光学反馈线性腔衰荡光谱技术不确定性

腔衰荡光谱技术是一种高灵敏的腔增强分子吸收光谱测量技术,由于激光频率噪声大,导致激光到腔耦合效率低,严重限制了其对痕量气体的探测灵敏度.光学反馈可以有效压窄半导体激光器的线宽,提高激光到外部谐振腔的耦合效率.本文基于精细度为7800的Fabry-Pérot腔,发展了光学反馈线性腔衰荡光谱技术.首先从光场相位的角度给出了线性腔光学反馈的原理,然后分析了影响测量不确定性的因素,包括光学反馈率、衰荡信号触发阈值、探测器相对透射汇聚光斑位置等.实验结果表明,通过设置低反馈率(3%自由光谱区间)、高衰荡信号触发阈值(90%腔模幅度)以及将光斑聚焦到探测器有效面中心等措施,结合光学反馈效应,可将空腔衰荡时间的相对不确定度提升至0.026%,远优于传统腔衰荡技术获得的典型值.系统在积分时间为180 s时,获得探测灵敏度为1.3×10^–10 cm^–1,对应甲烷的最小可探测吸收体积浓度为0.35×10^–9,从而满足了碳监测的要求.     

光腔衰荡法测量高反射率的实验研究

基于光腔衰荡光谱技术，建立了以共焦腔为衰荡腔的单波长反射率测量装置，该装置可用于精密测量全固体激光器高反射率腔镜的反射率，检测得到了高反腔镜在946nm的反射率。实验测得平凹镜和平面镜衰荡时间的平均值分别为1．624μs和821ns，平凹镜的反射率为99．794％，相对误差精确到10^-5；平面反射镜的反射率为99．800％，相对误差精确到10^-4。结果表明，光腔衰荡法可用于高反射率腔镜反射率的测量，与分光光度计测得的结果相比，具有非常高的测量精度。     

双重频率锁定的腔衰荡吸收光谱技术及信号处理

针对传统腔衰荡光谱技术浓度获取率低,提出基于双重锁定的连续波腔衰荡吸收光谱技术.通过波长调制一次谐波信号将激光器的频率锁定到C_2H_2吸收线上,同时使用PDH锁频技术将衰荡腔锁定到激光器上,从而避免了测量过程中激光器的频率漂移和腔长的抖动,使测量结果更加精确;并且,由于双重锁定,单次衰荡事件的发生率,也就是浓度信息的获取率只受衰荡时间以及重新锁定时间限制,在本试验系统中采集速率可以达到30 k Hz,可以实现对气体浓度的快速测量.为了提高信噪比,采用Kalman滤波技术,对浓度信息进行实时处理,有效抑制了噪声,根据阿伦方差分析,探测灵敏度可以达到4×10~(-9)cm~(-1)(2 s平均).     

连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的电路设计与应用

 为实现连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的工程化,设计了一套集信号调理、高速采样及数据处理为一体的高集成度数字信号处理(DSP)系统。该系统被用于取代常规连续波腔衰荡光谱系统中由高速数据采集卡及计算机组成的腔衰荡信号测试系统,完成对腔衰荡信号的获取与拟合。该系统最高能实现16 bits/80 MHz的信号采样,并能准确地由腔衰荡信号反演出腔衰荡时间。实验结果表明：结合现有的光反馈式连续波腔衰荡光谱系统,该系统能实现等噪声测量灵敏度为1.0×10^-8 cm^-1的吸收光谱测量,其重复测量精度可达3‰。     

