带有非对称双阱势的氢键链中的扭结孤子激发

阻尼和外电场的作用使得带有非对称双阱势的氢键链存在扭结孤子激发.计算了孤子的迁移率,它包含了φ⁴链的结果 关键词： 氢键链 非对称双阱势 扭结孤子 迁移率     

氢键铁电体中的孤子电导性

Gordon首先采用带有非对称双阱势的氢键链模型研究了氢键铁电体的电导性,给出了扭结解和迁移率的表达式.但是对于电导有贡献的扭结孤子应该对应于质子在两个阱底之间的转移,基于这种考虑,修正了Gordon的结果,重新导出了低能态的扭结解,给出了迁移率的一个新的表达式.当非对称双阱势转化为对称双阱势时,这个表达式恰与以前的研究结果一致.这个表达式表明,相变临界指数是1. 关键词： 氢键铁电体 铁电相 孤子迁移率     

基于石墨烯/黑磷异质结构的各向异性表面等离激元共振光谱及红外传感特性(特邀)

针对单层黑磷表面等离激元器件存在吸光效率低的难题,提出了一种基于石墨烯/黑磷异质结构的各向异性表面等离激元器件,系统研究了其共振光谱及红外传感特性。所设计的石墨烯/黑磷异质结构和非对称类法珀腔结构能够有效提高器件的吸光效率,通过优化器件中谐振腔的厚度将器件在x和y偏振方向上的吸光效率提高至95.54%和97.44%。此外,通过改变入射光的偏振方向动态调控器件的共振波长,实现了对8 nm厚聚环氧乙烷分子v(COC)_s和r(CH_2)_a振动模式的选择性探测,其最高增强倍数分别为88和155。该各向异性表面等离激元器件具有工作波段可调谐、增强倍数高等优点,在痕量物质分析中具有广阔的应用前景。     

半导体氮化铟(InN)的电学性质

本文总结了近年来半导体InN薄膜材料(主要是六方纤锌矿结构的InN及异质结构)的电学性质研究进展,重点内容为InN的载流子浓度和迁移率,造成InN中高电子浓度现象的施主分析、载流子输运特性及表面、界面特性等。同时也涉及了部分立方闪锌矿结构InN的电学特性和InN在器件(主要是高电子迁移率晶体管器件)上的潜在应用。     

半导体氮化铟(InN)的电学性质

本文总结了近年来半导体InN薄膜材料(主要是六方纤锌矿结构的InN及异质结构)的电学性质研究进展,重点内容为InN的载流子浓度和迁移率,造成InN中高电子浓度现象的施主分析、载流子输运特性及表面、界面特性等。同时也涉及了部分立方闪锌矿结构InN的电学特性和InN在器件(主要是高电子迁移率晶体管器件)上的潜在应用。     

绝缘层修饰对喷墨打印有机场效应晶体管形貌和性能的影响

通过对OTFT绝缘层SiO_2表面分别采用十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)处理和原子层沉积薄层氧化铝的修饰方式,制备了喷墨打印有机薄膜晶体管并研究了修饰前后绝缘层的表面形貌、接触角及有源层的物相结构。虽然绝缘层的表面形貌在修饰前后变化不大,但是表面接触角和打印后有源层的物相结构有较大差别。OTS处理和沉积氧化铝修饰后,器件的迁移率比修饰前分别增大了4倍和9倍,而开关比则分别增大了1个和4个数量级。修饰后的最大迁移率可达0.35 cm~2/(V·s),开关比可达6.0×10~6。     

Al组分对MOCVD制备的AlxGa1-xN/AlN/GaN HEMT电学和结构性质的影响

采用金属有机化合物化学气相沉积（MOCVD）方法制备了不同Al组分（x=0.19,0.22,0.25,0.32）的Al_xGa_1-xN/AlN/GaN 结构的高电子迁移率晶体管（HEMT）材料。研究了Al_xGa_1-xN势垒层中Al组分对HEMT材料电学性质和结构性质的影响。研究结果表明,在一定的Al组分范围内,二维电子气（2DEG）浓度和迁移率随着Al组分的升高而增大。然而,过高的Al组分导致HEMT材料表面粗糙度增大,2DEG迁移率降低,该实验现象在另一方面得到了原子力显微镜测试结果的验证。在最佳Al组分（25%）范围内,获得的 HEMT材料的2DEG浓度和室温迁移率分别达到1.2×10¹³ cm^-2和1 680 cm²/（V·s）,方块电阻低至310 Ω/□。     

