医用梅花形超声探头声场的分析与计算

本文根据基尔霍失积分，推导了出民用于监护的梅花形超声多普勒探头声场的具体表达式。对中心大圆晶片发射，周围六个小圆片接收，以及七个相同晶片四发三收两种典型布局的换能器，其轴上声压分布，离辐射面不距离断面上的声压分布及不同定向平面上的这场指向性进行了数值计算。结果表明，采用四发三收式结构较一发六收式结构具有较大的优越性。计算结果与实际测试结果很好地吻合。     

一种耐静压分布反馈式光纤激光水听器探头设计

大深度工作环境下，静水压会引起分布反馈式光纤激光水听器反射中心波长漂出解调系统的复用窗口，使水听器无法解调目标声压信号；不同的静水压也会引起分布反馈式光纤激光水听器灵敏度的变化，影响光纤激光水听器阵列的一致性。基于电力声类比理论，提出带静压补偿的分布反馈式光纤激光水听器探头，建立结构的声压传递函数，分析各结构参数对传递函数的影响，为分布反馈式光纤激光水听器探头频率响应平坦化设计提供理论依据。加工制作了耐静压分布反馈式光纤激光水听器样品进行测试，在0 kHz～10 kHz频率范围内声压灵敏度波动范围不大于±2.4 dB，2.3 MPa内出射激光中心波长漂移量不大于0.06 nm，对深水光纤激光水听器的研究具有指导意义。     

夹层式光纤激光水听器探头优化设计

为改善分布反馈式(DFB)光纤激光器水声探测性能,利用有限元软件ANSYS,以相对加速度灵敏度为目标函数,结构尺寸参数为设计变量,结构第一阶固有频率和探头声压灵敏度为状态变量,对夹层式封装结构进行了优化设计,对其声压探测及抗加速度机理进行了分析。分析表明,基于优化结果设计的探头在采用100m非平衡干涉仪时,其声压灵敏度约为-135.1dB,相对加速度灵敏度可达到-19.6dB。结果表明,基于封装结构敏感部分分别承受声压激励和加速度激励时的不同响应机理,对夹层式封装结构关键部位尺寸进行优化设计后,通过合理选择承压梁与中间变形梁的厚度以及上下连接点的位置,封装制得的光纤激光水听器具有较高的声压灵敏度和良好的抗加速度性能。     

船用超声液位传感器的分析与设计

介绍了一种船用某型超声液位传感器的基本结构和工作原理。在对脉冲式超声探头的轴向声压分布特点及其声透射强度分析研究的基础上,给出了该传感器的超声信号发射端与接收端之间距离d和压电晶片保护膜的壁厚δ值的确定方法。最后设计了一套超声液位传感器性能测试实验平台,对上述理论研究结论进行了实验验证。     

高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场模拟

建立了高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场计算模型, 并采用有限元方法计算了20 kHz超声直接作用下AZ91D熔体的声场分布, 熔体声场呈辐射状分布, 距离声源越远, 声压幅值越低. 采用超声作用下单一气泡变化模型描述超声作用下AZ91D 熔体中的空化效应, 通过对Rayleigh-Plesset方程的求解, 得到了不同声压作用下气泡的变化规律, 获得了声压幅值与熔体空化效应的关系, 声压幅值越大, 气泡溃灭半径阈值越小, 熔体发生空化效应越容易. 计算了固定坩埚尺寸、不同超声探头没入熔体深度情况下的声场, 得到了超声探头最优没入深度为30 mm左右. 将声场计算结果以及AZ91D熔体中空化效应的发生规律进行综合分析, 得到了超声功率对有效空化区域的影响规律, 超声功率较大时, 有效空化区域体积随超声功率近似成线性增大. 最后, 通过甘油水溶液超声处理实验, 验证了模拟计算的准确性.     

