弯叶片对压气机叶片表面流动稳定性影响研究

本文研究了压气机叶栅中采用弯叶片对叶片表面流动稳定及转捩的影响.以风洞测得的叶片表面静压实验数据为基础,通过求解Falkner-Skan方程,获得不同来流马赫数下叶片边界层内气动参数.将以上结果作为边界层的平均流动值,结合数值离散化的正交曲线坐标系线性抛物化稳定性方程(PSE),对边界层流动的稳定性进行特征值分析.计算结果表明,在压气机中采用弯叶片,可改善叶栅吸力面两端区边界层的流动,但同时会恶化叶栅吸力面中部边界层流动的稳定性;合理地匹配选择叶片的弯向与弯量,才能有效地提高扩压叶栅的整体流动稳定性.     

采用端壁边界层抽吸方法抑制时栅二次流的效果分析

１前言叶栅端壁边界层和叶片表面边界层的发展及其产生的各种旋涡和分离流动对二次流损失有着重要的影响［１,２］,采用端壁边界层抽吸可以控制叶栅端壁上边界层的发展,从而降低二次流损失并改善出口气流的均匀性。同时,在汽轮机湿蒸汽静叶栅中有时也需在端壁上开设抽...     

压气机叶栅流场和气动性能的无粘流-边界层迭代计算

本文给出一种计算压气机叶栅流场和气动性能的无粘流-边界层迭代方法.这种方法能够计算叶片后缘附近有紊流边界层分离的流动,考虑了尾迹对主流的位移效应.对一个高亚音速压气机叶栅的最小损失工况,计算得到的叶片型面M数分布、叶栅出口气流角、总压损失系数和试验值符合良好.     

基于转捩SST模型凸起圆柱绕流数值研究

为了研究局部凸起对边界层转捩的影响,采用转捩SST模型分别对亚临界、临界和超临界状态下带突起的圆柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟,分析了不同Reynolds数下带突起的圆柱绕流问题的近壁面流动特征以及表面时均压力与摩擦力系数的分布和凸起对圆柱表面流动分离以及转捩的影响,对比了有无凸起两侧圆柱表面时均压力、摩擦力系数的不同. 结果表明:当来流Reynolds数处于临界区时,气流在圆柱上表面凸起处形成了3个反向旋转的漩涡,之后随着θ的增大,发生了流动分离和流动转捩现象;对于不同Reynolds数下的来流,圆柱上表面的凸起可以使气流发生转捩的位置提前;圆柱上表面的凸起使流速增大、压强降低,从而导致圆柱产生升力,随着来流Reynolds数的增大,其升力逐渐变大.      

数值模拟不等距叶片对贯流风机的影响

贯流风机的通过频率(BPF)是其重要的噪声频率.降低BPF噪声可以降低基频处的声压级,其中一种方法是采用不等距叶片.本文采用3种叶片距分布形式,采用realizable k-ε两方程和大涡模拟(LES)湍流模型模拟了风机的内流场,计算线性欧拉方程(LEE)中声源项得到声源位置及强度,采用基于Lighthill声类比的FW-H积分方程获得了叶轮和蜗舌处偶极子型的离散噪声频谱.比较了不同叶片距对风机性能,噪声特别是BPF噪声的影响.计算结果表明在对性能影响较小的情况下,不等距叶轮可降低BPF噪声和总A声级噪声.     

流体机械叶轮中三维边界层正反解法及其同势流迭代计算的比较

本文对于流体机械叶轮中叶片面三维边界层的正犀解法进行了比较,并且边界层的正反解法分别与叶轮内的三维势流迭代,完成了叶轮中无粘一有粘的相互作用的计算。计算叶轮为可遗式水轮机转轮,计算表明:边界层的反解法可以满足叶片面有局部分离流的非设计工况的计算。     

离心风机气动──声学优化设计方法

离散噪声是低比转速高心风机的主要噪声源．本文建立了一个计算低比转速离心风机气动性能及声学性能的优化模型．利用风机的损失模型和离散噪声模型，首先建立一个总的综合评价函数，对风机的离散噪声及效率进行综合评估，然后采用复合形法进行优化．使用此优化模型，可在风机效率变化很小的情况下，使风机的离散噪声下降3－5分贝．     

