质子交换膜燃料电池中的相关基础性问题

文章介绍了国内外质子交换膜燃料电池的最新进展，特别是在基础研究方面的进展，以促进我国质子交换膜燃料电池的基础研究。     

Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction on Nafion/platinum/gas diffusion layer electrode for PEM fuel cell

In this work a new membrane electrode based on Pt-coated Nafion membrane was fabricated. Chemical deposition process was used to coat platinum on Nafion 117 membrane and then Pt-coated Nafion membrane was hot pressed on gas diffusion layer (GDL) to make new membrane electrode. The electrochemical and chemical studies of the Pt-coated Nafions were investigated by electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical results indicated that as the concentration of H₂PtCl₆ increased, the oxygen reduction reaction rate increased until the concentration was reached where the reduction reaction was limited by the problem of mass transport. The electrochemical results for oxygen reduction reaction showed that the new electrode which prepared by plating Nafion membrane with 0.06 M H₂PtCl₆ in electroless plating solution, has a higher performance than other electrodes. The XRD results showed that the average platinum particle size of the best sample was about 3 nm. The loading of platinum for this electrode was 0.153 mg cm⁻².     

操作参数对PEM燃料电池中水迁移的影响

质子膜内水分和阴极多孔电极中液态水含量是PEM燃料电池正常运行的控制因素。本文给出了一个用于研究PEM燃料电池内水迁移的稳态、等温、两相流模型。模型耦合了连续方程、动量守恒方程和物质守恒方程,以及水在质子膜中传递方程。运用试验结果验证了模型的有效性。分析模拟结果表明,增大系统操作压力、升高电池操作温度和降低加湿温度将会使质子膜中水的净迁移通量增大;增大操作压力、降低操作温度和升高加湿温度会增加阴极CTL与GDL界面上液态水含量。     

不同进气湿度PEMFC动态响应分析

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)工作参数的影响最终要体现在对电池内传质过程的影响上。实验得到了在不同进气加湿程度下电池性能在启动工况中的变化,基于非稳态数学模型计算了不同阴极入口湿度下电池在负载渐变工况下膜内含水量和电流密度的瞬态响应,并与相应的实验工况进行了对比。     

Performance of a fuel cell optimized for in situ X‐ray absorption experiments

A commercial fuel cell has been successfully modified to carry out X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements under optimized in operando conditions. The design is conceived for the performance of XAS experiments in transmission mode over a wide range of X‐ray energies above 6 keV, owing to the reduced absorption of the cell. The wide angular aperture allows the collection of XAS in fluorescence mode and of X‐ray diffraction patterns when needed. Details of the design of the cell and its performances are given. The quality of the extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectra under working conditions has been verified at the ESRF and ELETTRA synchrotron radiation facilities, showing that relatively fast and low‐noise transmission measurements on electrodes over a wide range of catalyst concentrations and energies are feasible.     

质子交换膜燃料电池波浪形平行流场研究

质子交换膜燃料电池的传统平行流场存在着传质不佳,高电流密度下大量的液态水无法及时排出导致性能急剧下降等问题.提出了一种新型的波浪形平行流场并利用数值模拟方法优化了波浪形平行流场的几何结构.结果表明,相比于传统平行流场,波浪形平行流场不仅能够有效促进氧气的传输,还能加快液态水的去除,采用波浪形平行流场的PEMFC最大输出...     

Fuel quality and operational issues for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are susceptible to degradation due to the catalyst poisoning caused by CO present in the fuel above certain limits. Although the amount of CO in the fuel may be within the permissible limit, the fuel composition (% CO₂, CH₄, CO and H₂O) and the operating conditions of the cell (level of gas humidification, cell temperature and pressure) can be such that the equilibrium CO content inside the cell may exceed the permissible limit leading to a degradation of the fuel cell performance. In this study, 50 cm² active area PEM fuel cells were operated at 55–60 °C for periods up to 250 hours to study the effect of methane, carbon dioxide and water in the hydrogen fuel mix on the cell performance (stability of voltage and power output). Furthermore, the stability of fuel cells was also studied during operation of cells in a cyclic dead end / flow through configuration, both with and without the presence of carbon dioxide in the hydrogen stream. The presence of methane up to 10% in the hydrogen stream showed a negligible degradation in the cell performance. The presence of carbon dioxide in the hydrogen stream even at 1–2% level was found to degrade the cell performance. However, this degradation was found to disappear by bleeding only about 0.2% oxygen into the fuel stream.     

Effect of Nafion dispersion solvent on the interfacial properties between the membrane and the electrode of a polymer electrolyte membrane-based fuel cell

A new Nafion binder solution was prepared using a different organic solvent, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and applied to a polymer electrolyte membrane-based fuel cell. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and polarization of the fuel cell were carried out to determine the crystallinity of the Nafion binder film, the cell resistance, and the fuel cell performance. This new Nafion binder film, which was created using a homemade Nafion solution containing DMAc, dissolved slower than a recast Nafion film that was made using a commercial Nafion solution in methanol (2 M). It was found that the slow dissolution of the homemade Nafion binder film was due to a more highly developed crystalline morphology, which can lead to good structural integrity in the catalyst layer for long-term operation of the fuel cell. The micellar structure of Nafion in the commercial Nafion binder solution is broken by new organic solvent, which leads to higher physical chain entanglement between the Nafion membrane and the Nafion binder during preparation of the membrane/electrode assembly (MEA), thereby improving the interfacial stability between the membrane and the electrode and providing long-term stability of the fuel cell.     

PEM燃料电池毛细压力流道拓展模型

多孔电极与流道内的水淹现象是制约质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池性能提高的关键难题.传统的宏观两相模型普遍存在液态水饱和度预测值偏低的不足,而流道内气液两相雾状流的假设则是低估水淹程度的一个主要原因.本文提出了反映流道壁面浸润差异性的毛细压力流道拓展模型,并对低气速下燃料电池内的传热传质进行了模拟.计算结果表明,该模型克服...     

Nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging investigation of membrane electrode assembly of fuel cells: morphology and solvent dynamics

The structure and solvent (water, methanol, etc.) dynamics of a number of fuel membrane electrode assembly (MEA) samples are studied with nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging with spatial resolution of tens of micrometers. The micrometer-scale inhomogeneity of the samples is observed and confirmed with various weighting methods. In particular, diffusion coefficients at different positions in MEA are clearly differentiated. Furthermore, chemical shift selection imaging enables one to investigate the spatial distribution and dynamics of individual chemical groups. These types of information offer us insights into the working principle of fuel cell and pave the way to in situ studies of operating fuel cells.