B型超声诊断仪声场参数的测量与计算的一种简化方法

本文概述了B型超声诊断仪声场特性的基本测量和计算方法，提出了一系列典型声压波形的瞬时声压平方函数的时间积分解析表达式，可用来近似计算脉冲声强积分和各种脉冲声强参数．对三种典型超声诊断仪的输出声压波形函数，分别进行数值积分和解析计算，两者的计算结果偏离值均小于±7．0％，表明利用这些公式可使测量过程中的数据采集和计算程序大为简化，在实际应用中具有推广价值．     

混合物理化学气相沉积法制备MgB_2单晶纳米晶片的研究

利用混合物理化学气相沉积法在石墨衬底上制备出了晶形为六角结构、厚度不同、径向尺寸不一的Mg B2单晶纳米晶片.利用纳米定向转移技术将此晶片转移到了碳支持膜铜网上,以便对其精细结构等物性进行表征.电输运测量和磁性测量结果都表明晶片具有超导电性:T c onset=38K,T c(0)=33K.扫描电子显微镜图像表明,晶片表面平整、厚度分布在几个纳米到200 nm之间,宽度从几微米到上百微米;高分辨透射电镜图像显示出晶片具有周期性晶格条纹.选区电子衍射数据与Mg B2已有的单晶衍射数据相符.这些测量结果证实了其确为高质量单晶Mg B2超导纳米晶片.本文不仅提出了一种全新的制备单晶Mg B2的方法,也观察到了纳米尺度Mg B2单晶的零电阻现象,为后续的磁通钉扎、纳米力学性能等领域的深入研究提供了合适的素材.     

在动量空间讨论二氯乙烯的同分异构性

通过量化计算得到了二氯乙烯偏式、顺式和反式三种同分异构体的几何结构参数, 并利用电子动量谱学方法计算了二氯乙烯偏式、顺式和反式同分异构体的四个芯轨道的动量密度二维分布图和动量谱线. 对比不同异构体的四个芯轨道在坐标空间和动量空间的电子分布情况发现, 在坐标空间无法体现的原子轨道间的相互干涉作用在动量空间被放大了, 表现为动量曲线具有多峰结构和一定的周期性. 通过计算周期值可以求出不同异构体相邻原子间的间距; 通过判断周期轴的方向能够得到三种异构体的分子轴取向.     

用于裂纹方向识别的超声散射系数分析方法研究

本文主要利用超声相控阵技术进行了裂纹方向识别研究。首先,对线性超声相控阵探头采集的全矩阵数据进行了全聚焦成像,确定缺陷的位置。然后将线性阵列划分为若干子阵列,研究了缺陷位置处子阵列的散射系数分布,从中提取出缺陷的方向信息。在此基础上,研究了子阵列参数选择(子阵列包含晶片数及相邻子阵列间隔晶片数)及探头位置对裂纹方向识别的影响。通过对散射系数分布图中提取的3个特征指标,角度测量误差、角度分辨率及相对脊带宽度,进行主成分分析,评价了子阵列参数设置(如子阵列包含晶片数及相邻子阵列间隔晶片数)对裂纹方向识别的影响,优化出最佳的检测位置及子阵列参数设置。仿真和检测实验结果表明,当相邻子阵列间隔晶片数为1,包含晶片数为11个时,可以利用超声散射系数分布进行裂纹方向的准确测量,测量误差小于2%。      

低频功率超声换能器辐射声场的激光干涉检测

基于媒质的压光效应,它的折射率。是声压的函数,于是利用激光干涉技术及理论上或实验上得到的声压相对分布,可以绝对测定声场中光路上各点的声压．本文对激光干涉测量声压的原理、方法作简单介绍,给出了单面活塞辐射源中场的声压分布的理论表达式,对一增幅杆超声换能器辐射声场中的声压进行了激光干涉实验测定,并与用 ＰＶＤＦ换能器实测的声压分布及声压值进行比较．     

Design of optimal configuration for generating A0 Lamb mode in a composite plate using piezoceramic transducers

This work concerned a technique for a health monitoring system based on the generation and sensing of Lamb waves in composite structures by thin surface-bonded piezoceramic transducers. The objective was to develop transducers that are adapted for the damage detection in orthotropic composites. The key problem with the investigated Lamb waves was to select a mode to be sensitive to the damage. A hybrid modeling technique was therefore used to conceive transducers that were adapted to achieve such a feature. This modeling technique enabled studying the influence of the transducer characteristics on the Lamb waves propagating in orthotropic plates. It was demonstrated that a Lamb mode could be generated dominantly to other modes by using a multi-element transducer. The effectiveness of this technique was successfully verified experimentally on composite plates. It was shown that the dominant Lamb mode, obtained by use of dual-element transducers, was an appropriate mode for successfully detecting a damage in composites.     

