Quantum design of semiconductor active materials: laser and amplifier applications

We present an overview of a novel first‐principles quantum approach to designing and optimizing semiconductor quantum‐well material systems for target wavelengths. Using these microscopic inputs as basic building blocks we predict the light‐current (LI) characteristic for a low power InGaPAs ridge laser without having to use adjustable fit parameters. Finally we employ these microscopic inputs to develop sophisticated simulation capabilities for designing and optimizing end packaged hi gh power laser structures. As an explicit example of the latter, we consider the design of a vertical external cavity semiconductor laser (VECSEL).     

Three regimes of dynamic fragmentation of shells

The effect of the diameter of shells of structural steel 45Cr on the parameters of the cumulative numerical distribution of fragments by mass and the cumulative mass distribution of fragments by length has been studied. It is found that the statistical fragment distributions by mass for shells of different diameters are described well by exponential relation, whereas the cumulative mass distributions of fragments by length are described by power functions. The exponents in these relations depend on the shell diameter. Plotting the cumulative mass distribution of fragments by length allows one to relate the mechanisms of dynamic fracture with fragmentation regimes, which differ in the parameters of the power relation characterizing the formation of fragments of the basic spectrum.     

镧和铈对两种细菌生长的影响及胞内DNA的荧光光谱分析

为了研究镧,铈对细菌生长及核酸的影响,用光电比浊法测定了镧,铈和钙调蛋白抑制剂(氯丙嗪)存在时两种细菌的生长曲线,并用荧光光谱法研究了镧,铈对小牛胸腺DNA和细菌胞内DNA结构的影响。结果显示适当浓度(200 mg·L-1)稀土元素可以促进细菌的生长和繁殖,比对照提前进入对数期,扫描电镜观察也显示镧,铈可以促进枯草芽孢杆菌个体的生长,菌体体积比对照更大,但促进繁殖的作用会被氯丙嗪抑制,表明镧,铈促进细菌生长的机理可能与钙调蛋白的功能有关;荧光光谱分析显示镧,铈会使小牛胸腺DNA荧光增强,镧、铈浓度分别为5和10 mg·L-1时荧光增强作用最大;但镧使细菌胞内DNA荧光猝灭,铈使其荧光增强,结论认为镧,铈对核酸的影响远比想象的要复杂。     

Republication of: The beginning of the world from the point of view of quantum theory

This is a reprinting of a very short note by Georges Lemaitre, first published in Nature in 1931, in which he envisages the Universe evolving out of a single atom by quantum processes. The paper has been selected by the Editors of General Relativity and Gravitation for re-publication in the Golden Oldies series of the journal. This republication is accompanied by an editorial note written by Jean-Pierre Luminet.     

模拟合成孔径雷达数据片波差的测量和胶片、波差的容限

本文介绍一种用马赫-陈德干涉系统测量模拟合成孔径雷达数据片波差的方法.该法能把两种原因产生的波差区分开来,即把通过胶片变形的波面与平面参考波面比较,求出胶片厚度不平产生的波差;把合成孔径雷达数据片的一级衍射波面与两个半径不等的参考球面波比较,分别求出由模拟装置产生的方位维和斜距维波差.本文给出一些实验结果和分析.这种方法还可以用于测量真实合成孔径雷达数据片的波差.由胶片厚度变化产生的波差可以用液体门补偿.但是,在实际中使用液体门是很繁复的,有时也没有必要.因此,我们认瑞利准则出发导出合成孔径雷达数据片胶片厚度变化产生的波差的容限,以此作为判断是否要用液体门的依据.     

橙皮苷的提取与橙皮苷-钕配合物的合成

采用碱提酸沉法从桔子皮中提取橙皮苷,并以橙皮苷化合物为配体与钕金属离子配位,合成出橙皮苷-钕配合物.利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(KBr压片),对橙皮苷及其配合物进行了结构表征.     

