水平轴风力机专用翼型族试验分析及优化设计

对水平轴风力机专用翼型族—CAS-W1-XXX薄翼型族试验结果进行了分析,并将其与国外同等厚度翼型进行对比。试验结果表明,与国外同等厚度翼型相比CAS-W1-XXX薄翼型具有良好的前缘粗糙不敏感性、高的最大升力系数、设计升力系数和良好的失速特性。为进一步提高翼型的气动特性,在试验结果的基础上对CAS-W1-XXX薄翼型族进行再次优化。根据XFOIL计算结果,优化后翼型的最大升阻比得到提高,并且与DU翼型相比具有良好的气动特性。同时对CAS-W1-XXX厚翼型中出现的小攻角失速现象进行了优化改进。     

水平轴风力机专用翼型性能评估方法

本文提出了风力机翼型完整的性能参数体系和相应的评估方法,并以此评估了CAS-W1翼型与DU翼型的性能特征。对翼型性能的评估侧重于失速特性、非设计点特性和翼型气动性能的稳定性。评估结果表明,相对于DU翼型,CAS-W1翼型系列设计点性能和非设计点性能较好,但是失速特性和性能稳定性需要优化。     

风力机叶片21%相对厚度翼型粗糙敏感性研究

基于变速变桨水平轴风力机,依据动量叶素理论和风力机实例,分析得出了叶片外侧翼型(包括21%相对厚度翼型)在低于额定风速变速运行阶段的粗糙敏感性评价指标为升力系数和升阻比的下降率;提出了根据升、阻力系数对输出功率的作用大小来确定两粗糙敏感性评价指标权重系数的方法,并用实例演示了21%相对厚度翼型粗糙敏感性评判基准的获得;另外,通过正交设计、XFOIL软件几何造型与气动计算和方差分析得出了翼型各几何参数在不同雷诺数下对粗糙敏感性不同评价指标的影响程度和最优组合是不一样的。本文结论可为不同风况下风力机翼型的设计和粗糙敏感性评价提供参考。     

风力机专用翼型的反设计

本文根据翼型表面压力分布对边界层的影响,分析翼型表面压力分布的特点,以XFOIL计算软件为设计平台,采用其中的混合反设计模块,通过合理改变翼型表面的速度分布来得到气动特性满意的翼型。所设计的翼型主要要求具有高的设计升力系数、高的最大升阻比、良好的前缘粗糙不敏感性及和缓的失速特性。在提高设计升力系数的同时限制最大升力系数,以减小两者的差值,减小叶片的极限载荷。经计算分析,采用反设计优化得到的翼型与DU翼型相比具有很好气动特性。     

风力机非对称钝尾缘翼型优化设计方法研究

为了提高风力机钝尾缘翼型优化设计的精确性,提出设计变量计及尾缘厚度及其在中弧线上侧分配比的非对称钝尾缘翼型优化设计方法。采用风力机翼型型线集成理论和B样条曲线,建立钝尾缘翼型型线控制方程组。以翼型的形状函数系数、B样条控制参数以及钝尾缘厚度和其分配比为设计变量,利用粒子群算法耦合XFOIL软件进行钝尾缘翼型优化设计。针对S812翼型优化得到尾缘厚度2.61%c、厚度分配比0:1的钝尾缘改型,采用计算流体动力学方法研究翼型及其改型的气动性能和流场特性。结果表明:优化得到钝尾缘翼型的升力系数和最大升阻比均显著增大;钝尾缘翼型吸力面的气流在流场中发生下洗,改善了翼型表面压力分布,并引起翼型失速延迟,使得翼型的气动性能明显提高。     

电动水上飞机低噪声螺旋桨翼型优化

为降低翼型的气动噪声,以某型电动水上飞机螺旋桨所使用的RAF-6翼型为研究对象,首先通过CFD/FW-H方法计算得到翼型的升、阻力系数以及气动噪声;其次使用型函数线性叠加描述翼型的几何形状;进而,为使翼型获得设计状态下较好的声学与气动性能,由翼型的气动噪声与升阻比构成优化目标,以型函数系数为变量,以保证翼型升、阻力系数变化不超过10%为约束,使用引入响应面模型的遗传算法对翼型进行降噪优化。通过优化翼型与基准翼型的对比可知,设计状态的优化翼型气动噪声声压级降低了2.17 dB,升阻比提高1.12%,且优化翼型在小攻角状态下具有较为优异的声学与气动性能。优化结果表明,该优化方法具有一定应用价值,可为螺旋桨噪声控制研究提供参考。     

