铁系矿物对煤灰相变过程的内在影响规律研究

为深入研究煤燃烧与煤气化过程中煤中矿物的熔融变化行为对煤灰物理相变变化过程的内在影响规律,本文采用高温热显微镜、SEM-EDX等分析测试手段,实验研究了不同条件(煤燃烧与煤气化)下煤中矿物演变规律与煤灰物理相变变化行为间的内在联系和影响规律。研究结果表明:高铁含量的煤灰A在气化条件下发生初始熔融温度(T_(in))及快速熔融温度(T_(max))要比其在燃烧条件下对应的温度分别低144℃和113℃,而低铁含量的煤灰B则对应气化条件下的T_(in)和T_(max)分别比燃烧条件下的对应温度低25℃和62℃;不同气氛下灰中Fe的不同价态是导致这种差别的主要原因,高温下煤灰相变发生、发展过程中,灰中方铁石、铁铝榴石以及铁做榄石等铁系矿物是引发煤灰发生初始熔融的主要矿物。     

O2/CO2燃烧方式下煤中有机/无机硫的释放特性

首先用重液浮选将一种烟煤分为高(＞2.0 g/cm3)、中(1.4～2.0 g/cm3)和低(＜1.4 g/cm3)三个密度段,并采用三态硫化学分析,发现无机硫(外在黄铁矿为主)主要赋存于高密度煤中,有机硫主要赋存于低密度煤中,几乎全部硫酸盐硫、部分有机硫和少量无机硫(内在黄铁矿)赋存于中密度煤中.其次在程序升温条件下研究了分密度煤中硫的释放特性以及含硫物相的浓度变化规律,探讨了有机/无机硫析出特性的影响机理.结果显示:在O2/CO2气氛下,高、中密度煤SO2析出曲线都有尖峰并呈双峰分布,在较短时间及较窄温度范围反应完全;与之相反,低密度煤释放曲线平坦且无明显峰,在较长时间和较宽温度范围均有析出;相对于O2/N2气氛,O2/CO2燃烧方式促进了硫以COS/SO3等物相生成,同时提高了煤灰中矿物质自固硫能力,从而降低了SO2的排放.     

煤浆燃烧特性的实验研究

一、前言 近年来已有许多学者对煤浆的燃烧特性进行了大量的理论及实验研究。 如黄兆祥、吴忆峰等研究了水煤浆粒度配比对流动性及着火温度的影响;岑可法等将水煤浆燃烧分为蒸发、挥发份析出及燃烧和固定碳燃烧三个阶段;付维标等认为在强迫对流下,随来流速度的增加水煤浆滴着火温度提高,着火时间提前;T.Sakai和M.Saito认为油煤     

西部低阶煤中铬赋存形态及燃烧排放特性研究

对典型西部低阶煤进行逐级提取、热解/燃烧实验及热力学计算,研究煤中重金属Cr的赋存形态、燃烧排放特性及金属氧化物对铬迁移转化的影响。结果表明,BCR逐级提取法相比常用的水铵-酸逐级提取法对研究低阶煤中Cr赋存形态有很大优势,四种西部低阶煤中Cr主要以有机态和残渣态形式存在,其中万向煤中有机Cr含量高达65.36%。与N_2相比,CO_2对煤中Cr的分解释放有一定的抑制作用,燃烧过程中O_2的加入对Cr的释放影响不大,燃烧温度对煤中Cr释放的影响与煤种有关。CaO和MgO对剧毒Cr(Ⅵ)的生成有一定的促进作用,而Fe基矿物对捕获Cr蒸汽同时抑制燃煤六价铬的生成有很大优势。     

半焦燃烧特性的热重试验研究

针对目前提倡的煤部分气化燃烧系统集成优化联合生产煤气和热能的新概念,在不同温度下制得四种煤的半焦,通过热天平燃烧试验研究了半焦的燃烧特性,考察了煤种和制备温度对半焦燃烧特性的影响.试验结果表明:煤种不同,所制得半焦燃烧特性不同;相同煤种制得半焦,随制备温度升高,半焦着火温度上升,燃烧活化能增加,燃烧反应活性降低.     

