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1.
物理学是研究物质运动的最普遍的形态(力学的、热学的、电磁学的等等)以及它们之间相互转化的一门基础科学.物理学基础研究的目的在于认识物质运动的客观规律和揭示不同层次的物质的内部结构.但历史事实证明,作为基础科学的物理学其研究结果往往能够变成改造世界的强有力的工具  相似文献   

2.
在人口稠密的工业区,大气污染已成为严重的问题,研究污染物以及它们和大气组分的反应已成为迫切的需要了.为了预示与日俱增的污染源对环境的影响和采取及时而有效的措施,需要建立大气的数学模型.这些模型的发展、完善和与之相关的连续监测,要求具有广泛的监测功能. 地球上的生命不仅直接或间接地受近地面的大气组分的影响,而且还受到平流层及平流层以上的大气组分的影响.要用合理的成本来恰当地监测这广阔的区域,为此激光监测是唯一可能提供这种功能的技术. 一、大气遥感技术的特点 激光器的发现促进了人们对物质的非线性特性的研究,以及关…  相似文献   

3.
 时空的对称性是大自然的奇妙特性之一,这种特性几乎是无处不在。例如,从宏观的角度看,人和动物的形体结构是左右对称的,植物的结构也是左右对称的,飘落的雪花的结构也是对称的。从微观的角度看,所有晶体都是对称排列的,水分子的排列也是具有严格的对称性。对称性无论在人们的日常生活中,还是在科学研究和应用技术领域,都具有非常重要的作用和地位;它潜移默化地影响着人类的观念和思维,这点可以从人类建筑的对称结构和人的对称审美观来说明;尤其在物理科学的研究中,例如基本粒子的研究、半导体物理的研究等等,时空对称性都是处于核心地位的重要概念。  相似文献   

4.
一、从牛顿的纯绝对运动观到 爱因斯坦的纯相对运动观 在经典力学中,牛顿把物体的运动机械地割裂为“绝对的和相对的,真正的和表现的,数学的和通常的”.在他看来,相对运动“不过是整体的和绝对的运动的一部分”,“是真正运动之差”.他认为自己的“水桶实验”找到了“直接与相对运动相反的水的真正绝对的旋转运动”。当物理学的发展深入到电磁现象的新领域时,光的传播定律就与体现这种形而上学的纯绝对运动观的经典相对性原理发生了严重的抵触. 爱因斯坦抓住电磁观象对于惯性运动也具有相对性的事实,把经典相对性原理推广为狭义相对性原理.他…  相似文献   

5.
基于参数化的完全穿衣服的夸克传播子, 利用量子色动力学(QCD)研究了核子的磁矩和电荷半径平方的平均值与夸克动量的依赖关系。预言的核子磁矩和电荷半径的数值与文献中广泛应用的经验值和其他许多具有QCD特征的理论模型所预言的值一致。结果说明了核子的磁矩和电荷半径不是人们通常所理解的一个不变的常数, 而是依赖于核子中夸克动量的一个跑动量, 对于不同动量它们的值是不同的。计算结果也清楚地表明了所采用的参数化的夸克传播子的适用性和可靠性。  相似文献   

6.
物理学和天文学   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
邓祖淦 《物理》2002,31(6):372-376
历史上,物理学和天文学的发展是密切联系的。它们在整个现代科学的发展和技术的发达上起到了先锋的作用。物理学的基本规律和天文学提供的广亵的实验室构成了理想的科学发展的基础。20世纪的一系列科学上的重要突破正是这种优良结合的产物。今天,天文学和物理学又共同面对着更新的前测问题,并一道酝酿着新的科学上的重大进展。它们所取得的每一个进展也必然伴随着技术的创新和提高,也不断更新着人类的认识和文明。  相似文献   

7.
一、时间和它的标准问题在这星球土发展、生存和繁衍的人类,他们起始有时间观念恐怕不比有空间的观念来得迟。这种时间观念存在的表现有时是非常自然的。人是生存在三维空间里的,但是人类思维的发展是动的,辩证地开展的,是四维空间的。人类对于时间的感觉,是从因时而异的物质变化而觉察得的。最简单的物质的变化是一种物体的运动。不要以为颐和园门前的铜狮是  相似文献   