离心泵叶片压力面固液两相流的边界层分析

给出了离心泵叶片压力表面固液两相流体边界层控制方程和叶片压力面边界层分离参考点位置估算的一种方法,通过实例计算分析了相关的边界层参数,计算结果说明固液两相流的边界层厚度δ2随叶片弯曲系数Kν的减低和随质量浓度ρm的增加而减薄,并给出了对比试验的验证结果,结果是大于临界速度系数的叶片将使测试泵的性能有不同程度的下降,并且测试浓度的增加有抑制边界层分离的作用。它说明离心泵叶片压力面两相流边界层分离点的位置是随叶片形状的改变而移动的,是可以控制的。     

贯流叶轮的旋转模态分析

应用旋转模态理论和CFD方法研究贯流叶轮的离散噪声特性,并分析贯流风机远场噪声主要呈现宽频的原因.设计了三种不同的蜗壳匹配方案,以控制贯流风机内主要的涡结构。通过采用CFD方法计算不同方案中贯流风机内部涡流动结构主要位置,确定出贯流叶轮上下游发生干涉的叶片数。根据模态分析理论,计算了不同蜗壳及蜗舌匹配方案中贯流叶轮的截止率。计算结果表明,由于叶轮内主流速度较低,使得贯流风机的离散噪声不明显。     

风力机专用翼型的反设计

本文根据翼型表面压力分布对边界层的影响,分析翼型表面压力分布的特点,以XFOIL计算软件为设计平台,采用其中的混合反设计模块,通过合理改变翼型表面的速度分布来得到气动特性满意的翼型。所设计的翼型主要要求具有高的设计升力系数、高的最大升阻比、良好的前缘粗糙不敏感性及和缓的失速特性。在提高设计升力系数的同时限制最大升力系数,以减小两者的差值,减小叶片的极限载荷。经计算分析,采用反设计优化得到的翼型与DU翼型相比具有很好气动特性。     

铜丝水中电爆炸能量沉积特性

对s脉冲电压作用下铜丝水中电爆炸的能量沉积过程进行了实验研究,利用自积分Rogowski线圈和电阻分压器分别测量铜丝电爆炸时的电流和电压。利用测量电压波形确定了熔融起始、熔融结束、汽化起始和击穿时刻点,将铜丝电爆炸划分成熔融、液态和汽化3个阶段。通过数学方法计算了3个阶段和击穿前的沉积总能量。通过实验和计算,分析了电路参数,包括放电电压和回路电感,以及铜丝特性,包括铜丝长度和直径,对铜丝电爆炸过程中3个阶段和击穿前沉积总能量的影响。结果表明:在s脉冲电压作用下,放电电压、回路电感、铜丝长度和直径对熔融阶段能量沉积影响较小,但对液态和汽化阶段能量沉积影响较大,通过调节电路参数提高电流上升速率,可以显著提高汽化和击穿前的沉积能量。     

基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的煤岩识别方法研究

煤岩识别一直是制约煤矿无人化开采的关键问题之一。传统的人工采煤因为工作环境极其复杂,很难精准地找到煤岩的分界面,容易造成欠切割或过切割现象。太赫兹光谱技术作为一种无损探测技术,能够反映出被测物体的物理和化学信息,可以成为研究煤岩识别的有效方法。采用太赫兹时域光谱技术与多元统计法—聚类分析（CA）和主成分分析（PCA）相结合的方法来识别不同种类的煤岩。通过透射式太赫兹光谱仪获得六种煤岩样品的太赫兹光谱,对其进行FFT等一系列数学计算可以得到各种样品的折射率、吸收系数以及介电常数。计算结果表明不同种类的煤岩在折射率、吸收系数上都存在差异。分析各类煤炭样品的折射率和吸收系数与样品的各组成成分含量之间的关系,可以发现碳含量是影响其样品折射率大小的因素之一,灰分含量是影响其样品吸收系数大小的因素之一。聚类分析中两类样品的欧氏距离与主成分分析中的第一主成分（PC1）得分都能反映煤岩样品之间的相似性和相异性,并且CA与PCA的结果保持一致。分别将各类样品在0.5～2.5 THz频率范围内的折射率、吸收系数与CA和PCA结合,组成太赫兹数据与煤岩之间的模型。分析表明：根据不同样品之间的相似性,两种模型中六种煤岩样品均被分为两类;在各种样品的吸收系数与CA-PCA组成的模型中,四种煤炭被聚集在一起,并且石英砂岩（GSR-4）具有很好的独特性：石英砂岩拥有最小的PC1得分值以及石英砂岩与第二类之间的欧氏距离最大,为219.03。由此可见采用太赫兹技术与多元统计方法结合,可以实现煤岩的准确识别,识别准确率可以达到100%。     

