共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
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一、引言历史証明,大功率超声波应用的发展过程,实际上是超声輻射强度的发展过程。三十多年来,人們一直在为提高超声波发生器的功率而努力。各种超声波发生器所发射的超声强度,都有一定的限度。这是由于换能器材料底电磁性貭有一定的飽和值,有一定的机械强度或疲劳强度,以及大功率发 相似文献
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超声空化有助于强化盐溶液沸腾传热过程.为改善溴化锂水溶液在真空条件下的发生效率,提出了多超声协同强化吸收式制冷系统的溴化锂水溶液发生过程方法.构建了多超声协同的气泡动力学数学模型,探讨了不同因素对溶液空化特性的影响.通过搭建超声波强化发生器内溶液传热过程的试验台,对理论结果进行了可行性验证.研究结果表明:多超声协同相比单振子对真空发生器内溶液空化特性的影响,具有更明显的强化作用;频率为25 kHz,总超声功率为60 W时,双超声振子和单超声振子的系统发生率较无超声时分别提高了10.26%和5.69%,超声强化传热效率随着溶液浓度的增加而减弱. 相似文献
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超声在食品方面的应用可分为:(1)用于食品检测的小功率超声工艺;(2)用于提高食品产量和改善食品质量的大功率超声工艺。小功率超声主要用于检测诸如声速、声衰减、反射、散射等声学参量,以此获得有关食品结构或成份特征的信息。这些特征包括:液体溶解度、悬浮液中的固体含量、固体的粒度、多孔物质中的相体积比和气泡线度、乳液中的颗粒大小等等。人们已经对大量食品进行过研究,例如:腌熏的猪肉、肉类、鱼类、胶体食品、蛋类、奶制品、水果、蔬菜、果汁、葡萄酒、脂肪和油类等。近年来,许多用小功率超声获得的结果越来越引起人们的关注。 相似文献
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测定了H2SO4-CuSO4溶液中,超声频率为24kHz时,超声功率对铜电化学阴极沉积过程速率的影响。实验结果表明,在超声作用下铜电化学阴极沉积过程的电流密度明显提高,即超声作用能提高过程的沉积速率。超声对铜电化学沉积过程速率强化程度随超声功率的增加而增大;在相同温度和超声功率下,超声强化速率的效果从反应控制区域(低操作过电位)向传质控制区(高操作过电位)过渡时而更加显著;在其它条件相同的情况下,超声对铜电化学沉积过程速率的强化程度随温度的升高而减小:超声强化速率的效果与溶液中铜离子的浓度基本无关。 相似文献
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In this paper, the crystallization of L-glutamic acid with application of ultrasound was explored in detail, including the process of nucleation, polymorphic control and polymorphic transformation. The induction time and metastable zone widths (MSZWs) were measured with and without ultrasound during the nucleation process. The induction time and MSZWs were decreased by ultrasound and the induction time was further decreased by higher ultrasonic power. The calculated nucleation parameters (such as interfacial energy, critical nucleus size and critical Gibbs energy) showed an obvious decrease in the presence of ultrasound, indicating that the nucleation was enhanced with application of ultrasound. By adjusting the ultrasonic power in the quench cooling process, the difference in nucleation temperatures would determine the distribution of polymorphs. In further, the polymorphic transformation was investigated quantitatively, and to the best of our knowledge, it was the first time to study the transformation kinetics with ultrasound using Avrami-Erofeev model. In the transformation process, the crystallization mechanism of the stable form was modified by ultrasound. The ultrasound eliminated the nucleation element in the rate-limiting step and facilitated the crystal growth of stable form. Thus, the ultrasound has a profound influence on L-glutamic acid crystallization. 相似文献
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The objective of this research was to modify the crystal shape and size of poorly water-soluble drug ropivacaine, and to reveal the effects of polymeric additive and ultrasound on crystal nucleation and growth. Ropivacaine often grow as needle-like crystals extended along the a-axis and the shape was hardly controllable by altering solvent types and operating conditions for the crystallization process. We found that ropivacaine crystallized as block-like crystals when polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used. The control over crystal morphology by the additive was related to crystallization temperature, solute concentration, additive concentration, and molecular weight. SEM and AFM analyses were performed providing insights into crystal growth pattern and cavities on the surface induced by the polymeric additive. In ultrasound-assisted crystallization, the impacts of ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, and additive concentration were investigated. The particles precipitated at extended ultrasonic time exhibited plate-like crystals with shorter aspect ratio. Combined use of polymeric additive and ultrasound led to rice-shaped crystals, which the average particle size was further decreased. The induction time measurement and single crystal growth experiments were carried out. The results suggested that PVP worked as strong nucleation and growth inhibitor. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to explore the action mechanism of the polymer. The interaction energies between PVP and crystal faces were calculated, and mobility of the additive with different chain length in crystal-solution system was evaluated by mean square displacement. Based on the study, a possible mechanism for the morphological evolution of ropivacaine crystals assisted by PVP and ultrasound was proposed. 相似文献
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Crystallization of potash alum: effect of power ultrasound. 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The influence of power ultrasound on the crystallization of potash alum was investigated. Experiments have been carried out in a batch stirred vessel. It was found that ultrasonic waves decrease the supersaturation limits and modify the morphology of the crystals produced. The average crystal size decreases with an increase of ultrasonic power. To investigate also the action of ultrasound on already existing crystals, crystals produced in silent conditions were suspended in saturated potash alum solution at various ultrasonic powers. The results show that ultrasound has also an abrasive effect on potash alum crystals for high power inputs. 相似文献
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《Ultrasonics sonochemistry》2014,21(6):1908-1915