8.
基于我们提出的参数化的完全穿衣服的夸克传播子,我们预言了未知的赝标Goldstone玻色子的手征拉氏量的Gasser-Leutwyler系数Li。预言的G-L系的数值与在文献中广泛应用的经验值和其他许多具有QCD特征的理论模型所预言的值一致。说明参数化的夸克传播子的适用性和可靠性。  相似文献   

9.
魏会领  陈刚 《中国物理 C》2007,31(10):907-912
用蒙特卡洛模拟Jetset 7.4产生质心能量为91.2GeV的正负电子对撞事件. 在引入喷注的圆锥角后, 对不同味的夸克喷注和由不同味夸克发射的胶子产生的喷注的角分布特性进行了仔细研究. 结果发现, 在相同的能量下, 胶子喷注的角分布范围比夸克喷注的角分布范围要明显宽一些. 在带电粒子数、横动量相同的条件下, 胶子喷注的平均圆锥角比夸克喷注的平均圆锥角大很多. 喷注的平均圆锥角随带电多重数以及喷注的横动量的分布都呈线性正关联. 由不同味的夸克发射的胶子产生的喷注的圆锥角分布特性相同;而不同味的夸克喷注的圆锥角分布存在明显的差异.  相似文献   

10.
光纤的透过性能是光纤传输的重要特性之一。影响光纤透过性能的因素除了纤芯、包层玻璃的质量和几何缺陷以外,还与光纤端面的质量有关。在光纤的加工过程中,光纤端面的平整度、磨料的使用等都会影响端面的质量。讨论了影响光纤透过性能的因素;光纤端面的反射损失对透光性能的影响;增透膜对光纤端面反射的控制;加工后光纤端面的几何形状对透过性能的影响;加工后纤维端面折射率的变化情况;抛光液酸碱性的控制;抛光后光纤端面的处理。通过对光纤端面进行加工过程的控制和对光纤端面进行涂层的处理可改善光纤的透光性能。  相似文献   

11.
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12.
《Physics of Atomic Nuclei》2008,71(12):2101-2109
A spectrometer is created to study relativistic hypernuclei produced with beams of accelerated nuclei from the Nuclotron facility (Dubna, JINR). Test runs have been carried out and the conclusion is drawn that the properties of the facility meet the requirements of the task of searching for unknown and studying poorly known neutron-rich hypernuclei. Original Russian Text ? A.V. Averyanov, S.A. Avramenko, V.D. Aksinenko, M.Kh. Anikina, S.N. Bazylev, V.P. Balandin, Yu.A. Batusov, Yu.A. Belikov, Yu.T. Borzunov, O.V. Borodina, A.I. Golokhvastov, L.B. Golovanov, C. Granja, A.B. Ivanov, Yu.L. Ivanov, A.Yu. Isupov, Z. Kohout, A.M. Korotkova, A.G. Litvinenko, J. Lukstiņš, A.I. Malakhov, L. Majling, O. Majlingova, P.K. Manyakov, V.T. Matyushin, I.I. Migulina, G.P. Nikolaevsky, O.B. Okhrimenko, A.N. Parfenov, N.G. Parfenova, V.F. Peresedov, S.N. Plyashkevich, S. Pospišil, P.A. Rukoyatkin, I.S. Saitov, R.A. Salmin, V.M. Slepnev, I.V. Slepnev, M. Solar, B. Sopko, V. Sopko, E.A. Strokovsky, V.V. Tereshchenko, A.A. Feshchenko, T. Horazdovsky, D. Chren, Yu.A. Chencov, I.P. Yudin, 2008, published in Yadernaya Fizika, 2008, Vol. 71, No. 12, pp. 2137–2145.  相似文献   

13.
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16.
Cosmic Catastrophes. By R. Chapman and David Morrison. 1989, £22·95, pp. viii + 302. Plenum, ISBN 0306 431637. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

The origin of the solar system: The Capture Theory. By J. R. Dormand and M. M. Woolfson. 1989, £29·95, pp. 230. Ellis Horwood, ISBN 0 7458 0601 5. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Getting the Measure of the Stars. By W. A. Cooper and E. N. Walker. 1989, £14·95, pp. xii + 293. Adam Hilger, ISBN 0 85274 830 2. Scope: Textbook. Level: General reader.