基于表面增强拉曼技术的致病菌及其耐药性检测研究进展

随着抗菌药物广泛应用于临床,细菌耐药日益严重。实现快速、高灵敏、准确的细菌及其药物敏感性检测是缓解细菌耐药的关键环节。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)具有快速、灵敏、无损等优点,可直接获取分子指纹信息,它已成为一种有效的细菌及其耐药性检测技术。不同种类细菌的分子组成和结构存在差异、抗生素处理前后细菌的特征拉曼信号会发生变化,这为表面增强拉曼光谱技术在致病菌及其耐药性检测中的应用提供了依据。基于分子组成与结构的差异, 结合传统多分类数据分析以及机器学习算法,表面增强拉曼光谱技术可以提供客观的诊断信息。这篇综述回顾了近年来表面增强拉曼光谱技术对于致病菌及其耐药性检测的研究进展, 阐述了当前表面增强拉曼光谱技术应用于致病菌检测面临的问题。首先,讨论了致病菌及其耐药性检测中常用SERS基底的材料和结构：金纳米粒子、银纳米粒子、银包金纳米粒子以及新型纳米材料与纳米粒子结合形成的复合SERS基底。然后,概述了SERS检测中捕获细菌的方法,主要介绍了基于核酸适配体、免疫磁性分离、微流控系统以及静电结合的捕获方法,包括上述捕获方法的原理以及捕获方式,综述了以上捕获方法的研究进展。最后,总结了致病菌SERS光谱的各种数据分析方法,通过光谱预处理,特征提取与分类识别,以及构建致病菌SERS光谱诊断模型,实现致病菌及其耐药性的检测;比较了传统的数据分析方法以及机器学习分析方法,重点介绍了深度学习算法在致病菌及其耐药性SERS检测中的优势与应用。文章也对表面增强拉曼光谱应用于致病菌及其耐药性检测的关键问题进行了讨论,并对基于表面增强拉曼技术的致病菌及其耐药性检测方法进行了展望,以促进表面增强拉曼光谱技术在临床检测中的应用。     

Peculiar Features of Thermal Aging and Degradation of Rapidly Quenched Stainless Steels under High-Temperature Exposures

This article presents the results of comparative studies of mechanical properties and microstructure of nuclear fuel tubes and semifinished stainless steel items fabricated by consolidation of rapidly quenched powders and by conventional technology after high-temperature exposures at 600 and 700°C. Tensile tests of nuclear fuel tube ring specimens of stainless austenitic steel of grade AISI 316 and ferritic–martensitic steel are performed at room temperature. The microstructure and distribution of carbon and boron are analyzed by metallography and autoradiography in nuclear fuel tubes and semifinished items. Rapidly quenched powders of the considered steels are obtained by the plasma rotating electrode process. Positive influence of consolidation of rapidly quenched powders on mechanical properties after high-temperature aging is confirmed. The correlation between homogeneous distribution of carbon and boron and mechanical properties of the considered steel is determined. The effects of thermal aging and degradation of the considered steels are determined at 600°C and 700°C, respectively.     