高光谱吸收微纳结构表面提高太阳能温差发电性能的研究

采用飞秒激光等离子体丝（飞秒光丝）在金属铝箔表面以不同飞秒光丝扫描速度（5,15,25,35和45 mm·s-1）制备了微纳结构表面,并在太阳光能量主要覆盖的光谱范围（330～890 nm）内对其进行了反射率测量,发现飞秒光丝制备的微纳结构表面具有显著的高光谱吸收特性,并且飞秒光丝扫描速度越慢,光谱吸收率越强,5 mm·s-1条件下微纳结构表面光谱吸收率达97%以上。将制备的高光谱吸收微纳结构表面作为温差发电片（TEG）光吸收体,以此为基础构建了考虑太阳光辐照及温差发电模块（即TEG模块：结合微纳结构表面的TEG）散热情况的仿真实验环境并进行发电功率测量。研究结果表明,具有微纳结构的铝表面（5 mm·s-1制备条件下）与抛光铝箔或裸发电片相比,光电转化效率（发电效率）可分别提高43.3和10.7倍。进一步研究了TEG模块的温差发电的过程与机理,将TEG模块的温差发电过程分为光热（光能转化为热能）与热电（热能转化为电能）两个转化过程分析：首先在光热转化过程中,微纳结构表面增强了太阳光吸收效率,为光热转化提供更多的光子能量,实现了其在表面更多的热量沉积,进而在之后的热电转化过程中,更多的热能沉积使得TEG模块的载流子迁移率得到了很大提升,这样在同样的温差（发电片冷热端的温度差值）条件下,微纳结构表面与普通表面相比可以获得更高的热电转化效率。因此,微纳结构表面的高光谱吸收性能使得TEG模块经光热转化后得到的高热能沉积使载流子迁移率得到了提高,进而显著提升了TEG模块发电性能,这是微纳结构表面增强TEG温差发电效率的主要原因。这一机理的揭示,为TEG模块发电性能的进一步优化和提升提供了理论依据,对TEG模块的实际应用具有重要的意义。     

基于非对称吸声器的发动机声学超表面声衬

为了解决发动机低频噪声问题,基于双端口非对称吸声器原理,设计了一种尺寸渐变的吸声超表面,用于发动机声衬降噪设计.首先,建立了非对称共振吸声器的理论分析模型和仿真分析模型,揭示了降噪机理,并分析了其降噪效果的影响因素.然后基于非对称共振吸声器设计了一种声学超表面声衬,用全模型理论计算、等效阻抗理论计算和COMSOL有限元仿真三种方法深入分析了声衬的降噪效果,并用全模型理论计算和等效阻抗理论计算方法考虑了流速对降噪效果的影响,然后对此结构进行了参数优化.研究结果表明,所设计的基于非对称吸声器的声学超表面声衬在厚度仅为2.5 cm (仅为252 Hz对应波长的1/54)的情况下,可实现252—692 Hz的频带范围内3 dB以上的降噪效果,为发动机降噪设计提供了一种新的设计思路.     

衬底温度对反应磁控溅射W掺杂ZnO薄膜的微观结构及光电性能的影响

采用直流脉冲反应磁控溅射方法生长W掺杂ZnO（WZO）透明导电氧化物薄膜并研究了衬底温度对薄膜微观结构、组分、表面形貌以及光电性能的影响.实验结果表明,WZO薄膜具有良好的（002）晶面择优取向,且适当的衬底温度是制备优质WZO薄膜的关键因素.随着衬底温度升高,薄膜表面粗糙度先增大后减小;衬底温度较高时,薄膜的结构致密,结晶质量好,电子迁移率高.当衬底温度为325℃时,WZO薄膜获得最低电阻率9.25×10^-3Ω·cm,方块电阻为56.24Ω/□,迁移率为11.8 cm² V^-1·s^-1,其在可见光及近红外区域（400—1500 nm）范围的平均透过率达到85.7%.     