Observing Variable Stars. A guide for the beginner. By David H. Levy. 1989, £13·95, pp. xix+198. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 32133 1. Scope: Text.

Space Plasma Physics. 1. Stationary Processes By A. Hasegawa and T. Sato. 1989, DM110·00, pp. xi+173, Springer, ISBN 3 540 5041177. Scope: Monograph. Level: Postgraduate.

Multiwavelength Astrophysics. Edited by F. Cordova. 1988, £30·00, pp. xii + 400. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 36197 4. Scope: Conference proceedings. Level: Postgraduate.

Squeezed and Nonclassical Light. Edited by R. Tombesi and E. R. Pike. 1989, £75·00, pp. x + 335. Plenum, ISBN 0 306 43084 3. Scope: Conference proceedings. Level: Postgraduate.

Photons and Nonlinear Optics. By Professor D. N. Klyshko, Translated by Yuri Sviridov. 1988, $298·00, pp. xix + 415. Gordan and Breach, ISBN 2 88124 6699. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena. Volume 8. Edited by Heinrich Hora and George H. Miley. 1988, $115·00, pp. xix + 743. Plenum, ISBN 0 306 43007 X. Scope: Conference proceedings. Level: Postgraduate

Spectrally Selective Surfaces for Heating and Cooling Applications. By C. G. Grandqvist. 1989, $38.00 (N. America), $44.00 (all other countries), pp. viii + 120. SPIE Optical Engineering Press, ISBN 0 8194 0228 1. Scope: Text. Level: Postgraduate.

Superheavy Elements. By Krishna Kumar. 1989, £25·00, pp. xvi+150. Adam Hilger, ISBN 0 85274 097 2. Scope: Text. Level: Postgraduate.

Nuclear Fusion. By Keighiro Niu. 1989, £35·00, pp. xii + 240. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 329949. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Advances in Nuclear Physics. Volume 19. Edited by J. W. Negele and Erich Vogt. 1989, $72·00, pp. xvi + 380. Plenum, ISBN 0 306 43046 0. Scope: Review. Level: Specialist.

The Elements: Their origin, abundance and distribution. By P. A. Cox. 1989, £25·00 (hbk), £9·95 (pbk), pp. viii + 207. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19 855275 0 (hbk); 0 19 855298 (pbk). Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

The Elements. By John Emsley. 1989, £9·95 (pbk), pp. vii + 256. Clarendon Press, ISBN 0 19 855237 8. Scope: Reference. Level: General reader.

Electrical Properties of Biopolymers and Membranes. By S. Takashima. 1989, £55·00, pp. xi + 396. Adam Hilger, ISBN 0 85274 1367. Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Thermal Conduction in Semiconductors. By C. M. Bhandari and D. M. Rowe. 1988, £15·95, pp. xvi + 224. John Wiley &; Sons, ISBN 0 470 21049 4. Scope: Textbook. Level: Advanced undergraduate/postgraduate.

Introduction to the Theory of Disordered Systems. By Ilya M. Lifshits, Sergei A. Gredeskul and Leonid A. Pastur. 1988, £55·00, pp. xviii + 462. John Wiley &; Sons, ISBN 0 471 87533 3. Scope: Text. Level: Postgraduate.

Defects and Structural Phase Transitions. By A. P. Levanyuk and A. S. Sigov. 1988, $112·00, pp. xiv + 208. Gordon and Breach, ISBN 2 88124 0674. Scope: Monograph. Level: Postgraduate.

Solid-State Physics Source Book. Edited by S. P. Parker. 1988, £45·00, pp. 381. McGraw-Hill Book Company, ISBN 0 07 045503 1. Scope: Reference text. Level: Undergraduate.