低氧浓度下煤燃烧特性的热重实验研究

煤燃烧的部分过程是在低氧浓度下进行的,本文利用热重实验研究煤在低氧浓度下燃烧特性的变化,重点研究着火特性、燃尽特性和燃烧速率的变化;同时计算分析低氧浓度下,煤燃烧反应动力学参数的变化。实验结果表明,低氧浓度下煤燃烧反应的TG和DTG曲线均向高温区靠近,着火温度基本不变,燃尽温度提高,燃烧速率下降;低氧浓度下燃烧反应的动力学参数活化能E和频率因子k_0之间存在着补偿效应。     

压力对煤粒燃烬时间影响的研究

一、前言近年来国内外均在发展煤的加压燃烧技术。但是加压条件下煤的燃烧特性可供参考的数据很少,国内还是一片空白。本文介绍了一种加压燃烧炉的研制、调试和实验方法;测定了不同压力下煤粒燃烧过程中的温度变化曲线(T-t);得到了压力对煤的燃烬时间的影响规律;用煤粒表面扩散燃烧模型计算了不同压力下煤粒的燃烬时间,计算结果与实验结果符合得很好。     

CO_2和CF_3H抑制烟煤燃烧机理的对比试验研究

为研究二氧化碳和三氟甲烷对烟煤燃烧的抑制机理和抑制效果,采用自主研制的煤燃烧试验装置,对平煤八矿煤样进行了通入相同体积流量CO_2和CF_3H的煤燃烧灭火试验,测定了煤燃烧过程中温度场温度、标志性气体(O_2、CO和CH_4)组分和热释放速率的变化规律;并运用化学动力学软件CHEMKIN模拟了相同体积流量CO_2和CF_3H抑制CH_4/O_2火焰中主要自由基浓度、反应物与燃烧产物浓度随火焰高度的变化关系.结果表明:相比于煤粒空气条件下燃烧,在煤有焰燃烧阶段,通入CF_3H煤燃烧火焰中主要自由基生成速率、煤温上升速度、耗氧量、热释放速率以及CO和CH_4浓度下降速度比通入CO_2煤燃烧的更低;在煤阴燃熄灭阶段,通入CF_3H煤燃烧的煤温、CO和CH_4浓度下降速度比通入CO_2煤燃烧的更高,而通入CF_3H煤燃烧的耗氧量和热释放速率比通入CO_2煤燃烧的更低;说明CF_3H比CO_2具有更好的抑制烟煤燃烧的能力.     

煤燃烧过程中铜对多环芳烃生成的影响

研究了两种燃烧方式煤燃烧过程中金属铜的添加对多环芳烃生成的影响。结果表明:随着铜煤质量比的增加,管式炉煤燃烧多环芳烃生成浓度是减少的;流化床煤燃烧多环芳烃生成浓度是增加的,但要小于管式炉条件下两个数量级。多环芳烃生成毒性分布类似于多环芳烃生成浓度分布。而单个多环芳烃生成有着较大区别,同燃烧方式、存在状态、铜的含量等有较大关系。在燃烧温度下,铜的添加主要对高环物质的催化作用较为明显。     

氧燃烧方式下痕量元素形态转化的试验和模拟研究

结合热重试验及XRF测量,采用化学热平衡分析方法对煤中易挥发的有毒痕量元素砷、铬、锑和汞在不同燃烧方式下的化学形态及分布进行了研究。计算表明,在常规燃烧方式下,痕量元素在400-1800 K的温度范围内容易蒸发,生成气相单质或氧化物。富氧燃烧条件下,高浓度的CO2(g)以及碳颗粒温度的降低在一定程度上会抑制痕量元素的蒸发,同时CO2(g)也会抑制痕量元素向气相次氧化物及单质的转化。     

The effect of bulk gas diffusivity on apparent pulverized coal char combustion kinetics

Apparent char kinetic rates are commonly used to predict pulverized coal char burning rates. These kinetic rates quantify the char burning rate based on the temperature of the particle and the oxygen concentration at the external particle surface, inherently neglecting the impact of variations in the internal diffusion rate and penetration of oxygen. To investigate the impact of bulk gas diffusivity on these phenomena during Zone II burning conditions, experimental measurements were performed of char particle combustion temperature and burnout for a subbituminous coal burning in an optical entrained flow reactor with helium and nitrogen diluents. The combination of much higher thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity in the helium environments resulted in cooler char combustion temperatures than in equivalent N₂ environments. Measured char burnout was similar in the two environments for a given bulk oxygen concentration but was approximately 60% higher in helium environments for a given char combustion temperature. To augment the experimental measurements, detailed particle simulations of the experimental conditions were conducted with the SKIPPY code. These simulations also showed a 60% higher burning rate in the helium environments for a given char particle combustion temperature. To differentiate the effect of enhanced diffusion through the external boundary layer from the effect of enhanced diffusion through the particle, additional SKIPPY simulations were conducted under selected conditions in N₂ and He environments for which the temperature and concentrations of reactants (oxygen and steam) were identical on the external char surface. Under these conditions, which yield matching apparent char burning rates, the computed char burning rate for He was 50% larger, demonstrating the potential for significant errors with the apparent kinetics approach. However, for specific application to oxy-fuel combustion in CO₂ environments, these results suggest the error to be as low as 3% when applying apparent char burning rates from nitrogen environments.     

