基于叶绿素荧光光谱指数的温室黄瓜病害预测

温室蔬菜病害的发生及大面积流行严重影响设施农业的生产管理,大大降低设施农业的经济效益。为了实现温室蔬菜病害的无损准确预测,以黄瓜霜霉病害为例,利用激光诱导叶绿素荧光构建光谱特征指数,建立了温室蔬菜病害的预测模型。在试验中采用对比分析的方法,通过对作物健康叶片接种病菌孢子,分别采集健康、接种2d、接种6d和出现明显病症共4组试验样本的光谱曲线,定性分析了荧光强度随叶片样本感染病菌孢子的变化规律;利用光谱曲线不同波段峰谷值创建了叶绿素荧光光谱指数k_1=F_(685)/F~(512)和k_2=F_(734)/F~(512),根据数值的变化范围,设定k_1和k_2分别为20和10时可以作为判断样本出现明显病症与未出现明显病症的特征值,其判断的准确率分别达到96%和94%;利用构建的光谱指数与样本健康状况的分类结果,选择光谱指数F_(685)/F~(512),F_(685)-F_(734),F_(715)/F_(612)可以定性判断样本健康状况,并选择光谱指数F_(685)/F~(512),F_(734)/F~(512),F_(685)-F_(734),F_(715)/F_(612)作为建立定量分析模型的输入量,以预测集分类准确率作为评价标准,对比判别分析、BP神经网络、支持向量机三种数据建模方法,结果表明支持向量机作为霜霉病害预测的建模方法,其预测能力达到91.38%。利用激光诱导叶绿素荧光构建光谱指数方法,研究植物病害的预测问题,具有很好的分类和鉴别效果。     

基于叶绿素荧光光谱分析的黄瓜霜霉病害预测模型

为了实现对黄瓜病害的快速无损准确预测,基于激光诱导叶绿素荧光光谱分析技术,建立了温室黄瓜霜霉病害的预测模型.通过测定健康叶片、病菌接种3d叶片和接种6d叶片的光谱曲线,采用一阶导数光谱预处理方法,结合主成分分析数据降维方法对三组光谱数据进行特征信息提取后,建立主成分得分散点图,依据累积贡献率选取10个主成分代替导数光谱...     

一种植物叶片生化成分光谱无损检测的光程长校正方法

利用可见/近红外光谱分析技术定量分析叶片生化参数含量时,由光散射效应和叶片厚度等引起的样本间光程长差异会影响校正模型的预测精度。文章提出了一种改进的扩展多元散射校正(EMSC)光程长方法,利用差谱矩阵的主成分代替物质纯谱,对实测光谱精确建模,根据实际需要,减去相应干扰因子,得到校正光谱。选择叶绿素含量基本相同,厚度不同的16个叶片样本以及叶绿素含量和厚度均不同的32个样本分别使用改进的EMSC方法校正,对处理前后光谱变异系数和主成分贡献率进行比较和分析,并比较了预处理前后的模型预测精度。结果表明,采用改进的EMSC预处理方法能够有效地校正光散射效应和叶片厚度差异导致的光程长差异引起的光谱误差,增强光谱数据对浓度的灵敏度,可提高预测模型的精度。     

基于叶绿素荧光光谱技术的茶叶藻斑病模型研究

茶叶是我国重要的经济作物,对茶叶病害的及早发现与诊断,有利于农业生产者及时采取有效的防护措施。为了实现对茶叶病害的准确判别,采用叶绿素荧光光谱对茶叶的光谱特性展开研究。实验采集了健康茶叶样本90片,藻斑病轻度病害叶片90片,藻斑病重度病害叶片90片,并根据Kennard-Stone算法将样本数按3∶1划分训练集和预测集样本数,其中校正集为200个、验证集为70个。采用叶绿素荧光光谱采集系统对茶叶藻斑病、正常叶片进行光谱采集,其中采集参数设置为：积分时间20 ms,激光功率40 mW。分别分析了患病叶片和正常叶片的光谱响应特性,总体上看,三种叶片光谱主要存在吸收强度差异,光谱走势基本一致。在685和740 nm附近存在叶绿素的荧光峰,其差异主要表现在正常叶片光谱较另外两种叶片光谱吸收强度较高,而重度病害强度最低。然后使用多项式平滑（Savitzky-Golay）对原始光谱进行平滑和降噪处理,建立了偏最小二乘判别模型（PLS-DA）,在PLS-DA建模集模型中,误判样品数为3个,误判率为3%;PLS-DA预测集模型中,误判样品个数为5个,误判率为7.1%。然后建立4种不同核函数的支持向量机模型进行比较得到,由RBF作为核函数,经主成分分析法(PCA)降维后的变量建立的SVM模型误判率最低,准确率达到95.72%,最后采用PCA结合线性判别分析方法（LDA）建立的模型效果最好,准确率达到98.9%。其中最优主成分数的选取由留一验证法取得,选用前10个主成分进行建模时,交叉验证准确率最高,达98%。通过模型对比得到PLS-DA建模集和预测集精度都达到90%以上,以四种核函数建立的支持向量机模型中,径向基核函数模型效果较优,达到95.72%。经主成分分析后建立的LDA效果最好,识别率为98.9%。该研究采用叶绿素荧光光谱结合化学计量学对茶叶病害进行识别,为茶叶病害的快速、准确预测提供一种新方法。     