The Kinematics of Mixing: Stretching, Chaos and Transport. By J. M. Ottino. 1989, £50·00 (hbk), £20·00 (pbk), pp. xiv + 364. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 363357 (hbk): 0 521 36878 2 (pbk). Level: Specialist.

Computer Simulation of Liquids. By M. P. Allen and D. J. Tildesley. 1989, £20·00, pp. xix + 385. Oxford University Press, ISBN 019 855645 4. Scope: Research. Level: Postgraduate.

Quantum Electrodynamics at High Energies. By P. S. Isaev. 1989, £26·75 (hbk), pp. viii + 263. Adam Hilger, IOP Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0 88318 572 5. Scope: Textbook Level: Postgraduate.

Low Dimensional Sigma Models. By W. J. Zakrzewski. 1989, £25·00, pp. xiii + 289. Adam Hilger, ISBN 085274231 2. Scope: Text. Level: Specialist.

Nonlinear Physics. From the Pendulum to Turbulence and Chaos. By R. Z. Sagdeev, D. A. Usikov and G. M. Zaslavsky. 1988, $98·00 (hbk), $39·00 (pbk), pp. xxiii + 675. Harwood Academic Publishers, ISBN 3 7186 4828 8 (hbk), 3 7186 4829 6 (pbk). Scope: Textbook. Level: Postgraduate.

Introduction to Computing with Pascal. By Norman L. Biggs. 1989, £20·00, pp. x + 219. Clarendon, ISBN 0 19 853755 7. Scope: Text. Level: Undergraduate.

Parallel Computing: Methods, Algorithms and Applications. Edited by D. J. Evans and C. Sutti. 1989, £30·00, pp. x + 287. Adam Hilger, ISBN 0 85274 224 X. Scope: Conference proceedings. Level: Postgraduate.

Lithography in Microelectronics. Edited by T. M. Makhviladze. 1989, $62·00 (U.S.A. &; Canada), $75·00 (other countries) pp. x + 207. Nova Science, ISBN 0 941743 30 6. Scope: Multiauthor reviews. Level: Research student.  相似文献   

17.
Engines, Energy and Entropy: a Thermodynamics Primer. By J. B. Fenn. (W. H. Freeman, 1982.) [Pp. 293.] Board, £13.50; paper £6.95. Scope: Textbook. Level: General reader, Undergraduate, School.

Atomic Many-Body Theory. By I. Lindgren and J. Morrison. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. xiii + 469.] DM 110; $48.90. Scope: Treatise/Textbook, Library. Level: Specialist post-graduate.

Anderson Localization. Proceedings of the Fourth Taniguchi Symposium, Sauda-shi, Japan, November 1981. Edited by Y. Nagaoka and H. Fukuyama (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. xii + 225.] DM 75; $33.30. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Survey. Library. Level: Specialist/postgraduate; For specialists only.

Macrophysics and Geometry. By A. H. Klotz. (Cambridge University Press, 1982.) [Pp. xiv + 152.] £20.00. Scope: Treatise; Library. Level: For specialists only; Specialist postgraduate.

Early Emission Line Stars. By C. R. Kitchin. (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1982.) [Pp. xi + 182.] £16.00. Scope: Textbook. Survey. Level: Specialist post-graduate.

Aerosol Microphysics II. Chemical Physics of Microparticles. Edited by W. H. Marlow. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp.xi+189.] DM 65; $28.90. Level: For specialists only.

Optics in Biomedical Sciences. Edited by G. van Baily and P. Greguss. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. x + 274.] DM 84; $37.50. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: Specialist postgraduate.

Fundamentals of Light Microscopy. By M. Spencer. (Cambridge University Press, 1982.) [Pp. x + 93.] Hardcover £10.00; paperback £4.50. Scope: Treatise/Textbook. Level: Postgraduate, undergraduate.

Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research, 1980, Brussels Conference, July 1980. Edited by J. W. Weil and Miriam Lewis. (IAEA, Vienna, 1981.) Volume I [Pp. 866.] Aust Sch. 1340. Volume II [Pp. 855.] Aust. Sch. 1320.

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Edited by Richard K. Chang and Thomas E. Furtak. (Plenum Press, 1982.) [Pp. vi + 423.] $49.50.

More Random Walks in Science. An Anthology. By R. L. Weber. (The Institute of Physics, 1982.) [Pp. xv + 208.] £9.95. Scope: Library. Level: For specialists mainly.

Problems for Physics Students. By K. F. Riley. (Cambridge University Press, 1982.) [Pp. ix+ 179.] £12.00 hardcover; £5.95 paperback. Level: Undergraduate; school.

Reliability and Risk Analysis. Methods and Nuclear Power Applications. By N. J. McCormick. (Academic Press, 1981.) [Pp. xii+486.] $39.50.

An Introduction to Gauge Theories and the New Physics. By Elliot Leader and Enrico Predazzi. (Cambridge University Press, 1982.) [Pp. ix + 497.] £35.00 hardcover; £15.00 paperback. Scope: Treatise/Textbook. Level: Specialist postgraduate.

An Informal Introduction to Gauge Field Theories. By I. J. R. Aitchison. (Cambridge University Press, 1982.) [Pp. iv+174.] £12.50. Scope: Treatise/Textbook. Level: Specialist postgraduate.

Gauge Theories and Experiments at High Energies. 21st Scottish Universities' Summer School in Physics, 1980. Edited by K. C. Bowler and D. G. Sutherland. (SUSSP, Edinburgh University, 1981.) [Pp. 620.] £20.  相似文献   

18.
《JETP Letters》2006,84(8):413-417
The results of the experiment on the measurement of the e + e → π+π cross section in a cm energy range of 370–520 MeV are presented. The systematic measurement error is equal to 0.7%. In the vector dominance model, the pion electromagnetic radius is calculated using all the CMD-2 data on the pion form factor. The cross section for the production of a muon pair is measured in the energy range of the experiment. Original Russian Text ? V.M. Aul’chenko, R.R. Akhmetshin, V.Sh. Banzarov, L.M. Barkov, N.S. Bashtovoĭ, D.V. Bondarev, A.E. Bondar’, A.V. Bragin, N.I. Gabyshev, D.A. Gorbachev, A.A. Grebenyuk, D.N. Grigor’ev, S.K. Dhawan, D.A. Epifanov, A.S. Zaĭtsev, S.G. Zverev, F.V. Ignatov, V.F. Kazanin, S.V. Karpov, I.A. Koop, P.P. Krokovny, A.S. Kuz’min, I.B. Logashenko, P.A. Lukin, A.P. Lysenko, A.I. Mil’shteĭn, K.Yu. Mikhaĭlov, I.N. Nesterenko, M.A. Nikulin, A.V. Otboev, V.S. Okhapkin, E.A. Perevedentsev, A.S. Popov, S.I. Redin, B.L. Roberts, N.I. Root, A.A. Ruban, N.M. Ryskulov, A.L. Sibidanov, V.A. Sidorov, A.N. Skrinsky, V.P. Smakhtin, I.G. Snopkov, E.P. Solodov, J.A. Thompson, G.V. Fedotovich, B.I. Khazin, V.W. Hughes, A.G. Shamov, Yu.M. Shatunov, B.A. Shvarts, S.I. éĭdel’man, Yu.V. Yudin, 2006, published in Pis’ma v Zhurnal éksperimental’noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki, 2006, Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 491–495.  相似文献   

19.
Y. Braiman  T. Egami 《Physica A》2009,388(10):1978-1984
We describe the oscillatory crack propagation for small propagation velocities at the atomistic scale that was recently observed for brittle metallic glasses [G. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y.H. Liu, M.X. Pan, D.Q. Zhao, W.H. Wang, Appl. Lett. 89 (2006) 121909; G. Wang, D.Q. Zhao, H.Y. Bai, M.X. Pan, A.L. Xia, B.S. Han, X.K. Xi, Y. Wu, W.H. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 235501]. Based on a simple model of crack propagation [Y. Braiman, T. Egami, Phys. Rev. E, 77 (2008) 065101(R)], we derived and analyzed expressions for the feature size, oscillation period, and maximum strain accumulated in the material.  相似文献   

20.
Book review     
《Contemporary Physics》2013,54(1):115-123
Quantum Gravity 2. Second Oxford Symposium. Edited by C. J. Isham, P. Penrose and D. W. Sciama. (Oxford University Press, 1981.) [Pp. xi + 669.] £28.00.

