Arc-induced long-period gratings in aluminosilicate glass fibers

Permanent long-period gratings were written using arc discharges in two aluminosilicate fibers, one of which was doped with erbium. Reversible gratings were also mechanically induced in both fibers. The thermal behavior of the arc-induced gratings was investigated at up to 1100 degrees C. It was found that the shift of the resonant wavelengths exhibited a well-defined linear dependence on temperature up to 700 degrees C.     

Wide-passband, temperature-insensitive, and compact pi-phase-shifted long-period gratings in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber

We demonstrate what is believed to be the first fabrication of a wide-passband, temperature-insensitive, and compact spectral filter based on a pi-phase-shifted long-period grating in an endless single-mode photonic crystal fiber. By introducing a pi-phase shift in the middle of a 12-period long-period grating, two symmetrical rejection bands at wavelengths of 1252.65 and 1418.7 nm are obtained with isolation higher than 18 dB and a passband bandwidth of 84.15 nm. The pi-phase-shifted long-period gratings are inscribed by the relaxation of mechanical stress with the focused pulses of a CO2 laser and a point-by-point technique without geometric deformation. The length of the spectral filter is approximately 6.6 mm with a sensitivity of 8 pm/ degrees C at a medium temperature range of 23-190 degrees C.     

Fabrication of long-period fiber gratings by focused irradiation of infrared femtosecond laser pulses

We have fabricated long-period fiber gratings by use of a novel technique using focused irradiation of infrared femtosecond laser pulses. We investigate the thermal stability of the fabricated fiber gratings. The values of the loss peak wavelength and the transmittance of the fiber gratings after heat treatment below 500 degrees C are the same as initial values before heat treatment. The fiber gratings that were fabricated by this technique have a high resistance to thermal decay. We propose that this technique will be useful for fabrication of fiber gratings with a superior aging characteristic.     

Rewritable self-assembled long-period gratings in photonic bandgap fibers using microparticles

We report the demonstration of rewritable self-assembled long-period gratings in air-core photonic bandgap fibers. The long-period gratings are written by filling the air-core region of the fiber with a solution containing polystyrene microspheres. The microspheres are self-assembled into a periodic structure as the liquid inside the fiber evaporates, forming the long-period grating. The formed grating can then be easily erased for rewriting purposes by connecting the end of the fiber to a microfluidic pump through a microfluidic channel and washing out the microparticles with an appropriate liquid. The same microfluidic system can also be used to fine control the writing process of the gratings. This technique creates possibilities for writing various different filtering functions in air-core photonic bandgap fibers by varying the composition and/or the shape of the used microparticles. The presented technique is potentially applicable to solid-core photonic crystal fibers as well.     

Fiber laser switched by a long period grating interferometer as an intra-cavity loss modulator

In this paper we present an actively switched fiber laser with an all-fiber long-period grating-based interferometer used as an intra-cavity loss modulator. The modulator consists of two equal long-period gratings written sequentially in the same piece of a double-clad optical fiber. One of the gratings is fixed onto a piezoceramic cylinder producing fast modulation of the interferometer transmission spectrum. The laser demonstrates a stable regime of pulsed emission at repetition rates in the range of tens of kHz.     

Equalization of Erbium Gain Spectrum Using the Multiport Lattice Filter

We propose an accurate modeling technique of concatenated long-period fiber gratings. The proposed technique is then applied to the synthesis of long-period fiber gratings for the erbium gain equalization using the simulated annealing and the steepest descent minimization technique. We have obtained design parameters of the piecewise-uniform long-period fiber gratings that fit the inverted erbium gain spectrum of a commercially available erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) over the entire 1525 nm to 1570 nm range.     

Strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings inscribed in photonic crystal fiber

We fabricate and demonstrate strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber by use of focused pulses of a CO2 laser and a periodic stress relaxation technique without geometrical deformation and elongation of the fiber. The thermal dependence of mode coupling at 1299.59 nm is 10.9 pm/degrees C from 24 to 992 degrees C, whereas the coefficient of strain sensitivity is -0.192 pm/muepsilon up to the maximum strain of 2.74%epsilon. It is found for what is believed to be the first time that, in contrast with the traditional fiber case, the coupling resonance shifts toward shorter wavelengths under applied strain, indicating that the refractive index of the core is decreased as a result of the rebuilding of tension attributed to the stress-elastic effect, and the cladding modes is highly dispersive because of airholes arranged in the fiber cladding.     

Bandwidth control of long-period grating-based mode converters in few-mode fibers

Control of the group-velocity differences between two distinct modes in a few-mode fiber can be used to define the spectral characteristics of long-period gratings written in them. Using this effect, we report the demonstration of strong mode conversion (>99%) with long-period fiber gratings over what is believed to be a record bandwidth of 63 nm. These novel spectra are obtained from gratings written in specially designed few-mode fibers in which the grating phase-matching condition is satisfied over a large spectral range. We show that the bandwidths of such mode converters can be tailored by suitably altering the design of the few-mode fibers. The polarization-dependent coupling for the mode converters varies by less than 0.004% over the entire spectrum.     

矩形折射率调制型长周期光纤光栅传输谱的理论分析及数值计算

给出了折射率调制类型为矩形波的长周期光纤光栅的理论分析方法，并利用计算机建模，以FlexcorTM1060光纤为例，对采用振幅掩模法制作的长周期光纤光栅进行了数值模拟计算，计算结果与已有的实验相符合.     