The investigation of high frequency vibration modes of PZT-4 transducers using ESPI techniques with reference beam modulation

In this paper the experimental vibration amplitudes together with the vibration modes of the PZT-4 transducer radiating front face are presented for generation in various media. The studies were carried out using an electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI) with reference beam modulation to give resolution down to 20 Å of surface amplitude. Analogies are drawn between these transducers and the resonant vibration modes of thin plates. The relationship between the surface vibration amplitudes and the radiation beam pattern of the transducers is also presented.     

The energy method for analyzing the piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers

The energy method of calculating the properties of piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers is considered. The Lagrangian of an electroacoustic transducer as a system performing multiple energy conversions is introduced. The Euler equations describing operation of a transducer with many mechanical degrees of freedom are derived from the least action principle. The corresponding multicontour equivalent circuit of the transducer is introduced. For the particular case of a transducer having one mechanical degree of freedom the governing equations are obtained by applying the Energy Conservation Law, and equivalent circuit with one mechanical branch also introduced. Application of the energy method is illustrated with examples of the pulsating spherical transducer as the one degree of freedom system and the multimode cylindrical transducer comprised of circular rings as the system with multiple degrees of freedom. Advantages of the method for application with electroacoustic transducers are summarized.     

Acoustic field modeling for physiotherapy ultrasound applicators by using approximated functions of measured non-uniform radiation distributions

The strongest therapeutic effects in ultrasonic physiotherapy are mainly produced at the first centimeters, i.e. close to the applicator surface and, in general, only in the near-field zone. The acoustic field produced in practice by this type of transducers differs from the classical models because the vibration distribution on the real transducer surfaces is non-uniform. However, neither models using uniform distribution, nor those using typical non-uniform distribution patterns for the source accurately represent the radiation of this kind of transducers. Although this therapy is widely used and many efforts have been made in experimentally studying the patterns of ultrasound radiation produced during physiotherapy applications (IEC-61689, 1998), additional modeling researches still would be needed in order to achieve improved models giving field patterns closer to the measured ultrasonic results. In this paper, acoustic patterns produced from two source radiation functions are proposed and evaluated for field modeling of physiotherapy applicators. Both the functions are approximations to the pressure distribution measured close to the emitting surface and they are based on the modulation of the classical simply-supported function using either sinusoidal or Bessel-type distributions. The simply-supported function is accounted for the radiator-fixing condition and the modulation function simulates the complex vibration distribution of this kind of transducer. The modulator Bessel function is based on reports about Bessel-type vibration distributions found in piezoelectric disk resonators. The use of a selected sinusoidal segment represents another analytical option for obtaining an approximated behavior of the measured data in a real applicator. Both the field models are implemented using the finite element method (FEM) to obtain the numerical solution of wave equation at each point in the radiated space. The solution is reached by considering axisymmetric radiation in attenuation-free media. The results indicate the viability of applying an adequate model for acoustic field calculation by simulating the radiating distribution on the emitting surface as either sinusoidal or Bessel-modulated functions. Models using both the functions describe reasonably real behaviors, but those based on Bessel functions are better correlated with the measurements. The results for three commercial applicators indicate the possibility of representing, with adequate verisimilitude, the acoustic field radiated by physiotherapy ultrasound transducers using linear combinations of Bessel profiles describing the radiation source.     

Advantage analysis of PMN-PT material for free-flooded ring transducers

The acoustic radiation characteristics of free-flooded ring transducers made of PZT4 and PMN-PT materials are calculated and compared.First,the theoretical formulae for free-flooded ring transducers are studied.The resonant frequencies of a transducer made of PZT4 and PMN-PT materials are calculated.Then,the transmitting voltage responses of the free-flooded ring transducers are calculated using the finite element method.Finally,the acoustic radiation characteristics of the free-flooded ring transducers are calculated using the boundary element method.The calculated results show that the resonant frequencies of the free-flooded ring transducer made of PMN-PT are greatly reduced compared with those made of PZT4 with the same size.The transmitting voltage response of the transducer made of PMN-PT is much higher than that of the transducer made of PZT4.The calculated 3-dB beamwidth of the acoustic radiated far-field directivity of the free-flooded ring transducer made of PZT4 at the resonant frequency 1900 Hz is 63.6 and that of the transducer made of PMN-PT at the resonant frequency 1000 Hz is 64.6.The comparison results show that the free-flooded ring transducer made of PMN-PT material has many advantages over that made of PZT4.The PMN-PT is a promising material for improving the performance of free-flooded ring transducers.     

Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems for transducing speech articulatory movements.

This paper describes two electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) systems that were developed for transducing articulatory movements during speech production. Alternating magnetic fields are generated by transmitter coils that are mounted in an assembly that fits on the head of a speaker. The fields induce alternating voltages in a number of small transducer coils that are attached to articulators in the midline plane, inside and outside the vocal tract. The transducers are connected by fine lead wires to receiver electronics whose output voltages are processed to yield measures of transducer locations as a function of time. Measurement error can arise with this method, because as the articulators move and change shape, the transducers can undergo a varying amount of rotational misalignment with respect to the transmitter axes; both systems are designed to correct for transducer misalignment. For this purpose, one system uses two transmitters and biaxial transducers; the other uses three transmitters and single-axis transducers. The systems have been compared with one another in terms of their performance, human subjects compatibility, and ease of use. Both systems can produce useful midsagittal-plane data on articular movement, and each one has a specific set of advantages and limitations. (Two commercially available systems are also described briefly for comparison purposes). If appropriate experimental controls are used, the three-transmitter system is preferable for practical reasons.     

Optimization of ultrasonic transducers

The so-called KLM-model for ultrasonic transducers is employed to optimize transducer design. Some new performance characteristics are defined which change monotonically with design parameters. These characteristics are based on the area of the envelope of the echo waveform produced by the transducer and of the corresponding amplitude spectrum. The efficiency of the transducer is defined by the round trip energy factor. The performance characteristics are used in a composite performance measure, which is then employed as a criterion in the optimization procedure. Two transducers are investigated: for medical imaging purposes and for spectral analysis of clinical echograms. The influence of electrical matching, backing impedance, matching layer impedance, bond line thickness and series induction on the optimized transducers is investigated.     

Study on the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer in flexural vibration

A new type of compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer is analyzed in this paper. The compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer consists of two sandwiched ultrasonic transducers and a rectangular radiator. In virtue of the coupling between longitudinal vibration of the sandwiched ultrasonic transducers and flexural vibration of the rectangular radiator, the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer can produce several resonance frequencies. Some compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducers are designed and simulated by finite element method (ANSYS), and modal shapes and harmonic response are analyzed. The compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured. The resonance frequencies are measured and compared with the numerical results. The effect of the geometrical dimensions of the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer and the location of two sandwiched ultrasonic transducers on the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer is discussed. It is shown experimentally and numerically that the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer has several resonance frequencies.     

Bonding and impedance matching of acoustic transducers using silver epoxy

Silver epoxy was selected to bond transducer plates on glass substrates. The properties and thickness of the bonding medium affect the electrical input impedance of the transducer. Thus, the thickness of the silver epoxy bonding layer was used as a design parameter to optimize the structure for the transducer input impedance to match the 50 Ω output impedance of most radio frequency (RF) generators. Simulation and experimental results show that nearly perfect matching is achieved without using any matching circuit. At the matching condition, the transducer operates at a frequency band a little bit below the half-wavelength resonant frequency of the piezoelectric plate. In experiments, lead titanate (PT) piezoelectric plates were employed. Both full-size, 11.5 mm × 2 mm × 0.4 mm, and half-size, 5.75 mm × 2 mm × 0.4 mm, can be well matched using optimal silver epoxy thickness. The transducer assemblies demonstrate high efficiency. The conversion loss from electrical power to acoustic power in soda-lime glass is 4.3 dB. This loss is low considering the fact that the transducers operate at off-resonance by 12%. With proper choice of silver epoxy thickness, the transducer can be matched at the fundamental, the 3rd and 5th harmonic frequencies. This leads to the possible realization of triple-band transducers. Reliability was assessed with thermal cycling test according to Telcordia GR-468-Core recommendation. Of the 30 transducer assemblies tested, none broke until 2900 cycles and 27 have sustained beyond 4050 cycles.