光腔衰荡光谱方法探测痕量一氧化碳气体

基于通讯波段的分布式反馈半导体激光器(DFB),搭建了一套光腔衰荡光谱仪(CRDS)。衰荡光腔由一对反射率高于99.997%的高反镜组成,衰荡腔长约为130 cm,空腔衰荡时间约为150 μs。当光谱平均次数达到1 000次时,光谱仪灵敏度(最小可探测吸收系数)达到5×10-12 cm-1。利用热隔绝的方式稳定衰荡腔长,并使用衰荡光腔自身作为光学标准具,来标定光谱的频率：利用反馈式光谱扫描程序步进改变激光器频率,使之与衰荡腔的纵模频率逐一匹配,从而实现所测得光谱的自动标定。通过测量一氧化碳分子在1.565 μm附近的吸收光谱,测定气体中一氧化碳的含量。将光谱测量结果和标准样品中的一氧化碳含量进行对比,对装置的定量精度进行了检验,表明其对一氧化碳的探测极限达4 ppbv。利用该装置对实际大气中一氧化碳的含量进行了实时监测。     

Ba原子6s6p1P1←6s6s1S0跃迁的光腔衰荡光谱

建立了一套光腔衰荡原子束吸收光谱测量装置,并对Ba原子的6s6p¹P₁←6s6s¹S₀吸收谱线用光腔衰荡光谱方法进行了测量,得到了Ba原子在553.548nm不同温度下的吸收谱线线型.实验结果表明,该装置测量吸收灵敏度达到6×10^-7. 关键词： 光腔衰荡 吸收光谱 Ba原子     

光外差腔衰荡光谱理论研究

提出了简化的光外差腔衰荡光谱技术，避免了通常腔衰荡光谱对衰荡时间的直接测量，同时消除了腔镜损耗的共模直流信号的测量.理论上其测量灵敏度可以达到量子噪声极限，而且技术实现相对简单，更适合于分子振转光谱研究.此外，还在理论上分析了该光谱技术具有的Gauss线型的一次微分光谱线型的特点，并讨论了一些实验参量对谱线强度和线型的影响，进而给出了最佳实验参量. 关键词： 光外差 腔衰荡光谱     

高反射腔镜双折射效应对腔增强光谱技术的影响

在吸收光谱技术中,使用光学腔增长激光与气体介质的作用路径,可提升探测灵敏度.然而,高反射率腔镜会存在双折射效应,导致光学腔产生两个本征偏振态,入射光在两个偏振方向相移的不同会导致腔模的分裂,会引起腔增强光谱信号以及腔衰荡光谱信号的扭曲.本文观测到了双折射效应下腔增强信号的频率分裂现象,并给出了函数模型,拟合结果表明其可以准确得到透射腔模中不同偏振光的比例.根据上述比例,可给出考虑不同耦合效率、双折射效应下的腔衰荡信号模型,实验结果表明相较于传统e指数模型,本文模型可更精确描述腔衰荡信号,得到拟合残差的标准偏差最大抑制了9倍.该分析有利于改善腔衰荡信号信噪比和不确定性,提升其浓度反演准确度.     

Ba原子吸收系数的光腔衰荡光谱测量

建立了一套脉冲激光腔衰荡光谱实验装置,并将光腔衰荡光谱技术用于原子束吸收光谱的测量,得到了Ba原子的6s6p^1P1←6s6s^1S0吸收线,进一步得出Ba原子在553．548nm附近的吸收系数,同时对吸收系数与原子炉温度的关系进行了分析,得到了较好的实验结果。     

基于双共振吸收光谱法的~(14)CO_2探测（英文）

快速且准确地定量探测~(14)CO_2在许多领域都有着重要应用.超灵敏的光腔衰荡光谱技术是一种极具潜力的光学探测方法,但其存在灵敏度不足和易受其他CO_2同位素/杂质分子干扰的问题.本文提出利用阶梯型双共振光谱法将~(14)CO_2从基态激发至中间能级后,再用光腔衰荡光谱法去探测.双共振的吸收过程可以有效提高探测的选择性.本文分析了双共振吸收光谱的定量探测能力,模拟结果显示双共振光谱探测是无多普勒的,可以减少其他分子的吸收干扰,有望实现亚ppt水平的~(14)CO_2高选择性探测.     