激光诱导等离子体光谱用于煤中氧的定量分析

利用激光诱导等离子体光谱(LIPS)技术实现对燃煤电厂输煤管中煤质的在线检测对于提高锅炉燃烧效率具有重要的现实意义,但对煤中氧含量的测量却是个难题.提出了一种新的数据处理方法,主要包括内标法、最佳分析线选择法、温度校正法及多线法等,来提高对煤中氧含量定量分析的准确性和重复性.实验中先通过8组煤样获得了煤中氧的定标方程,然后又利用其它6组煤样来验证该定标方程的准确性.实验结果表明,利用本数据处理方法对煤中氧含量测量的绝对误差小于1.1 %,多次测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5.9%,显示了较高的测量精度和重复性.     

Biomass pyrolysis in pulverized-fuel boilers: Derivation of apparent kinetic parameters for inclusion in CFD codes

Biomass combustion in pulverized-fuel boilers is a growing way to produce electricity from a renewable source of energy. Slagging and fouling limit however the reliability of the units that were initially designed for coal combustion. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes aiming at studying those phenomena include simplified models of biomass particle pyrolysis, of which the pertinence has already been questioned for the typical conditions of interest. A comprehensive model has been developed to investigate pyrolysis of particles in pulverized-fuel boilers, with sizes ranging from 17 μm to 2.5 mm. The detailed model accounts for internal heat conduction, internal gaseous convection, moisture evaporation and particle shrinkage. It includes a competitive, multi-component kinetic scheme, improved for high temperatures. The discrepancy between the simplified models integrated in most CFD applications and the detailed simulations is highlighted. The simplified isothermal models underestimate pyrolysis time for the largest particles. Moreover, such models delay and shorten the volatiles release. The flame lengths, the local temperature fields and the pollutant emissions might be importantly impacted in global combustion simulations. Apparent kinetic parameters have been derived from the detailed simulations. Their use in existing simplified models improves the behavior of the biomass particles during pyrolysis, and offers therefore an efficient alternative to the integration of complex pyrolysis models in CFD codes.     

Simulation of dynamic temperature evolution in an underground coal fire area based on an optimised Thermal–Hydraulic–Chemical model

Underground coal fires (UCFs) exist in almost all coal mining countries. In this paper, an optimised Thermal–Hydraulic–Chemical model, which includes variable reaction kinetics of coal and permeability variation in UCF zones, was developed for the simulation of dynamic temperature evolution of an actual UCF in Xinjiang, China. The model was also adopted in the analysis of the effect of surface coverage permeability on the temperature field, providing a theoretical reference for UCFs control. The results demonstrate that the temperature evolution included three distinct stages which were slow-heating stage, rapid-heating stage and stable-development stage. The slow-heating stage was occupied by the low-temperature oxidation of residual coal. During the rapid-heating stage, a hotspot (combustion centre) formed in residual coal zone and moved toward the air inlet side when the temperature reached a certain threshold. And before moving back into the deeper coal seam, the hotspot developed the temperature to the maximum when it got to the air inlet side. In the stable-development stage, the hotspot spread along the coal seam with the maximum temperature staying between about 800°C and 1000°C, creating elliptical temperature anomalies around the combustion centre. The simulation proved to be in good agreement with the in situ measurements. Surface covering will extinguish the UCF when the permeability of the coverage layer is lower than 10^–10?m², otherwise the fire will persist and continue to spread.     