大厚度钝尾缘翼型的设计研究

本文研究了MW级水平轴风力机叶片内侧翼型的设计准则,采用混合设计方法得到了四种适用于该部位的大厚度钝尾缘翼型:依据一个5 MW风力机的运行特征和性能需求,在不同的设计雷诺数下,以翼型在运行攻角范围内的升力水平为主要气动目标,以升力随雷诺数变化的稳定性为主要约束。RFOIL预测表明,在15°~30°攻角之间,四种翼型的升力系数大致从1.0以近似线性方式增加到1.7,升力曲线随着雷诺数变化稳定,具有良好的变工况特性。     

风力机叶片气动噪声的影响参数*

随着风力机的大型化，风电机组对环境的影响不容忽视，必须对风力机气动噪声进行预测和控制。选取基于NACA、DU翼型的某风力机叶片作为研究基准，采用修正BPM半经验模型计算叶片的气动噪声特性，通过改变翼型族、弦长、机组运行状态、风切变指数、来流风向参数，研究叶片外形几何参数、机组运行工况对叶片气动噪声源的影响。计算结果从多个角度总结出水平轴风力机叶片气动噪声的变化规律，为开发高效低噪风电叶片提供参考。     

基于B样条与遗传算法的翼型优化实验研究

翼型升阻比和水轮机空化系数是水轮机叶片翼型的重要指标,以NACA63A-614翼型为研究对象,基于B样条曲线对翼型曲线进行参数化构造,得到拟合精度较高的翼型曲线。以升阻比和水轮机空化系数作为优化目标,利用多目标遗传算法和XFOIL软件展开多工况优化设计。对优化后的翼型与原始翼型在多攻角工况范围内进行动力学特性分析,同时将优化前后翼型建模并进行空化实验。分析实验结果表明,优化后的翼型其升阻比和空化性能均得到明显提升,从而验证了该方法的可行性与准确性。     

风电仿生大厚翼型气动控制实验研究

通过风洞实验对DU40光滑翼型,DU40-11wavy和DU40-25wavy两种仿生风电翼型,在Re=2×10~5时进行流场测试,得到各项气动参数。对典型攻角进行油流显示实验,对翼型周围流场影响进行了对比分析。结果表明:实验结果两种仿生风电翼型在光滑翼型失速后升力提高,同时DU40-11wavy翼型在失速前区,气动力性能相比于光滑翼型降低3%,相比于展示了DU40-25wavy翼型DU40-11wavy翼型的良好性能更良好,流场显示实验表明凹凸前缘对应的凸包截面延缓了流动分离,凹谷截面提前了流动分离。     

基于CFD技术的高性能风力机翼型最优化设计方法

新型风力机翼型开发是发展具有自主知识产权的风力机需要解决的需求及其相关的优化算法,并且建立了专门用于风力机翼型开发的优化平台,通过采用CFD方法,进行了高升阻比风力机翼型多工况点优化开发的研究,结果表明,作者使用的方法可以完成新型风力机翼型优化设计.     

升力型垂直轴风力机翼型的选择

目前升力型垂直轴风力机采用的翼型多种多样,为了研究不同翼型对升力型垂直轴风力机风能利用率的影响,本文采用计算流体力学软件和滑移网格技术对升力型直叶片垂直轴风力机进行二维流场的数值模拟。结果表明,对于升力型垂直轴风力机,当选择NACA0018翼型可以达到最高的风能利用率。     

提高水平轴风力机叶型升力的实验研究

本文针对某水平轴风力机叶片不同叶高分布的两种叶型,在头部不同位置加入不同频率和动量的振荡射流进行对比实验研究,得到不同情况下叶型的表面压力分布。发现在叶片吸力面头部某些位置加入一定频率和动量段范围内的振荡射流,可以有效的提高叶型的升力系数,达到改善风力机叶型气动性能的目的,为风力机叶片的流动控制技术提供了一种有效的方案。     

Effect of relative camber on the aerodynamic performance improvement of asymmetrical blunt trailing-edge modification