Mekanique des Fluides Incompressibles. By J. s. Darrozes and C. François. (Springer-Verlag. 1982.) [Pp. xix + 459.] DM45; S20.00. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Relativistic Models of Extended Hadrons Obeying a Mass-Spin Trajectory Constraint. Edited by N. Mukunda, H. van Dam and L. C. Biedenharn. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. vi+163.] DM21; $8.80.

Color and Color Vision: Selected Reprints. Edited by P. L. Pease. [Pp. 139; 34 articles.] Lasers: Selected Reprints. Edited by D. C. O'Shea and D. C. Peckham. [Pp. 129; 19 articles.] (American Association of Physics Teacher, Stony Brook University, N.Y. 11794.) Each $4.50 post paid ($4.00 within USA), direct from AAPT.

Real-Space Renormalization. Edited by T. W. Burkhardt and J. M. J. van Leeuwen. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. xiii + 214.] DM 60; $26.70. Scope: Survey. Library. Level: For specialists only. Specialist post-graduate.

Stability of Thermodynamic Systems. Edited by J. Casas-Vázquez and G. Lebon (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. vii + 321.1 DM38; 516.90. Scope: Conference Proceedings, Survey. Level: Specialist post-graduate.

Neutron Capture Gamma-ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics. Edited by T. von Egidy, F. Gönnenwein and B. Maier. (The Institute of Physics, 1982.) [Pp. xx + 728.] £35.00; $77.00. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: For specialists only. Specialist postgraduate.

Light Scattering in Solids III. Recent Results. Edited by M. Cardona and G. Guntherodt. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. xi + 281.] DM99; S44.00. Scope: Treatise. Level: For specialists only.

Macroscopic Properties of Disordered Media. Courant Institute Conference, New York, June 1981. Edited by R. Burridge, S. Childressand G. Papanicolaou. (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. vii + 307.1 DM 38; $16.90. Scope: Conference Proceedings, Library. Level: Specialist post-graduate.

Astrophysical Cosmology. Proceedings of the Vatican Study Week of September-October 1981, on Cosmology and Fundamental Physics. Edited by H. A. Brück, G. V. Coyne and M. S. Longair. (Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1982.) [Pp. xxxv + 600.] $43.00 to individuals; $58.00 to institutions. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: Specialist post-graduate.

Nonlinear Differential Equations in Abstract Spaces. By V. Lakshmikantham and S. Leela. (Pergamon Press, 1982.) [Pp. x + 258.] Scope: Survey. Level: For specialists only.

Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces, IV. Edited by R. Vanselow and R. Howe (Springer-Verlag, 1982.) [Pp. xii + 495.] DM98; $43.60. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: Specialist post-graduate.

Mercury's Perihelion from Le Verrier to Einstein. By N. T. Roseveare. (Oxford University Press, 1982.) [Pp. viii + 208.] £20.00. Scope: Treatise/Textbook, Survey, Library, Library (reference). Level: For specialists, Specialist post-graduates.

Short Notices of Books

An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases. By Sir James Jeans. (Cambridge University Press, 1940 edition, revised 1982.) [Pp. 311.] £8.95 paper

International Tokarnak Reactor, Phase One. Report of the International Tokamak Reactor Workshop, organized by IAEA, Vienna, with an introduction by R. S. Pease, Chairman of the Fusion Research Council. (IAEA, Vienna, 1982.) [Pp. 860.] Aust. Sch. 1420. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: For specialists only.  相似文献   

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