Fabrication of strong long-period gratings in hydrogen-free fibers with 157-nm F2-laser radiation

Long-period gratings were fabricated in standard telecommunication fiber (Corning SMF-28) by use of what is believed to be record short-wavelength light from a 157-nm F(2) laser. Strong loss peaks were formed without the need for enhancement techniques such as hydrogen loading. The magnitude of the attenuation peak was sensitive to the single-pulse laser fluence, decreasing with increasing pulse fluence as a result of nonuniform 157-nm laser interaction with both the fiber cladding and core. The long-period fiber gratings have good wavelength stability (Dlambda~7 nm) under thermal annealing at 150 degrees C.     

双面曝光长周期光纤光栅偏振相关损耗

研究了采用高频CO2激光脉冲通过单面和双面曝光制作出的长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的偏振相关损耗特性。单面曝光制作的长周期光纤光栅由于光纤横截面折射率改变不均匀,对入射光偏振态有较强的依赖性,主要表现为偏振相关损耗较大;为了降低偏振相关损耗,在制作长周期光纤光栅的过程中采用双面曝光的方法,以使其横截面折射率调制受高频CO2激光曝光改变均匀。实验数据显示,高频CO2激光脉冲制作的普通单面曝光长周期光纤光栅最大偏振相关损耗高达1.24 dB,而采用双面曝光的相同谐振峰值长周期光纤光栅的偏振相关损耗则可降至0.42 dB。因此,双面曝光制作的长周期光纤光栅能较好地克服入射光偏振态的不良影响,从而满足对偏振敏感的光纤通信和传感系统的应用要求。     

Active control of long-period fiber-grating-based filters made in erbium-doped optical fibers

Integrating an active medium with a filtering component can bring new functionalities compared with configurations where the two stages (units) are placed in series. We exploit this phenomenon and demonstrate all-optical tunable filters based on long-period fiber gratings written in an active optical fiber. The tuning is obtained via optical pumping at 980 nm.     

Rewritable densification gratings in boron-doped fibers

We show that the strength of long-period gratings recorded in boron-doped fibers by CO2 radiation can be significantly enhanced by a uniform pre-exposure by the same laser. The resultant gratings could be erased by a similar uniform exposure and then recorded again multiple times with no loss of fiber sensitivity. We suggest that such gratings are formed by reversible densification of the fiber core. These densification gratings have higher thermal stability than gratings written with ultraviolet light.     

Mode recoupling in a novel Bragg grating pair

A new type of mode recoupling in a Bragg grating pair, in which one of the gratings is written in the fiber cladding, is proposed to overcome limitations of concatenated long-period and fiber Bragg gratings reported earlier [Opt. Lett. 27, 1214 (2002)]. Its reflection spectrum is similar to that of the previously reported concatenated grating structure; however, the reflectivity can be much larger than the previous limitation of 50%. Furthermore, avoidance of the loss induced by a long-period grating makes such a Bragg grating pair more attractive for practical applications.     

Resonance-temperature-insensitive phase-shifted long-period fiber gratings induced by surface deformation with anomalous strain characteristics

Received February 18, 2005 We report the fabrication of phase-shifted long-period fiber gratings by use of a CO2 laser with a surface deformation technique and a point-by-point method. Due to periodicities that are structurally induced by a heat source and refractive-index modulation caused by a perturbational photoelastic effect, the results of thermal testing show a grating temperature coefficient of 28 pm/ degrees C at a range from 22 to 180 degrees C, indicating that the band rejections of the grating that is formed remain unchanged in their resonant strengths even at temperatures up to the fictive point of fiberglass. It is found for what is believed to be the first time that such a grating possesses an anomalous strain behavior of resonance with -1.52 x 10(-4) dB/muepsilon for the right notch and 7.05 x 10(-5) dB/muepsilon for the left notch.     

Ultrahigh-temperature regenerated gratings in boron-codoped germanosilicate optical fiber using 193 nm

Regenerated gratings seeded by type I gratings in boron-codoped germanosilicate optical fiber written with 193 nm are shown to withstand temperatures beyond 1000 degrees C.     

Measurement of refractive-index variation with temperature by use of long-period fiber gratings

The thermo-optic coefficient of the core material of a fiber is analyzed by use of a pair of long-period fiber gratings. First the effective index difference between the core and the cladding modes is measured from the peaks of the interference fringe generated by the grating pair. The order of the cladding mode is decided by the cutoff wavelength and the numerical aperture of the fiber. The material index of the fiber core is obtained in terms of wavelength. At each wavelength the index is chosen to minimize the difference between the measured and the calculated spectra of the grating pair. Finally the thermo-optic coefficient of the fiber core is calculated by repetition of the measurement at different temperatures. With a germanosilicate-core fiber and a boron codoped germanosilicate-core fiber, the thermo-optic coefficients were 1.1x10(-5)/( degrees )C and 0.75x10(-5)/( degrees )C, respectively.     

Refractive index measurement with long-period gratings arc-induced in pure-silica-core fibres

We have investigated the sensitivity of arc-induced long-period gratings to changes of ambient refractive index. Two pure-silica-core fibres with different cladding diameters and a standard fibre were used in this study. For a 6 × 10⁻³ change of the refractive index, a 240 pm shift of the resonant wavelength was achieved with long-period gratings written in the 125 μm cladding diameter pure-silica-core fibre.