In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of the S series of wind turbine airfoils with different relative cambers and their modifications is numerically studied to facilitate a greater understanding of the effects of relative camber on the aerodynamic performance improvement of asymmetrical blunt trailing-edge modification. The mathematical expression of the blunt trailing-edge modification profile is established using the cubic spline function, and S812, S816 and S830 airfoils are modified to be asymmetrical blunt trailing-edge airfoils with different thicknesses. The prediction capabilities of two turbulence models, the k-ω SST model and the S-A model, are assessed. It is observed that the k-ω SST model predicts the lift and drag coefficients of S812 airfoil more accurately through comparison with experimental data. The best trailing-edge thickness and thickness distribution ratio are obtained by comparing the aerodynamic performance of the modifications with different trailing-edge thicknesses and distribution ratios. It is, furthermore, investigated that the aerodynamic performance of original airfoils and their modifications with the best thickness of 2% c and distribution ratio being 0:4 so as to analyze the increments of lift and drag coefficients and lift–drag ratio. Results indicate that with the increase of relative camber, there are relatively small differences in the lift coefficient increments of airfoils whose relative cambers are less than 1.81%, and the lift coefficient increment of airfoil with the relative camber more than 1.81% obviously decreases for the angle of attack less than 6.3°. The drag coefficient increment of S830 airfoil is higher than that of S816 airfoil, and those of these two airfoils mainly decrease with the angle of attack. The average lift–drag ratio increment of S816 airfoil with the relative camber of 1.81% at different angles of attack ranging from 0.1° to 20.2° is the largest, closely followed by S812 airfoil. The lift–drag ratio increment of S830 airfoil is negative as the angle of attack exceeds 0.1°. Thus, the airfoil with medium camber is more suited to the asymmetrical blunt trailing-edge modification.     

一种数据驱动的翼型流动转捩预测方法

研究翼型绕流的转捩预测方法,对于翼型流动细节的精确模拟和气动力的准确计算以及精细化设计均具有十分重要的意义.采用动模态分解（dynamic mode decomposition,DMD）代替线性稳定性理论（linear stability theory,LST）与eN方法结合,不需要求解稳定性方程,成为一种数据驱动的翼型边界层转捩预测新方法,称为DMD/eN方法.在原有方法的基础上,改进了DMD网格线生成方法和扰动放大N因子的积分策略,并将RANS求解器与改进的DMD/eN方法进行耦合,实现了翼型定常绕流转捩预测自动化.采用该方法对LSC72613跨声速自然层流翼型以及NLF0416低速自然层流翼型在不同攻角下的绕流进行转捩预测,转捩点计算结果均与实验值和LST/eN方法吻合良好.该方法计算得到的N值增长曲线与LST/eN方法的包络线也较为吻合,进一步验证了积分策略的正确性.改进的DMD/eN方法可作为自然层流翼型设计的新的有力工具.      

Numerical analyses of flow around airfoils subjected to flow induced vibration

This paper describes extensive computer-based analytical studies on the details of unsteady flow behavior around airfoils subjected to flow induced vibration in turbo-machinery. To consider the time-dependent motions of airfoils, a complete Navier-Stokes solver incorporating a moving mesh based on an analytic solution of motion equation for airfoil translation and rotation was applied. The drag and lift coefficients for the cases of stationary airfoils and airfoils subjected to flow induced vibration were examined. From the numerical results in non-coupling case as out of consideration of the airfoil motion, it was found that the separation vortex consisted of large-scale rolls with axes in the span direction, and rib substructures with axes in the stream direction. In the coupling simulation including the airfoil motion, both the translation and the rotation displacement were gradually increased when the airfoil translation and rotation natural frequencies synchronize exactly with the oscillation frequency of the fluid force. In addition, the transformation from complex structure with rolls and ribs to two-dimensional aspect of only rolls could be visualized in three-dimensional simulation.     

Sound radiation from real airfoils in turbulence

Leading edge noise measurements and calculations have been made on a three airfoils immersed in turbulence. The airfoils included variations in chord, thickness and camber and the measurements encompass integral scale to chord ratios from 9 to 40 percent as well as 4:1 ratios of leading edge radius and airfoil thickness to integral scale. Angle of attack is found to have a strong effect on the airfoil response function but for the most part only a small effect on leading edge noise because of the averaging effect of the isotropic turbulence spectrum. Angle of attack effects can therefore be significant in non-isotropic turbulence and dependent on airfoil shape. It is found that thicker airfoils generate significantly less noise at high frequencies but that this effect is not determined solely by the leading edge radius or overall thickness. Camber effects appear likely to be small. Angle of attack effects on the response function of a strongly cambered airfoil are shown to be centered on zero angle of attack, rather than the zero lift angle of attack.