Determination of mineral element concentrations in wheat,sunflower, chickpea and lentil cultivars in response to P fertilization by polarized energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence

Concentrations of elements (P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Si, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, Al, Ti, Ni, Ba, As, Br, Rb and Sr) of wheat, sunflower, chickpea and lentil cultivars grown in low and high phosphorus soil were investigated by polarized energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). The phosphorus treatment x cultivars interaction was significant for the growth and element concentrations, and cultivars within plant species differed considerably with respect to element concentrations as the result of P fertilization. Shoot growth of the cultivars of each plant species was increased in response to phosphorus fertilization. Application of P increased the P concentrations of wheat, sunflower, chickpea and lentil cultivars. Under high P conditions, mean K concentrations of wheat and sunflower cultivars were decreased while the mean K concentrations of chickpea and lentil were increased. With the exception of sunflower cultivars, applied P significantly increased S concentration of the cultivars of wheat, chickpea and lentil. Calcium concentrations of wheat and sunflower cultivars were reduced by P fertilization and that of chickpea and lentil were increased. Applied P decreased mean Mg concentrations in sunflower, increased in chickpea and lentil cultivars and showed no effects on the wheat cultivars. Applied P significantly decreased mean Si concentrations of wheat and sunflower while mean Si concentrations of the chickpea and lentil cultivars were increased. Chloride concentrations of the wheat and sunflower cultivars were decreased and those of the chickpea and lentil cultivars were increased by applied P. In general, Fe concentrations of the wheat and chickpea cultivars were significantly increased by applied P. Zinc and Cu concentrations of all the cultivars of the four plant species were reduced by P, particularly Zn concentrations. However, applied P increased mean Mn concentrations of wheat and chickpea and decreased those of chickpea cultivars. Mean Mo concentrations of wheat and chickpea increased but decreased in sunflower and lentil cultivars. In general, applied P increased mean Na concentration of wheat and decreased that of chickpea and lentil. Aluminum concentrations of wheat and chickpea cultivars were decreased by applied P. Applied P decreased Ti concentrations of wheat and sunflower cultivars and increased Ti concentrations of chickpea and lentil. Nickel concentrations of wheat and chickpea were increased and those of sunflower and lentil were decreased by applied P. Applied P reduced the Ba and increased As and Rb concentrations of all the cultivars within the plant species. Bromine concentrations of wheat and lentil were decreased and those of sunflower and chickpea were increased by applied P. Finally, Sr concentrations in wheat and sunflower cultivars were reduced, and increased in chickpea cultivars with applied P. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于流场模拟的涡旋压缩机涡齿应力变形分析

为了更准确地计算涡旋压缩机涡旋齿的应力和变形,提出一种基于流场模拟的应力变形计算方法。通过对涡旋压缩机工作过程进行气体流动的数值模拟,得到其压力场和温度场分布。将流场分布作为载荷边界条件进行涡旋齿的受力变形计算,得到涡旋齿在气体压力、热载荷及其同时作用下的应力分布和变形规律。分析了涡旋齿的径向变形和轴向变形,讨论了不同主轴转角下的涡旋齿应力和变形,比较了动涡旋齿和静涡旋齿的变形。结果表明:在压缩结束时刻动涡旋齿的应力和变形最大,最大应力位于齿头根部,最大变形位于齿头顶部。     

激光透射成像法测量石英管的外径与壁厚

为了同时同位测量石英管的外径和壁厚,建立了激光透射成像系统,对系统测量原理进行研究。基于几何光学和菲涅尔公式,分别导出平行光垂直照射石英管后的透射光线偏向角、相对光强与入射光线离轴距离之间的关系;通过数值计算,分析了偏向角、相对透射光强随入射光线离轴距离的变化特点;针对物方远心光路,分析了光阑对偏向角和相对光强的限制;基于CCD成像原理,通过引入标定系数和补偿因子,导出石英管外径与壁厚的计算公式。实验结果表明:外径绝对误差和相对误差的平均值分别为0.119mm和0.91%,壁厚绝对误差和相对误差的平均值分别为0.153mm和6%。     

