阵元固体指向性补偿对超声全聚焦成像的 优化研究*

超声全聚焦成像中,声波的传播受到阵元指向性的影响,位于阵元不同方位的缺陷成像幅度不同。缺陷相对阵列中心偏角越大,回波幅度越低,容易造成漏检。为提高超声全聚焦算法对固体中大偏角缺陷的成像能力,该文引入了矩形阵元固体指向性函数,建立了基于固体指向性补偿的超声全聚焦优化算法,利用指向性系数对不同角度区域的成像进行幅值补偿。实验结果表明,相对于基本超声全聚焦和传统指向性补偿的超声全聚焦算法,该文固体指向性优化算法对大偏角缺陷的成像幅度补偿效果更好,检测灵敏度更高,有效避免了缺陷漏检,扩展了超声全聚焦算法检测范围。     

阵元间互辐射对基阵指向性的影响研究及试验

针对常规基阵指向性图计算并未考虑阵元间互辐射阻抗影响这一不足,修正了常规基阵指向性图计算公式。将阵元间的互辐射阻抗引入到水声基阵的辐射声场计算中,并依据叠加原理得到包含阵元间互辐射阻抗的基阵指向性图计算修正公式。15元均匀线列阵和5×5均匀平面阵的计算机仿真和消声水池试验结果表明,该修正公式相比于常规公式更能反映基阵指向性图的真实情况。      

硅油介质中矩形电容式微机械超声换能器发射与接收声场特性研究

与传统压电式超声换能器相比,基于微机电系统微加工技术制备的电容式微机械超声换能器(CMUT)具有频带宽、灵敏度高、一致性好、易于集成等优势,在医学超声成像中具有广阔的应用前景。该文针对研制的矩形CMUT器件,开展硅油介质中CMUT发射、接收声场特性的理论分析及实验验证研究。首先,针对CMUT阵元结构特征和工作原理,根据指向性函数理论和Bridge乘积原理,建立了矩形CMUT阵元指向性函数分析模型。此基础上,分析微元数目以及谐振频率对CMUT指向性的影响规律。最后,针对7 mm×7 mm二维矩形CMUT在硅油介质中的发射和接收特性进行了实验验证,测试表明发射指向性曲线与仿真理论曲线基本吻合;此外,CMUT接收与发射指向性的测试表明,收发指向性具有一致性,从而验证了声场的互易性。该文的研究对CMUT器件的封装设计以及基于CMUT阵列的乳腺超声CT成像系统的研制具有重要参考价值。     

水下应用的电容式微机械超声换能器阵列设计

为提高用于水下成像的电容式微机械超声换能器的指向性,文中用ANSYS力电耦合分析法设计了工作频率为400 k Hz的收发一体传感器的结构参数并完成了实验验证。同时研究了阵列设计方法,分析了电容式微机械超声换能器阵列各参数对指向性的影响,完成了从微小敏感单元到阵列的设计,实现了阵列指向性的优化设计。该阵列为16阵元的线阵,阵元间距为1.925 mm,阵元宽度为1.82 mm。进行了水下指向性测试,实验表明该线阵的-3 dB主瓣宽度为5?,最大旁瓣级为-13.5 dB,对称性好。该设计是实现较远距离的探测,提高成像分辨率的前提。     

扬声器线阵列高频波导有效辐射率的测量方法

研究了一种获取扬声器线阵列高频波导有效辐射率的简单可靠的方法。利用乘积理论和菲涅尔原理,得出在副瓣角度处扬声器线阵列与单节高频波导的垂直指向性相等,且均与其有效辐射率呈sinc函数的简单关系。按照此理论,通过实验测量单节高频波导单元的指向性,得到线阵列的有效辐射率平均值为82.5%,并测量整个线阵列进行验证实验,计算均方误差为0.051。结果表明,该方法可以快速得到阵列的有效辐射率,且准确度高。      