Investigation on an evanescent wave fiber-optic absorption sensor based on fiber loop cavity ring-down spectroscopy

An improved ring-down measurement principle for optical waveguides is presented. Fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy allows for measurement of minute optical losses in high-finesse fiber-optic cavities and immunity to the fluctuation of laser source. The evanescent wave absorption losses dependent on the absorption and the refractive index of ambient solution have been theoretically analyzed. The complex refractive index is introduced into our model and extinction coefficient can be calculated accurately through finite element analysis by setting the boundaries of the fiber and the ambient conditions. Using this method, the refractive index of environment can be taken into consideration. Our principle is validated by the highly-sensitive measurement of evanescent wave absorption loss. By chemically processing the surface of sensing segment along an extending ring-down cavity, the concentration of small volume Diethyl Sulphoxide solution where the etched fiber immersed into has been successfully measured and discussed.     

基于双共振吸收光谱法的14CO2探测

快速且准确地定量探测¹⁴CO₂在许多领域都有着重要应用. 超灵敏的光腔衰荡光谱技术是一种极具潜力的光学探测方法,但其存在灵敏度不足和易受其他CO₂同位素/杂质分子干扰的问题. 本文提出利用阶梯型双共振光谱法将¹⁴CO₂从基态激发至中间能级后,再用光腔衰荡光谱法去探测. 双共振的吸收过程可以有效提高探测的选择性. 本文分析了双共振吸收光谱的定量探测能力,模拟结果显示双共振光谱探测是无多普勒的,可以减少其他分子的吸收干扰,有望实现亚ppt水平的¹⁴CO₂高选择性探测.     

Off-axis re-entrant cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a mid-infrared continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator

We demonstrate an off-axis cavity ring-down spectroscopy system, which uses a mid-infrared continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator as a light source. Off-axis injection with re-entrant configuration of the ring-down cavity is used to achieve high spectral resolution while maintaining high measurement speed. This makes the setup suitable for sensitive molecular spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, particularly for studies that require high temporal resolution. Formaldehyde (H₂CO) absorption spectrum at 3.4 µm is measured using the off-axis re-entrant cavity ring-down spectrometer.     

Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer for high-sensitivity measurements of water vapor concentration

We present a portable spectrometer that uses the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique capable of high-precision measurements of trace water vapor concentration. Measuring one of the strongest rovibrational transitions in the ν₁+ν₃ water vapor combination band near ˜ν=7181.156 cm^-1, we compare spectroscopic and thermodynamic determinations of trace water vapor in N₂, and find systematic differences attributable to water vapor background effects and/or uncertainties in line intensities. We also compare the frequency-stabilized ring-down method with other cavity ring-down approaches that are based on unstabilized probe lasers and unstabilized ring-down cavities. We show that for the determination of water vapor concentration, the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down method has the minimum measurement uncertainty of these techniques. The minimum noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of the spectrometer was 1.2×10^-10 cm^-1 Hz^-1/2, which further corresponds to a minimum detectable water vapor mole fraction equal to 0.7×10^-9 for an absorption spectrum of 10 minutes duration. PACS 33.20.-t; 33.70.Jg; 33.70.Fd; 42.62.Fi     

Photon-trap spectroscopy of size-selected free cluster ions: “direct” measurement of optical absorption of Ag+ 9

An absorption spectrum of size-selected free cluster ions has been measured “directly” via extinction of light without relying on photodepletion/dissociation spectroscopy. The novel technique employs an ion trap and an optical cavity; cluster ions stored in an ion trap interact with photons trapped in a cavity. The storage lifetime of photons in the cavity provides “direct” observation of extinction of light (photon-trap spectroscopy, which is a generalized scheme of cavity ring-down spectroscopy). The first measurement is performed on ultraviolet absorption of Ag₉ ⁺. Temperature dependence of the spectrum is presented by cooling the ion trap down to 10 K.     

高灵敏的连续激光光腔衰荡光谱仪及其应用

基于连续可调谐的钛宝石激光光源,建立了光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)装置,实验表明,其不但具有10-4cm-1的光谱分辨率,测靖灵敏度也好于10-10·cm-1.通过对C2H2气体在12 696.4 cm-1附近的吸收光谱测量,验证了该装置的定量测量能力,并通过对混有痕量C2H2气体的氮气样品的光谱测量,表明该装置对C2H2...     