Recalculation of sextic centrifugal distortion constants of ozone

A complete set of sextic centrifugal distortion constants of ozone is calculated by evaluating the theoretical expressions developed by Sumberg and Parker, and also by evaluating the theoretical expressions developed by Aliev and Watson. Comparison with experimentally determined constants shows that similar and satisfactory agreement is obtained with either set of theoretical expressions. The set of calculated sextic constants previously published by Chan and Parker and based on the theoretical expressions of Sumberg and Parker is shown to contain an error. The source of the error is discussed.     

Republication of: The physical reality of some normal spaces of Bianchi

This is an English translation of the first of two papers by Tullio Levi-Civita, first published in 1917 and 1919. The papers are remarkable as being among the earliest in which exact solutions of Einstein’s equations were derived. Of the two solutions presented, the first (republished as this Golden Oldie) is better known today as the Bertotti-Robinson solution, and the second one (republished as an accompanying Golden Oldie) is the gravitational field of an infinite cylinder. The papers have been selected by the Editors of General Relativity and Gravitation for republication in the Golden Oldies series of the journal. This republication is accompanied by an editorial note written by Malcolm MacCallum, and by a brief biography of the author, compiled from internet sources by Andrzej Krasiński.     

Republication of: On the initial value problem of the equations of gravitation

This is an English translation of a paper by Karl Stellmacher, first published in German in 1938, in which he presented the first, correct and successful, formulation of the initial value problem for Einstein’s equations in vacuum and with a dust source. The paper has been selected by the Editors of General Relativity and Gravitation for re-publication in the Golden Oldies series of the journal. This republication is accompanied by an editorial note written by Helmut Friedrich and Stellmacher’s brief biography written by Hubert Goenner.     

光源对激光超声信号特性的影响分析

通过已搭建好的激光超声检测实验平台,在保持相同激光脉冲能量和相同探测位置的条件下,重点研究了点光源与线光源产生的超声信号的特点和区别。研究了不同探测位置点光源与线光源激发出的超声信号幅值以及产生的超声信号波形。实验发现:在同一探测位置下,将点光源换成线光源后,产生的超声信号幅值由1.3 V提高到1.7 V,提高了0.4 V;在探测位置逐渐增大的情况下,点光源激发出超声信号幅值的衰减幅度为75.78%,而线光源激发出的超声信号幅值的衰减幅度为34.92%。结果表明,在功率密度相同的情况下,线光源产生的超声信号要比点光源产生的超声信号幅值提高40.86%,产生较强的表面波,提高了信噪比。     

A theoretical derivation of cellular structures of flames

Using an equation for the formation of flame fronts derived by Sivashinsky and augmented by an additional term describing buoyancy effects we present an analytical treatment of the formation of cellular structures of flames formed by plane burners. In particular we find rectangular and square patterns. We first study the stability of the plane flame front by linear stability analysis and then transform the basic equation into a set of equations for the amplitudes of the stable and unstable modes. The amplitudes of the stable modes can be eliminated by the slaving principle so that generalized Ginzburg-Landau equations result which in a general frame were previously derived by one of us (H.H.). These equations are then solved explicitly and the stability of the resulting pattern is proven.     

Relativistic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneities of the velocity of motion of the medium

Analysis of the relativistic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneities of the velocity of the motion of a medium is carried out. The characteristics of the scattering of a plane monochromatic wave by a rotating dielectric cylinder surrounded by an immobile medium with a refractive index the same as that of the cylinder are calculated. The differential scattering cross section is found. It is shown that the rotation of particles with actual parameters may yield a significant contribution to the scattering, of the same order of magnitude or larger than the contribution made by Rayleigh and Raman scattering.     

X光辐射通过稀疏波区的反照率

 在激光间接驱动内爆动力学过程中,软X射线烧蚀形成的高温低密度等离子体处于非局部热动平衡状态,X射线的传播需要用输运方法处理。利用简化物理模型给出了X射线烧蚀形成的高温低密度等离子体的流场空间分布,介绍了一种计算X射线反照率的方法,并给出反照率的解析表达式。     

The use of the regularities of nuclear backscattering of protons for analysis of hydrogen in the surface layers of materials

The regularities of backscattering of 7.7-MeV protons from nuclei are used to quantitatively determine the hydrogen concentration in materials by the example of hydrated titanium and zirconium samples. The results obtained by the nondestructive method are in good agreement with the data of chemical analysis by a destructive method.     