煤燃烧过程中一次破碎的影响因素分析

本文从理论上分析了煤燃烧过程中的一次破碎过程,同时考虑热应力和内部压力积聚的作用,建立了简化的一次破碎模型,通过此模型分析了煤颗粒的粒径、炉膛温度、炉膛对煤颗粒的传热系数、煤颗粒的热扩散系数、煤颗粒脱挥发分的化学动力学参数、煤中对流孔直径、煤的孔隙率、挥发分的粘性系数以及挥发分含量这9个参数对燃烧过程中煤颗粒一次破碎的影响,分析所得结果与近年来报道的实验结论基本保持一致。     

Partial and complete oxidation of brown coal in a supercritical water–oxygen fluid under conditions of counterflowing reactant streams

The oxidation of brown coal continuously fed as part of a coal–water slurry into a counterflowing stream of a supercritical water–oxygen fluid at a temperature difference along the reactor axis of 673–873 K and a pressure of 30 MPa has been studied. It has been found that, in the case of a partial combustion of coal (under conditions of O₂ deficiency), the yield of hydrogen-enriched products increases owing to heat evolution. Under conditions of excess O₂, coal undergoes complete oxidation. In this case, the heat evolved per unit volume of furnace space is about 1.0 MW/m³. It has been shown that the heat consumed for the implementation of the process using external sources can be partially or completely compensated for by heat evolution during homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion coupled with coal thermolysis.     

基于简单碰撞理论煤粉燃烧动力学模型的研究-PART Ⅲ:氧气可达比表面积

根据不同温度下氧分子平均自由程的大小,比较了小孔、中孔和大孔中三种扩散速率与煤焦表面燃烧速度的大小.研究表明2000 K以内,颗粒表面分子扩散速率比氧化反应速率大1个数量级以上,过度扩散速率不小于氧化速率.温度小于1200K时,燃烧速率比Knudsen扩散速率小1～5个数量级,扩散孔径小于15～28 nm,反应主要在内外表面进行;1200～1600K时,燃烧速率与Knudsen扩散速率相当,扩散临界孔径28～38 nm,反应在外表面及浅层内表面进行;温度1600K以上时,Knudsen扩散速率比燃烧速率小1个数量级,孔径38～50 nm以下内表面上碳的氧化速度受扩散控制.煤焦的氧化主要发生在Knudsen扩散临界孔径10～50 nm以上的氧气可达表面上.     

煤粉燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例实验研究

煤焦颗粒燃烧过程中,灰膜形成显著影响其燃烧特性。因此,本文借助高温沉降炉研究了61~75,75~90和90~125μm三种粒径黄陵烟煤在1273和1673 K温度下的燃烧特性与灰膜形成比例;借助扫描电镜(SEM)详细观测空心微珠颗粒内部结构,提出灰膜比例计算公式,并分析温度,粒径和碳转化率对灰膜比例的影响。结果表明,高温下大部分灰分在焦炭烧尽阶段以灰膜形式存在。灰膜比例随温度和碳转化率增加而增加,随煤粉粒径增大而减小。高温下灰分用于形成灰膜比例相对较高,这为煤焦燃尽阶段的低反应性提供了合理的解释。煤焦颗粒动态燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例随燃烧工况变化而变化。该研究为煤焦颗粒燃烧动力学模拟灰膜比例选择提供了关键数据支撑。     

In-situ observation of the combustion of air-dried and wet Victorian brown coal

This work investigates the fundamental and practical implications of the application of drying technologies to Victorian brown coal combustion. The base case of 60% moisture content coal preheated prior to combustion is compared with partially dried coal (with or without pre-heating) and coal dried to equilibrium moisture content (10–15%). Pulverised coal was combusted in a drop tube furnace and in-situ observations of combustion phenomena, particle temperature and gas temperature were made. An ignition delay was found to occur when partially dried coal was combusted without pre-heating. Flame stability was also decreased when wet coal was combusted without pre-heating. No ignition delay was observed when the water in coal was heated prior to entering the furnace, as in current boilers. The peak particle temperature was found to be higher than the wall temperature by around 130 °C for dried coal, 80 °C for preheated wet coal and 40 °C for non-preheated partially dried coal. The gas temperature profile in the furnace was measured and found to lag behind the particle temperature peak. It was concluded that the evolution and evaporation of water in the wet case lead to an ignition delay, cooler peak particle temperatures and prolonged char combustion. The difference in particle temperatures between preheated wet coal and dried coal and the gas temperature behaviour was attributed to the steam gasification reaction, although studies to elucidate reasons for the differences are ongoing. The quantified results on ignition delay and particle temperatures have important implications for the design of new technologies, in particular the boilers and feed size preparation, for power generation from high-moisture brown coals.