前视声呐圆弧接收阵列结构优化设计

针对前视声呐线阵波束形成各向同性较差及半圆阵有效孔径受限的问题,提出了一种优化的圆弧接收阵列结构设计方法。根据不同的成像开角,设计圆弧接收阵圆心角使全部阵元参与所有来波方向的波束形成。建立圆弧接收阵的远近场聚焦模型,并推导圆弧接收阵的指向性函数,根据边界波束栅瓣阈值条件计算具有最佳波束性能的圆弧接收阵半径。对圆弧阵、线阵及半圆阵在不同扇区开角下的波束性能及扫查开角120°、纵深100 m的仿真图像对比表明,在成像开角为90°到130°时,圆弧接收阵主瓣性能提升了8%,边界波束栅瓣级优化了4%,交叉向分辨深度相对线阵与半圆阵分别增加了20 m和45 m,同时参数存储量仅为线阵的2.7%。该阵列兼具有效孔径大、波束各向同性的优点,能有效提高前视声呐系统探测性能,并降低算法实现难度。      

Maximization of the directivity ratio with the desired audible gain level for broadband design of near field loudspeaker arrays

This paper mainly addresses design methods for near field loudspeaker arrays. These methods have been studied recently since they can be used to realize a personal audio space without the use of headphones. From a practical view point, they can also be used to form a directional sound beam within a short distance from the sources especially using a linear loudspeaker array. In this regard, we re-analyzed the previous near field beamforming methods in order to obtain a comprehensive near field beamforming formulation. Broadband directivity control is proposed for multi-objective optimization, which maximizes the directivity with the desired gain, where both the directivity and the gain are commonly used array performance measures. This method of control aims to form a directive sound beam within a short distance while widening the frequency range of the beamforming. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that broadband directivity control achieves higher directivity and gain over our whole frequency range of interest compared with previous beamforming methods.     

基于分组时延预处理的时域波束形成方法*

对于不等强度多目标情况下的弱目标检测问题,依据波束形成归一化指向性函数在目标方向上输出值为1、在非目标方向上输出值为小于1的特性,提出一种基于分组时延预处理的时域波束形成方法。该方法首先对线列阵接收数据进行分组处理;然后,按搜索角度对各组数据进行时延预处理,并对各组预处理结果进行相加,得到一组新数据;最后,对该组新数据按时域波束形成进行处理,得到该搜索角度对应波束值。理论推导、数值仿真和试验数据处理结果均表明：相比常规时域波束形成,该方法所得波束形成指向性函数发生了变化,旁瓣级得到了13dB以上的改善,降低了强目标旁瓣级对弱目标检测的影响。     

Optimization of Directivity of Point Source Array by Using Pseudostochastic Sequences

We investigate the methods to optimize the directivity of point source array by using pseudostochastic sequences. Maximum-length sequence （MLS） array and Quadratic-residue sequence （QRS） array are theoretically analysed, and their simulated responses are shown. The results indicate that pseudostochastic sequences can be used to optimize the directivity of point source array.     

Experimental Estimation of the Emission Directivity of a Moving Surface Vessel in Shallow Water

The possibility of constructing an acoustic model of a surface ship’s noise emission in the far field using monopole-type emitters uniformly distributed along the hull is investigated. Experimental data obtained in shallow water are used to calculate the characteristics of equivalent monopole emission sources that form a total sound field similar to the sound field from a moving surface ship. The powers of each monopole and the cross-correlations between them are calculated. For the selected discrete components and linear model of an extended source, the directivity patterns are constructed, reduced to the free space. In the experiments and calculations, technical tools and algorithms were used that ensure high-precision positioning of the vessel with respect to the receiving elements of the array. An equivalent model of the waveguide transfer function in the operations area was preliminarily obtained by acoustic waveguide calibration using specially developed equipment, experimental techniques, and processing algorithms. This made it possible to use adequate seafloor models and the waveguide transfer function when calculating the equivalent sound field and directivity pattern. Good agreement is shown between the calculated and experimental data, both of the directivity pattern and field distribution along the transit characteristics. Practical recommendations are given for developing methods to measure the noise fields of surface vessels.