基于数字闪耀光栅的位相全息图光电再现优化

针对利用液晶空间光调制器（LC-SLM）进行全息图光电再现过程中,再现像面存在多级衍射像造成单一像能量利用率低的问题,提出了一种在位相全息图中加载数字闪耀光栅的方法,以提高全息图光电再现中单一衍射像的衍射效率.分析了闪耀光栅作为衍射光学元件的特性及其对光波进行位相调制的原理,并阐述了在LC-SLM中加载数字闪耀光栅对位相全息图光电再现时像面能量分布的影响.搭建了基于LC-SLM的位相全息图光电再现实验系统.理论分析表明：在其他条件不变的情况下,加载竖直（或水平）槽向周期为2 pixels的数字闪耀光栅可使 关键词： 全息光电再现 位相全息图 数字闪耀光栅 液晶空间光调制器     

pH-dependent color change of colloidal dispersions of gold nanoclusters: Effect of stabilizer

Gold nanoclusters protected by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA-Au nanoclusters) were prepared by citrate-reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) in the presence of sodium 3-mercaptopropionate. Color of the dispersions of MPA-Au nanoclusters changed from red to purple by addition of hydrochloric acid and returned from purple to red by addition of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reversible response can be attributed to synchronized changes between dispersion and ordering of MPA-Au nanoclusters, determined by transmission electron microscopy. Gold nanoclusters protected by poly(acrylic acid) (PAA-Au nanoclusters) were prepared by UV irradiation of an aqueous solution of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) in the presence of poly(sodium acrylate). The pH-dependent spectral change observed for MPA-Au was not observed for PAA-Au. UV-Vis absorption spectra of colloidal dispersions of PAA-Au nanoclusters after addition of hydrochloric acid and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were in good agreement with each other, suggesting the stability of PAA-Au nanoclusters to pH change. Received 18 October 2000 and Received in final form 10 April 2002     

Theory of modified Busch method of determining specific charge of electrons

The conditions which have to be fulfilled for accurate determination of the specific charge of the electron, by the Busch equation are discussed. It is shown that in the modern modification of the method, where a plane divergent electron beam is produced by a sinusoidal voltage applied to horizontal deflecting plates, these conditions are not fulfilled Theoretical allowance for non-fulfillment of these conditions can be made by replacing the lengthl in the Busch equation by a certain reduced length. The reduced length is found for the case of strictly parallel nonferromagnetic deflecting plates.     

利用神经网络提高编码器精度的方法

介绍了编码器误差的构成及特点，针对系统误差的分布规律与特点提出了基于神经网络的误差修正方法。采用非线性逼近精度较高的径向基函数神经网络，以采样点的角度值作为网络的输人样本，以高精度检测编码器的检测值作为学习目标建立了误差修正模型。实验结果表明，采用此种方法可将编码器的精度提高至原来的3倍以上，可有效地改善编码器的系统精度。     

黑腔端置靶辐照不均匀性分析

提供一种解析方法来研究激光加热黑腔所产生的平面辐射场的不均匀度与平面靶大小和位置的关系 ,解析结果与数值模拟结果进行了比较 ,两者的曲线形状基本一致 ,辐照不均匀度最小值的位置也是一致的。     

Republication of: A new class of vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations

This reprinting of a paper by Kerr and Schild, first published in 1965 in a conference volume that is difficult to get hold of today, has been selected by the Editors of General Relativity and Gravitation for publication in the Golden Oldies series of the journal. It is the only publication showing how the Kerr solution was originally arrived at. In this reprint the editors have added several footnotes that update the references to the literature. The paper is accompanied by an editorial note written by A. Krasiński, E.Verdaguer and R. P. Kerr, and by the biography of Kerr written by A. Krasiński.