The application of ultrasound to crystallization (i.e., sonocrystallization) can dramatically affect the properties of the crystalline products. Sonocrystallization induces rapid nucleation that generally yields smaller crystals of a more narrow size distribution compared to quiescent crystallizations. The mechanism by which ultrasound induces nucleation remains unclear although reports show the potential contributions of shockwaves and increases in heterogeneous nucleation. In addition, the fragmentation of molecular crystals during ultrasonic irradiation is an emerging aspect of sonocrystallization and nucleation. Decoupling experiments were performed to confirm that interactions between shockwaves and crystals are the main contributors to crystal breakage. In this review, we build upon previous studies and emphasize the effects of ultrasound on the crystallization of organic molecules. Recent work on the applications of sonocrystallized materials in pharmaceutics and materials science are also discussed. 相似文献
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The application of power ultrasound to reaction crystallization 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The action of power ultrasound in controlling the supersaturation, nucleation and crystal growth during the acid-base reaction crystallization of 7-amino-3-desacetoxy cephalosporanic acid (7-ACDA) has been investigated. The experimental results show that ultrasound can mix the reaction more efficiently and uniformly than conventional agitation methods. Insonation leads to the reduction of both the induction period and metastable zone width of the crystallization, so that the process of crystallization can be more efficiently controlled than without insonation. Agglomeration is also greatly reduced. Adjusting the ultrasonic parameters can modulate the crystal size and size distribution. The mechanism of the sonoprocess has been analyzed and comments are made on the potential applicability of sonication in large-scale crystallization practice. 相似文献
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Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization could be utilized for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater. However, the effectiveness of the recovery is largely determined by the crystallization process, which is very hard to be directly observed. As a result, a specific ultrasonic device was designed to investigate the crystallization characteristics of MAP under various ultrasonic conditions. The results demonstrated that the metastable zone width (MZW) narrowed along with the rising of the ultrasonic power. Similarly, for the 6 mM MAP solution, with the ultrasonic power gradually enhanced from 0 W to 400 W, the induction time was shortened from 340 s to 38 s. Meanwhile, the crystallization rate was accelerated till the power reached 350 W, and then remained a constant value. It can be observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the MAP crystal became bigger in size as well as the crystal size distribution (CSD) became broad and uneven, with the increase of ultrasonic power. The results indicate that the crystallization process enhanced by power ultrasound could be used as an effective method to eliminate and recover the phosphorus from wastewater. 相似文献
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《Ultrasonics sonochemistry》2014,21(3):1182-1186
Antisolvent crystallization of glycine was performed under ultrasonic irradiation of 1.6 MHz. The irradiation enhanced both the growth of α-glycine crystal and the uniformity in the crystal size. The degree of both enhancement effects increased with increasing ultrasonic power. While under the irradiation of 20 kHz ultrasound, no growth enhancement was observed, but the crystal size reduced as was reported in the literature. To elucidate the mechanism of growth enhancement, another experiment was designed and conducted to avoid the effect of nucleation from the sonocrystallization. The result suggests that the ultrasound enhances the incorporation of microcrystals to larger crystals. Probably, the collision between solid particles is intensified by the disturbance characterized by the high frequency ultrasound. The crystal growth was modeled with an apparent reaction of microcrystal and larger crystal. The result of the growth experiment was successfully predicted with a rate equation for pseudo first order reaction with a single parameter of rate constant. The rate constant linearly increased with the ultrasonic power. The analysis enables quantitative evaluation of the ultrasonic effect on the crystal growth. 相似文献
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In this work, pulsed ultrasound was used to facilitate steady-state reactive crystallization and increase the final yield and productivity of lithium carbonate in continuously operated single and multistage mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizers. Experimental analyses of the stirred tank MSMPR cascade were performed to investigate the effects of ultrasound field, residence time and temperature which contributed to the steady-state yield, crystal size distribution and crystal morphology. The results show that pulsed ultrasound can not only significantly enhance the reaction rate, but also help to improve the particle size distribution and the crystal habit. Subsequently, a population balance model was developed and applied to estimate the final yield of the continuous process of the lithium bicarbonate thermal decomposition reaction coupling lithium carbonate crystallization. The consistency of the final yield between the experiments and the simulations proved the reliability of the established model. Through the experimental and simulation analyses, it is demonstrated that the use of pulsed ultrasound, higher final stage temperature, MSMPR cascade design and appropriate residence time help to achieve higher yield and productivity. Furtherly, based on the conclusion drawn, pulsed ultrasound enhanced three-stage MSMPR cascaded lithium carbonate continuous crystallization processes were designed, and the maximum productivity of 44.0 g/h was obtained experimentally. 相似文献