Direct method for determining the segregation in silver-copper solid solutions not prone to brittle breakage of grain boundaries

A new method is proposed for measuring the chemical composition of grain boundaries (GBs) in copper-based alloys not prone to embrittlement of boundaries. This method is based on embrittlement of copper GBs by bismuth penetrating from the gas phase of bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃). Chemical analysis of the GB surface is performed via Auger-electron spectroscopy. The GB composition is measured in a solid solution of silver (its volume concentration is 1.4 at %) and copper. The segregation annealing temperature is 570°C. The silver concentration across the broken surface of the GB (its thickness is five to ten atomic layers) is 4.7 at %. Therefore, the ratio between silver concentrations within the GB and the grain volume (the enrichment coefficient) is approximately 3.5.     

A ToF-SIMS and XPS study of protein adsorption and cell attachment across PEG-like plasma polymer films with lateral compositional gradients

In this work we report a detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) study of poly(ethylene glycol) PEG-like chemical gradients deposited via plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) at two different load powers using diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DG) as a monomer. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the ToF-SIMS data both before and after protein adsorption on the plasma polymer thin films. Results of the PCA loadings indicated a higher content of hydrocarbon fragments across the higher load power gradient, which adsorbed higher amounts of proteins. Gradients deposited at a lower load power retained a higher degree of monomer like functionality as did the central region directly underneath the knife edge electrode. Analysis of the adsorption of serum proteins (human serum albumin and fetal bovine serum) was monitored across the gradient films and increased with decreasing ether (PEG-like) film chemistries. The effect of protein incubation time on the levels adsorbed fetal bovine serum on the plasma polymer films was critical, with significantly more protein adsorbing after 24 hour incubation times on both gradient films. The attachment of HeLa cells on the gradients appeared to be dictated not only by the surface chemistry, but also by the adsorption of serum proteins. XPS analysis revealed that at surface ether concentrations of less than 70% in the gradient films, significant increases in protein and cell attachment were observed.     

Violin f-hole contribution to far-field radiation via patch near-field acoustical holography

The violin radiates either from dual ports (f-holes) or via surface motion of the corpus (top+ribs+back), with no clear delineation between these sources. Combining "patch" near-field acoustical holography over just the f-hole region of a violin with far-field radiativity measurements over a sphere, it was possible to separate f-hole from surface motion contributions to the total radiation of the corpus below 2.6 kHz. A0, the Helmholtz-like lowest cavity resonance, radiated essentially entirely through the f-holes as expected while A1, the first longitudinal cavity mode with a node at the f-holes, had no significant f-hole radiation. The observed A1 radiation comes from an indirect radiation mechanism, induced corpus motion approximately mirroring the cavity pressure profile seen for violinlike bowed string instruments across a wide range of sizes. The first estimates of the fraction of radiation from the f-holes F(f) indicate that some low frequency corpus modes thought to radiate only via surface motion (notably the first corpus bending modes) had significant radiation through the f-holes, in agreement with net volume changes estimated from experimental modal analysis. F(f) generally trended lower with increasing frequency, following corpus mobility decreases. The f-hole directivity (top/back radiativity ratio) was generally higher than whole-violin directivity.     

Terminating surface electromigration at the source

Based on an extensive search across the periodic table utilizing first-principles density functional theory, we discover phosphorus to be an optimal surface electromigration inhibitor on the technologically important Cu(111) surface--the dominant diffusion pathway in modern nanoelectronics interconnects. Unrecognized thus far, such an inhibitor is characterized by energetically favoring (and binding strongly at) the kink sites of step edges. These properties are determined to generally reside in elements that form strong covalent bonds with substrate metal atoms. This finding sheds new light on the possibility of halting surface electromigration via kink blocking impurities.     

Two-stage rotation mechanism for group-V precursor dissociation on Si(001)

We report ab initio identification of initial dissociation pathways for Sb4 and Bi4 tetramer precursors on Si(001). We reveal a two-stage double piecewise rotation mechanism for the tetramer to ad-dimer conversion involving two distinct pathways: one along the surface dimer row via a rhombus intermediate state and the other across the surface dimer row via a rotated rhombus intermediate state. These two-stage double piecewise rotation processes play a key role in lowering the kinetic barrier by establishing and maintaining energetically favorable bonding between adatoms and substrate atoms. These results provide an excellent account for experimental observations and elucidate their underlying atomistic origin that may offer useful insights for other surface reaction processes.     

