogen/air mixtures

Detonation development inside spark ignition engines can result in the so called super-knock with extremely high pressure oscillation above 200?atm. In this study, numerical simulations of autoignitive reaction front propagation in hydrogen/air mixtures are conducted and the detonation development regime is investigated. A hot spot with linear temperature distribution is used to induce autoignitive reaction front propagation. With the change of temperature gradient or hot spot size, three typical autoignition reaction front modes are identified: supersonic reaction front; detonation development and subsonic reaction front. The effects of initial pressure, initial temperature, fuel type and equivalence ratio on detonation development regime are examined. It is found that the detonation development regime strongly depends on mixture composition (fuel and equivalence ratio) and thermal conditions (initial pressure and temperature). Therefore, to achieve the quantitative prediction of super-knock in engines, we need use the detonation development regime for specific fuel at specific initial temperature, initial pressure, and equivalence ratio.     

悬浮RDX炸药粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

用两相流模型对悬浮RDX炸药粉尘爆轰波进行了数值模拟。RDX炸药颗粒在爆轰波阵面后的高温高速气流中加速并升温,颗粒表面发生熔化。参考液滴在高速气流作用下剥离的效应,假设炸药熔化部分在高速气流的作用下发生剥离,破碎成极小的颗粒,瞬时发生分解反应,释放出能量支持爆轰波传播。数值模拟了在不同粒径和浓度的悬浮RDX炸药粉尘中爆轰波的发展与传播过程,得到了爆轰波流场中气-固两相的物理量分布,并确定了爆轰波参数。在较低的RDX粉尘浓度条件下,爆轰波阵面压力的峰值曲线出现振荡。当RDX粉尘浓度在80~150 g/m3时,数值模拟得到的爆轰波阵面压力峰值曲线的振荡是规则的;当RDX粉尘浓度为70 g/m3时,爆轰波阵面压力峰值曲线出现不规则振荡。