MATLAB在大学物理实验常用数据处理中的应用

大学物理实验的常用数据处理方法有作图法、逐差法、最小二乘法等。本文用实例介绍了MATLAB在这几种常用数据处理方法中的应用。MATLAB处理实验数据简单方便、准确度高,提高了学生的实验数据处理速度和质量。     

作图法在实验数据处理中的作用

作图法的优点是简便、形象、直观，有取平均值的效果，便于发现测量错误．利用作图法处理实验数据，有利于进一步研究实验结果，求出某些物理量，建立关系式等．在中学物理实验中，作图法在部分实验数据处理中有着广泛的应用。     

Origin软件在大学物理实验数据处理中的应用

本文以一实例详细介绍了Origin软件对大学物理实验数据处理的方法,其在处理量大繁多的实验数据时具有强大的功能,与传统的手工处理方法相比,利用该软件可以提高作图精度和减少数据处理误差.     

巧用Excel处理大学物理实验数据

以霍尔元件测量磁场为例,介绍了用Excel软件对实验数据进行分析处理的一般过程.结果表明利用Excel处理物理实验数据能大大减轻学生繁杂的数据计算及处理步骤,有效避免了手工处理所带来的误差,并且能满足一般的实验作图要求,适宜在大学物理实验数据处理方面推广应用.     

基于不确定度处理的导热系数实验挖掘

在计算机普及和大物实验智能化的时代背景下,许多理工院校特别是普通工科院校中对实验数据的处理要求逐渐简化,甚至已不再有不确定的数据处理要求。部分学有遗力或感兴趣的学生希望有更深入的数据处理与分析,但缺乏比较有可操作性的实例参考,目前导热系数的数据处理相关文献尚无不确定度处理的报道。特别是不确定处理,成了学生难以触及触摸的禁区。针对这样的现状,我们提供了方程回归法、作图法和逐差法这三种有效的数据处理方法,并首次详细给出了不确定度处理过程。基于不确定处理结果,我们进行了有效的误差分析并针对性地提出了实验的操作建议,具有一定的参考价值。     

多种方法结合处理密立根油滴实验数据

密立根油滴实验是大学物理实验比较经典的实验,用作图法处理数据求基本电荷量是比较直观的一种处理数据的方法,只要确定q1=ne中n值就可以求出基本电荷量,因此对第一个电荷的精度要求很高。在做实验时难免会存在误差,为了减小因数据处理方法带来的误差,在此提出在作图法的基础上增加分组预处理数据后再用最小二乘法处理数据。直接用作图法处理数据求出基本电荷量的相对误差为6.2%。作图法和分组法结合结果相对误差为2.6%。作图法、分组法和最小二乘法相结合处理数据相对误差为1.8%。本文提出的数据处理的方法减小了误差,可以将其应用到实际教学中。     

非良导体导热系数实验数据处理方法比较

利用作图法、逐差法以及最小二乘法三种方法对非良导体导热系数实验所测量的数据进行了处理。通过对三种数据处理方法进行分析、比较,发现逐差法是该实验中数据处理的最佳方法。     

霍尔效应实验及数据处理

本文介绍了霍尔效应实验方法，系统地研究了数据处理的方法，即平均值法、作图法、直线拟合法，并比较这三种方法的异同。     

利用Excel处理稳态法测定导热系数的实验数据

基于稳态法测定导热系数实验,为了求得更为精确的散热铜盘在稳态点的冷却率,用Excel软件处理实验数据,拟合出散热铜盘温度和时间的高阶曲线,并得出稳态点的切线方程,从而求得冷却率及导热系数。减少了手工作图求解切线方程所带来的误差,提高了数据处理的效率和实验结果的准确性。     

作图法处理数据及其不确定度的评定

作图法处理数据是大学物理实验训练内容之一。本文强调了作图法的作用与优点,较详尽的说明了作图法的具体规范以及如何用图线上的直线与斜率导出物理量的方法,最后给出作图法处理数据不确定度的一般方法。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.