高光谱图像和叶绿素含量的水稻纹枯病早期检测识别

基于高光谱成像技术和化学计量方法，实现了对水稻纹枯病病害的早期检测识别。以幼苗时期的水稻植株为研究对象，对其进行纹枯病病菌侵染，获得染病植株，采集358～1 021 nm波段范围的高光谱图像，三次实验共240个样本，包括染病植株120个样本和健康植株120个样本。根据高光谱图像的光谱维，对染病水稻叶片和健康水稻叶片提取感兴趣区域（ROI），利用感兴趣区域的光谱数据，对其进行Savitzky-Golay（SG）平滑、Savitzky-Golay（SG）一阶求导、Savitzky-Golay（SG）二阶求导、变量标准化（SNV）和多元散射校正（MSC）预处理，建立线性判别分析（LDA）和支持向量机（SVM）分类模型，结果表明：采用SG二阶求导预处理后的线性判别分析（LDA）模型取得了较好的性能，正确识别率在建模集达98.3%，在预测集达95%；利用载荷系数法（x-loading weights, x-LW）对原始光谱和5种预处理的光谱数据进行特征波长提取，然后根据选取的特征波长建立线性判别分析（LDA）和支持向量机（SVM）分类模型，其中采用SG二阶求导预处理后提取的12个特征波长的线性判别分析（LDA）模型取得了较好的性能，其正确识别率在建模集达97.8%，在预测集达95%，而且基于载荷系数法建立的模型性能与全波段相当，可以通过载荷系数法减少数据量对水稻纹枯病病害进行识别；根据高光谱图像的图像维，研究了基于图像主成分分析、基于概率滤波和基于二阶概率滤波的图像特征提取方法，利用提取的特征变量建立反向传播神经网络(BPNN)和支持向量机（SVM）分类模型，其中基于图像主成分分析的反向传播神经网络（BPNN）模型取得了较好的性能，建模集准确识别率达90.6%，预测集的准确识别率达83.3%；根据高光谱图像光谱维和图像维的最优模型，特将叶绿素含量作为建模的另一个特征，分别与光谱特征、图像特征组合，建立反向传播神经网络（BPNN）和线性判别分析（LDA）模型，提出基于光谱特征加叶绿素含量、图像特征加叶绿素含量和光谱、图像特征加叶绿素含量三种组合方式，其中，光谱特征和图像特征分别与叶绿素组合的方式比之前单独的光谱和图像特征建模性能都有所提升，而且三种组合方式中光谱特征加叶绿素含量的反向传播神经网络（BPNN）建模方式取得本研究所有建模方式中较优的性能，其准确识别率在建模集达100%，在预测集达96.7%。以上研究表明，基于高光谱图像和叶绿素含量对水稻纹枯病病害进行早期识别是可行的，为水稻病害的早期识别提供了一种新方法。     

用MSC-ANN方法建立冬小麦叶片叶绿素与反射光谱的定量分析模型研究

采用多元散射校正(MSC)预处理方法对冬小麦叶片反射光谱进行预处理,有效地减小物理因素对光谱的影响,之后用非线性迭代偏最小二乘法(NIPALS)提取经MSC处理后的反射光谱的主成分,主成分个数由交叉证实法(Cross Validation)确定,将提取的主成分作为人工神经网络(ANN)的输入,建立人工神经网络分析模型(MSC-ANN),用冬小麦叶片的反射光谱来预测冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量。校准集的化学值与预测值的相关系数r达到0.960 4,预测标准偏差SD为0.187,相对标准偏差RSD为5.18%。检验集的化学值与预测值的相关系数r达到0.960 0,预测标准偏差SD为0.145,相对标准偏差RSD为4.21%。结果表明,MSC-ANN方法能在较大程度上消除了野外物理因素的影响,使用具有代表性的光谱数据点建立模型,能够建立准确的冬小麦叶绿素含量预测模型,可代替经典分析方法,满足冬小麦叶片叶绿素快速分析的需要。     

高光谱成像的水稻稻瘟病早期分级检测

稻瘟病是世界公认的水稻重大病害之一。实现稻瘟病害的早期分级检测,对水稻病害早期防治及精准用药具有重要意义。以大田自然发病水稻为研究对象,采集稻瘟病发病早期染病叶片和健康叶片,获取所有叶片样本在400~1 000 nm波段内的高光谱图像并提取光谱数据。水稻在染病之初不会立刻出现病斑,无法识别采集到的无斑叶片是否染病。为实现对自然染病叶片早期无病斑状态的识别,提出取染病叶片贴近病斑的非病斑区域高光谱数据作为染病等级中的1级样本进行检测分析。按照病斑面积将样本划分为4个等级：健康叶片为0级（109片）、染病无病斑为1级（116片）、病斑面积小于10%为2级（107片）、病斑面积小于25%为3级（101片）。运用主成分分析（PCA）和竞争性自适应重加权（CARS）算法进行特征变量选取,CARS提取的特征波段较多,利用PCA算法对其进一步降维。分别以全谱数据、PCA提取的4个、8个、CARS选择的21个、CARS-PCA提取的6个特征变量为输入,建立水稻稻瘟病早期高光谱支持向量机（SVM）、PCA4-SVM、PCA8-SVM、CARS-SVM和CARS-PCA-SVM检测模型。结果显示,所有模型对各级样本的检测准确率均较高,其中,对1级样本的检测准确率与其他级别相当,识别效果较好;所有模型的样本总体准确率均大于94.6%,CARS-SVM模型的总体准确率最高为97.29%,CARS-PCA-SVM模型为96.61%略低于CARS-SVM模型,但其输入变量仅为6个,较CARS-SVM的21个减少71.43%,模型更为简洁、更利于提高检测速度。因此,综合评价CARS-PCA-SVM模型最优,各级准确率分别为97.30%,94.87%,94.29%和100.00%。结果表明,所建模型检测准确度较高,可以实现对大田自然发病的稻瘟病早期分级检测,为稻瘟病染病之初无病斑叶片的检测提供新思路,为水稻稻瘟病早期防治、精准施药及检测仪器开发提供理论依据。     

高光谱图像信息的柑橘叶片光合色素含量分析技术研究

暗箱环境下采集柑橘叶片高光谱图像,采用阈值法提取整叶有效光谱信息区域的平均光谱,比对分析了柑橘叶片光谱信息不同预处理方法和光谱PLS、BPNN和LS-SVM预测模型对叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素等光合色素含量的预测精度。结果显示,采用MSC对原始光谱进行预处理和LS-SVM建模对叶绿素a含量的预测效果较好,Rp达0.898 3,RMSEP为0.140 4;采用SNV光谱预处理和LS-SVM模型对叶绿素b含量的预测其Rp为0.912 3,RMSEP为0.042 6;采用MAS预处理和PLS模型对于类胡萝卜素含量预测的Rp和RMSEP分别为0.712 8和0.062 4。结果表明:采用高光谱图像信息可较好地进行柑橘叶片叶绿素a,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素等光合色素含量的预测,为进一步研究柑橘叶片光合色素含量与组分构成的非损伤实时检测提供了依据。     

水稻叶绿素浓度对荧光光谱的影响

为了加强对水稻生长状况的监测,指导水稻的田间施肥,提高施肥利用效率,以增加农作物产量、提高粮食品质,实验室搭建了基于激光诱导荧光技术的荧光探测系统,以研究水稻叶片的叶绿素含量与荧光峰值比之间的相关性。文中测量样本为水稻分蘖期和拔节期的倒二叶,栽培地区位于中国江汉平原。文中先采用凯氏定氮法和相应公式结合测得水稻叶片的叶绿素含量(mg·g-1),再用搭建的荧光探测系统采集了水稻叶片不同叶绿素含量的荧光光谱(激发波长为355 nm)。获得了水稻叶片在不同叶绿素含量下的荧光光谱数据库,定量分析了荧光峰值比F740/F685(荧光谱峰740 nm、685 nm处的荧光强度比)与叶绿素含量的相关性,发现叶绿素含量的变化对荧光光谱特性影响明显。由实验数据分析可知荧光参数中的峰值比(F740/F685)与叶绿素含量呈现很好的线性正相关,相关系数(R2)在水稻的分蘖期和拔节期分别达到了0.9013和0.9125。实验分析结果表明诱导荧光光谱技术具有方便、快捷、无损等优点,在农作物生长状况的遥感定量监测等方面也具有一定发展潜力。     

水稻叶绿素浓度对荧光光谱的影响（英文）

为了加强对水稻生长状况的监测,指导水稻的田间施肥,提高施肥利用效率,以增加农作物产量、提高粮食品质,实验室搭建了基于激光诱导荧光技术的荧光探测系统,以研究水稻叶片的叶绿素含量与荧光峰值比之间的相关性。文中测量样本为水稻分蘖期和拔节期的倒二叶,栽培地区位于中国江汉平原。文中先采用凯氏定氮法和相应公式结合测得水稻叶片的叶绿素含量(mg·g-1),再用搭建的荧光探测系统采集了水稻叶片不同叶绿素含量的荧光光谱(激发波长为355nm)。获得了水稻叶片在不同叶绿素含量下的荧光光谱数据库,定量分析了荧光峰值比F740/F685(荧光谱峰740nm、685nm处的荧光强度比)与叶绿素含量的相关性,发现叶绿素含量的变化对荧光光谱特性影响明显。由实验数据分析可知荧光参数中的峰值比(F740/F685)与叶绿素含量呈现很好的线性正相关,相关系数(R2)在水稻的分蘖期和拔节期分别达到了0.901 3和0.912 5。实验分析结果表明诱导荧光光谱技术具有方便、快捷、无损等优点,在农作物生长状况的遥感定量监测等方面也具有一定发展潜力。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.