木材种类的近红外光谱和模式识别

木材的种类识别是木材加工和贸易的一个重要环节，传统的木材种类识别方法主要有显微检测法和木材纹理识别法，其操作繁琐，耗时长，成本高，不能满足当前需求。本研究利用木材的近红外光谱(NIRS)结合模式识别方法，以期实现木材种类的快速准确识别。采用近红外光谱结合主成分分析法(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLSDA)和簇类独立软模式法(SIMCA)三种模式识别对58种木材进行种类鉴别研究；5点平滑、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、Savitzky-Golay一阶导数(SG 1st-Der)和小波导数(WD)五种光谱预处理方法用于木材光谱的预处理；校正集和测试集样品的正确识别率(CRR)用于模型的评价。采用PCA方法，通过样品的前三个主成分空间分布图分辨木材种类的聚类情况。在建立PLSDA模型，原始光谱的正确识别率最高，分别为88.2%和88.2%；5点平滑处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为88.1%和88.2%；SNV处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为84.4%和84.5%；MSC处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为83.1%和84.2%；SG 1st-Der处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为81.8%和82.7%；WD(小波基为“Haar”，分解尺度为80)处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为87.3%和87.2%。可知，在PLSDA模型中，木材光谱未经预处理种类识别效果最后好。在建立SIMCA模型过程中，原始光谱的校正集和测试集的CRR分别为99.7%和99.4%；5点平滑处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为100%和100%；SNV处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为99.5%和99.1%；MSC处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为99.0%和98.4%；SG 1st-Der的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为81.8%和82.7%；WD处理的光谱校正集和测试集的CRR分别为100%和100%。可知，在SIMCA模型中，木材光谱经平滑和小波导数处理后的识别效果最好，且光谱的校正集和测试集CRR都为100%。采用三种模式结合五种不同的预处理方法对木材近红外光谱进行定性建模识别时，由于木材样本属性复杂，主成分分布图相互交织，PCA无法识别出58种木材；原始光谱的PLSDA模型可以得到较好的判别模型，但校正集和测试集的CRR只有88.2%和88.2%；木材光谱经过5点平滑或WD预处理后的SIMCA模型可达到最好的识别效果，校正集和测试集的CRR均为100%，且WD-SIMCA模型因子数比5点平滑SIMCA模型小，模型更为简化，故WD-SIMCA为58种木材种类识别的最优模型。研究表明光谱预处理方法可以有效的提高木材种类识别精度，有监督模式识别方法SIMCA可以用来建立有效的木材识别模型，近红外光谱结合模式识别可以为木材种类的识别提供一种快速简便的分析方法。     

How can nanobiotechnology oversight advance science and industry: examples from environmental,health, and safety studies of nanoparticles (nano-EHS)

Nanotechnology has great potential to transform science and industry in the fields of energy, material, environment, and medicine. At the same time, more concerns are being raised about the occupational health and safety of nanomaterials in the workplace and the implications of nanotechnology on the environment and living systems. Studies on environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues of nanomaterials have a strong influence on public acceptance of nanotechnology and, eventually, affect its sustainability. Oversight and regulation by government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play significant roles in ensuring responsible and environmentally friendly development of nanotechnology. The EHS studies of nanomaterials can provide data and information to help the development of regulations and guidelines. We present research results on three aspects of EHS studies: physico-chemical characterization and measurement of nanomaterials; emission, exposure, and toxicity of nanomaterials; and control and abatement of nanomaterial releases using filtration technology. Measurement of nanoparticle agglomerates using a newly developed instrument, the Universal NanoParticle Analyzer (UNPA), is discussed. Exposure measurement results for silicon nanoparticles in a pilot scale production plant are presented, as well as exposure measurement and toxicity study of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Filtration studies of nanoparticle agglomerates are also presented as an example of emission control methods.     

Studies on nano suspensions of silver sol and redispersed nanocrystallite silver in aqueous and alcoholic media

Nanocrystallite silver and silver sol were prepared and characterized by UV-visible spectra, XRD, TEM and HRTEM. The crystallite silver is re-dispersed in two different media, namely, water and alcohol and sonicated before ultrasonic investigation. The silver sol was used as such. Three different models for the propagation of ultrasound through two phase media are compared in these three different types of nano suspensions. Effect of particle size and medium on ultrasonic velocity (U), compressibility (κ) impedance (Z) and viscous relaxation time (τ) is studied. The particle concentration range was 0.2-1 v/v. Density and viscosity of the dispersion and sol are measured at different particle volume fractions. Effective density and ultrasonic velocity are computed by Urick, Kuster and Toksöz and Urick and Ament models and compared with experimental velocities. Values of effective density obtained by using Urick and Urick and Ament equations closely agree with experimental results of density while Urick's equation prediction of velocity is in close agreement with the experimental velocities. This comes as a surprise in view of the large density difference between the medium and suspended particle and suggests the possibility of the balancing effect of the inertial and viscous forces operating in the suspension.