阈值电路特性对腔衰荡光谱测量影响的实验研究

腔衰荡光谱技术(cavity ring-down spectroscopy, CRDS)是一种高灵敏的激光吸收光谱技术,被广泛应用于镜片反射率测量、光谱分析以及痕量气体检测等研究领域。首先从理论上描述了CRDS技术的实验原理,然后基于555定时器自行设计了一种可应用于CRDS技术的阈值电路,并通过实验进行了验证。为了优化阈值电路的性能,研究了不同输入阻抗及容抗下阈值电路对衰荡事件测量的影响。通过直接接入不同值的电容与电阻,发现输入电容越大,输入阻抗越小,对衰荡事件的测量影响越大,尤其当阈值电路输入电阻小于50 Ω时,衰荡事件的线型严重扭曲。对不同输入电阻与输入电容时C₂H₂气体在6 531.780 5 cm-1处的吸收信号进行了采集与分析,发现输入电容与输入电阻的改变对测量结果有很大的影响,得到的吸收信号会失真,甚至无法进行拟合。最终给出了阈值电路的最佳设计方案,在阈值电路的设计中选取的输入阻抗越大越好,最小要在100 Ω以上,选取的容抗越小越好,最好低于1 nF,同时要保证阈值电路的时间常数远小于衰荡时间。该研究对于CRDS技术应用过程中阈值电路的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to high precision isotope ratio measurement of 13C/12C in carbon dioxide

Recent measurements of carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide using near-infrared, diode-laser-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) are presented. The CRDS system achieved good precision, often better than 0.2 per thousand, for 4% CO2 concentrations, and also achieved 0.15-0.25 per thousand precision in a 78 min measurement time with cryotrap-based pre-concentration of ambient CO2 concentrations (360 ppmv). These results were obtained with a CRDS system possessing a data rate of 40 ring-downs per second and a loss measurement of 4.0 x 10(-11) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2). Subsequently, the measurement time has been reduced to under 10 min. This standard of performance would enable a variety of high concentration (3-10%) isotopic measurements, such as medical human breath analysis or animal breath experiments. The extension of this ring-down to the 2 microm region would enable isotopic analysis at ambient concentrations, which, combined with the small size, robust design, and potential for frequent measurements at a remote site, make CRDS technology attractive for remote atmospheric measurement applications.     

COIL腔镜高反射率精密测量系统的可靠性分析

 利用光腔衰荡光谱技术，建立了氧碘化学激光器腔镜高反射率的精密测量系统。对用直型衰荡光腔时可能影响测量系统精度的各种因素进行了系统的实验研究。采用直型和折叠型衰荡光腔，检测了氧碘化学激光器高反腔镜在1.315μm的反射率。实验测得COIL凹面高反腔镜反射率为99.770％；平面高反镜反射率为99.917%，测量精度约为10^-5。结果表明，该系统可以精密测量氧碘化学激光器腔镜的高反射率，测量结果精确可靠。     

Synchronous detection of multiple optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol by coupled photoacoustic cavity

Owing to the influence of sampling loss, cavity difference and detecting source, the multi-optical parameter measurement of atmospheric aerosol cannot be detected simultaneously in the same reference environment. In order to solve this problem, a new method of simultaneously detecting the aerosol optical parameters by coupling cavity ring-down spectrometer with photoacoustic spectroscopy is proposed. Firstly, the coupled photoacoustic cavity is formed by the organic fusion of the photoacoustic cavity and the ring-down cavity. Secondly, the integrated design of the coupling spectroscopy system is carried out. Finally, the extinction coefficient and absorption coefficient of aerosol are measured simultaneously by the system, and then the aerosol scattering coefficient and single albedo are calculated indirectly. The accuracy of the system is verified by comparing with the data from the environmental quality monitoring station, which provides a new idea for the detection of multi-optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol.