基于可见近红外高光谱的东北盐渍土盐分定量模型研究

为实现东北苏打盐渍土盐分的定量反演,利用光谱测量技术,建立了土壤反射光谱与土壤盐分含量之间的偏最小二乘回归模型;探讨了利用反射光谱预测土壤盐分含量的可行性;分析了不同光谱处理方法、不同重采样间隔条件下建模的精度。结果表明:基于反射光谱进行土壤盐分的定量预测是可行的。平滑后的光谱预测精度比平滑前的预测精度明显提高。平滑后倒数对数变换能够有效去除噪声影响,所建立的模型预测精度最高(R2=0.6677,RPD=1.61)。能够满足盐分预测精度的最大的重采样间隔为8nm。为大规模卫星遥感监测盐渍化土壤时空演变提供了科学的参考依据。     

盐碱地利用障碍因子高光谱遥感反演研究

选取陕北拌沙改良盐碱地为研究对象,对盐碱地利用障碍因子进行高光谱遥感反演研究。通过实测研究区域的作物长势,采集土壤样品和土壤高光谱数据,并实验测定土壤理化性质分析盐碱地利用的障碍因子,研究盐碱地利用障碍因子的高光谱特征,建立其遥感定量反演模型,并进行精度检验。研究结果表明:土壤盐分含量是制约改良盐碱地利用的主要障碍因子,毛管孔隙度与土壤盐分含量具有良好相关性,也可以作为障碍因子之一;利用土壤的高光谱数据对土壤全盐含量及毛管孔隙度进行遥感定量反演具有良好的精度(回归分析决定系数R2分别为0.938和0.973);检验样点精度检验结果表明,盐分含量及毛管孔隙度的实测值与预测值均具有良好的相关性(k均接近于1,R2分别为0.840 4和0.796 5),反演精度较高。通过高光谱数据对盐碱地改良利用的障碍因子进行遥感定量反演,对于指导盐碱地的整治改良和利用具有重要的推动作用。     

矿区复垦农田土壤重金属含量的高光谱反演分析(英文)

以矿区复垦农田土壤为研究对象,利用实验室获取的土壤重金属元素砷(As)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和铅(Pb)的含量与土壤可见近红外高光谱数据建立重金属元素含量的定量估算模型。为了保证模型预测的精度和稳定性,首先,对原始光谱数据进行平滑处理,并进行光谱变换,即:一阶导数,标准正态变量变换及连续统去除变换;然后,通过相关性分析提取不同变换光谱的特征波段;最后,将最小二乘支持向量机与传统的多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归方法的结果相比较。研究表明:(1)以不同变换光谱数据建立反演模型均有较好的稳定性并达到一定精度,其中以最小二乘支持向量机方法优于偏最小二乘回归优于多元线性回归模型(除少数几个情况外);(2)从不同光谱变换数据中提取的光谱特征对反演模型结果有一定影响,其中以连续统去除和标准正态变量变换建模结果较好,一阶导数变换稍差。因此,利用高光谱遥感技术来定量估算土壤重金属含量是可行的,而且,必要的光谱预处理对提高估算模型的精度很有帮助。     

基于光谱反射率的两种土壤有机质数学建模方法对比

已有土壤有机质的光谱预测模型其适用性受建模样本的采样尺度、土壤类型及光谱参数限制,需要在大尺度及范围上进一步检验适用性,并比较分析不同建模方法的建模效果以寻求适用性更好、精度更高的定量模型.在黑河上游大尺度范围采得225个土壤样品,进行了土壤有机质(SOC)及光谱反射率测定后将样本划分为建模集(180个土样)与验证集(45个土样).将土壤光谱反射率(R)变换处理后得到连续统去除(CR)、倒数(REC)、倒数之对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)及Kubelka-Munck变换系数共6种指标,针对建模集分别采用逐步线性回归与偏最小二乘回归方法建立12种光谱指标与SOC的数学模型,并采用验证集进行模型预测效果评价.结果表明:(1)采用逐步线性回归或偏最小二乘回归方法建模,LR指标对SOC变化的解释效果都是最好,是SOC的最优预测因子.(2)基于LR指标建立的SOC模型中,采用偏最小二乘回归模型比逐步线性回归模型的预测精度更好,相较于黑河上游已有的经验模型,偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型的预测效果也更好.(3)采用本实验的225个土壤样品对比验证了黑河上游仅有的SOC模型.该模型的SOC预测值与实测值通过了均值T检验且Pearson相关系数达0.826,表明在局部典型区域建立的SOC预测模型,可以应用到更大尺度上的土壤有机质预测研究.     

基于光谱反射率的两种土壤有机质数学建模方法对比（英文）

已有土壤有机质的光谱预测模型其适用性受建模样本的采样尺度、土壤类型及光谱参数限制,需要在大尺度及范围上进一步检验适用性,并比较分析不同建模方法的建模效果以寻求适用性更好、精度更高的定量模型。在黑河上游大尺度范围采得225个土壤样品,进行了土壤有机质(SOC)及光谱反射率测定后将样本划分为建模集(180个土样)与验证集(45个土样)。将土壤光谱反射率(R)变换处理后得到连续统去除(CR)、倒数(REC)、倒数之对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)及Kubelka-Munck变换系数共6种指标,针对建模集分别采用逐步线性回归与偏最小二乘回归方法建立12种光谱指标与SOC的数学模型,并采用验证集进行模型预测效果评价。结果表明:(1)采用逐步线性回归或偏最小二乘回归方法建模,LR指标对SOC变化的解释效果都是最好,是SOC的最优预测因子。(2)基于LR指标建立的SOC模型中,采用偏最小二乘回归模型比逐步线性回归模型的预测精度更好,相较于黑河上游已有的经验模型,偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型的预测效果也更好。(3)采用本实验的225个土壤样品对比验证了黑河上游仅有的SOC模型。该模型的SOC预测值与实测值通过了均值T检验且Pearson相关系数达0.826,表明在局部典型区域建立的SOC预测模型,可以应用到更大尺度上的土壤有机质预测研究。     

内蒙古河套灌区土壤盐分光谱定量分析研究

研究盐碱化土壤的光谱特性是利用遥感技术实现在区域尺度上进行土壤盐碱化监测和评价的工作基础.为了实现对内蒙古河套灌区土壤盐分的定量反演,于2007年7～8月间采集了河套灌区土壤样品,进行土壤化学成分及其光谱反射特性的测量.基于统计分析的方法,建立了土壤盐分与高光谱数据的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,对土壤中主要盐分参数进行了反演实验.独立验证结果表明,对全盐(S%)、硫酸根离子(SO12-)、pH值以及钾、钠总含量(Ka++Na+)有较好的反演精度,验证数据的决定系数R2分别是0.728,0.801,0.715和0.734,预测方差比(RDP)分别是1.79,1.87,1.64,1.63.将以上参数的PLSR模型回归系数聚合在TM的可见光(蓝色、绿色、红色)和近红外波段时,回归系数在数值上均有显著反应.研究结果为在航空航天遥感尺度上实现土壤盐分的定量反演提供了理论基础和实验依据.     

基于高分五号高光谱影像的干旱区盐渍化土壤盐分含量估算

目前星载高光谱传感器较少,基于高光谱影像的土壤盐分含量估算研究仍处于探索之中。高分五号(GF-5)是目前国内光谱分辨率最高的卫星。目的是研究高分五号高光谱影像大面积估算干旱区盐渍化土壤盐分含量的可行性。选择新疆焉耆为研究区域,采集了198个土壤样本。首先,检测土壤样本中的全盐量、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-的含量,利用ASD FieldSpec3地物光谱仪在实验室测定土壤样本的光谱反射率。然后,对实验室土壤光谱进行SG(Savitzky-Golay)平滑预处理,采用竞争自适应重加权采样法选择土壤盐分的特征波段,再利用偏最小二乘、岭回归和支持向量机建立土壤盐分含量的回归模型,发现实验室光谱反演土壤盐分的模型精度较高,五种土壤盐分反演模型的校正集决定系数均大于0.97,预测集决定系数均大于0.90。接着,获取土壤采样同期的高分五号高光谱影像数据并进行预处理,根据采样点位置在影像上提取了198个土壤样本的光谱曲线,使用与实验室光谱相同的反演方法,建立了高分五号影像光谱与土壤盐...     

基于野外Vis-NIR光谱的土壤有机质预测与制图

利用野外实时快速获取的土壤光谱进行土壤有机质(SOM)预测与制图是精确农业与土壤遥感制图的必然需要,利用ASD FieldSpec Pro FR野外型光谱仪实时快速获取的光谱数据,去除噪声较大的边缘波段后,进行倒数的对数转换(Log(1/R))为吸收光谱。在分析吸收光谱和光谱指数与SOM关系的基础上,采用偏最小二乘回归法进行SOM的建模预测并借助地统计学方法进行SOM空间变异制图研究。结果表明,建模效果好的指标分别为特征波段(R2=0.91,RPD=3.28),归一化光谱指数(R2=0.90,RPD=3.08),特征波段与3个光谱指数组合(R2=0.87,RPD=2.67),全波段(R2=0.95,RPD=4.36)。光谱指标的克里格制图与实测SOM制图表现出相同的空间变异趋势,不同的指标均达到了较好的预测效果。     

土壤含盐量与电导率的高光谱反演精度对比研究

探明土壤盐渍化的高光谱遥感监测机理,对改善高光谱遥感监测精度具有重要意义。以南疆地区温宿县、和田县、拜城县的水稻土为研究对象,通过分析土样的高光谱数据和室内测定的盐分与电导率数据,研究了耕作土壤含盐量与电导率的关系,并比较了含盐量和电导率与不同光谱指标的相关性以及二者高光谱反演的精度。结果表明,南疆水稻土的含盐量与电导率的相关性较低,二者之间的关系因地区差异而有较大的变化;含盐量与反射率、一阶微分、连续统去除之间的相关性要优于电导率,特别在一些土壤盐渍化的敏感波段尤为突出;以含盐量建立的多元线性回归、主成分回归、偏最小二乘回归模型的决定系数和相对分析误差均高于电导率。研究表明高光谱信息对土壤含盐量的响应比电导率更敏感,以含盐量为监测指标的高光谱反演精度明显要优于电导率。该结果可为提高土壤盐渍化高光谱遥感监测精度提供理论依据。     

双包络去除和OPLS的土壤有机碳含量反演

土壤有机碳(SOC)对土壤肥力至关重要，可见-近红外光谱能对其实现快速反演，为区域监测和定量遥感提供基础。针对包络去除(CR)仅提供反射光谱的单向吸收特征，多元回归中预测信息缺失、拟合结果未充分反映波段特征，利用世界土壤数据库245份中国土样的可见-近红外光谱，首次提出双包络去除(BCR)与正交偏最小二乘(OPLS)结合的反演方法BCR-OPLS，同时纳入光谱反射率及上、下边包络去除量，讨论组分参考值偏态分布时幂函数或对数缩放在回归时的优化作用，建立多种土壤的综合与分类估计模型，并导出适用特定类型土壤的SOC指数。结果表明，对多种土壤有机碳含量反演，相较PLSR模型(决定系数R2和估计根均方误差RMSEE分别为0.69和0.45%)，BCR-OPLS模型的预测能力明显改善(R2和RMSEE分别为0.9和0.26%)；而对单一类型土壤的反演精度则进一步提升，根据载荷趋势和变量重要性建立的SOC指数，预测如黄色铁铝土的有机碳含量时(以400，590和920 nm)，其反演结果R2达到0.94、RMSEE达到0.21%。双包络去除与OPLS相结合，增强了光谱特征诊断的鲁棒性，提高了不同类型土壤的综合与分类SOC全谱反演精度，基于直观的图谱表达可构建简单的波段预测关系，深化了物理经验吸收与统计多元回归之间的联系。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.