Control of spin waves in a thin film ferromagnetic insulator through interfacial spin scattering

Control of spin waves in a ferrite thin film via interfacial spin scattering was demonstrated. The experiments used a 4.6 μm-thick yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film strip with a 20-nm thick Pt capping layer. A dc current pulse was applied to the Pt layer and produced a spin current across the Pt thickness. As the spin current scatters off the YIG surface, it can either amplify or attenuate spin-wave pulses that travel in the YIG strip, depending on the current or field configuration. The spin scattering also affects the saturation behavior of high-power spin waves.     

Observation of dirac holes and electrons in a topological insulator

We show that in the new topological-insulator compound Bi(1.5)Sb(0.5)Te(1.7)Se(1.3) one can achieve a surfaced-dominated transport where the surface channel contributes up to 70% of the total conductance. Furthermore, it was found that in this material the transport properties sharply reflect the time dependence of the surface chemical potential, presenting a sign change in the Hall coefficient with time. We demonstrate that such an evolution makes us observe both Dirac holes and electrons on the surface, which allows us to reconstruct the surface band dispersion across the Dirac point.     

Proton segregation on a growing ice interface

Hydronium segregates to the surface of H₂O (D₂O) ice films grown on Pt(1 1 1) above 151 K (158 K). This is observed via the voltage that develops across the films, utilizing work function measurements. The dependence of this voltage on the film’s thickness is explained by a simple equilibrium model: as the film grows, most of the surface ions migrate so as to remain at the ice–vacuum interface, while a fixed percentage (0.05%) take the thermodynamically–unfavored route, to become incorporated into the growing bulk ice. This model implies a ΔG of about +0.1 eV for the movement of ions from the ice surface into the bulk ice.     

Effects of controlled surface treatment on titanium dioxide electrode nanostructure for dye-sensitized solar cells

A stable surface treatment for the nanoporous TiO₂ electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) has been developed via sol-gel processing of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TiP), enabling controllable performance improvements, which has been hitherto unachievable. A systematic study of the electrode chemistry and morphology was performed to examine the mechanisms by which the treatment contributes to enhancement in DSC performance. The electrode exhibited a linear increase in mass with TiP concentration and a corresponding reduction in porosity. The increase in nanoparticle diameter resulted in the increase in surface area without altering the surface chemistry, leading to an increase in dye loading. Current–voltage characteristics and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies (IPCE) were analyzed. A linear increase in the short-circuit photocurrent was measured with TiP concentration, increasing by 30 % for a 4 mM TiP treatment, which resulted in a corresponding efficiency gain of 23 %. This was found to primarily result from a controllable increase in the charge collection efficiency, via a 30 % faster electron transport time and a 19 % increase in the electron lifetime. The results elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms for improvement in DSC performance by surface treatment.     

Reproducibility of GABA measurements using 2D J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy

We determined the reproducibility of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) measurements using 2D J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) on a clinical 1.5-T MR imaging scanner. Two-dimensional J-resolved spectra were acquired in vitro across five GABA concentrations using a volume head coil and a 5-in. surface coil. Additional spectra using a sixth GABA phantom with a very low concentration and from a healthy volunteer were recorded in the 5-in. surface coil only. In each case, the 3.01-ppm GABA resonance was quantified; for comparison, the peak integrals of choline (3.2 ppm) and creatine (3.03 ppm) were recorded. At a physiological concentration (1.2 mM), in vitro GABA measurement was significantly more reproducible in the surface coil than in the volume coil (P=.005), with coefficients of variation (CVs) being less than 16% with the surface coil and up to 68% with the volume head coil. At the smallest concentration of in vivo GABA reported using other spectroscopy techniques (0.8 mM) and detected only using the surface coil, the CV for GABA was 23% and was less than 10% for choline and creatine, which compare favorably with results from published studies. In vivo, the CV for GABA measurement was 26%, suggesting that 2D J-resolved MRS would be suitable for detecting physiological changes in GABA, similar to those reported using other methods.