干凝胶粒子物性对空心玻璃微球炉内成球过程的影响

为实现干凝胶法制备惯性约束聚变靶用空心玻璃微球(HGM)炉内成球工艺过程的有效控制,从数值模拟和工艺实验两个方面研究了干凝胶粒子直径、比热容、发泡剂质量分数和辐射吸收系数对干凝胶粒子炉内成球过程及最终HGM性能参数的影响。结果表明,随着干凝胶粒子直径和/或比热容的增大,干凝胶粒子在吸热封装阶段的升温速率显著降低,在炉内成球过程各工艺阶段的停留时间快速下降,尤其是在精炼阶段的停留时间急剧缩短。降低干凝胶粒子的比热容和/或提高干凝胶粒子的发泡剂质量分数,HGM的直径和壁厚均匀性增大,高质量空心球的比例也相应提高。干凝胶粒子的辐射吸收系数变化对炉内成球过程几乎没有影响。     

玻璃球壳生产工艺研究

叙述了液滴法制备空心玻璃球壳的生产工艺。系统地研究了液滴炉温区温度、抽气速度、小孔板孔径、玻璃溶液浓度及发泡剂的加入量等因素的变化，对生产玻璃球壳直径、壁厚的影响。从而确定了生产玻璃球壳的工艺条件，采用该工艺生产出直径１００～３００μｍ、壁厚０．５～３．０μｍ的玻璃球壳，多次成功地应用于打靶实验。     

液滴法制备高尺度比玻璃微球壳的研究

 定量给出了液滴法制备玻璃微球壳（HGM）的直径与壁厚之间的依存关系,确定了制备大直径薄壁HGM的液滴炉温度分布、抽气速率、溶液浓度和液滴发生器操作参数等工艺条件,制备出直径为300～450μm、壁厚为0.7～1.2μm、尺度比为300～700的HGM,表面粗糙度优于10nm,球形度和同心度均优于97%,耐外压能力大于0.91MPa,耐内压能力至少大于0.43MPa。     

载气组份对空心玻璃微球炉内成球过程的影响

为实现惯性约束聚变靶用空心玻璃微球的干凝胶法高效制备,从数值模拟和工艺实验两个方面研究了载气组份对干凝胶粒子炉内成球过程及最终空心玻璃微球性能的影响。结果表明:载气组份显著影响粒子/微球与载气之间的热量和质量传递过程,但载气组份对粒子/微球在炉内的下落速度影响很小;提高载气中氦气的体积分数可以显著提高干凝胶粒子在吸热阶段的升温速率,更为迅速有效地完成封装过程,这不仅使得干凝胶粒子发泡成为空心球的比例增大,而且还有利于制备得到大纵横比的空心玻璃微球;但是,在载气中保持适当体积分数的氩气,有利于提高玻璃微球的表面质量和成品率。当载气中氦气的体积分数在50%~80%时,干凝胶粒子的成球率较高,空心玻璃微球的球形度、同心度和表面粗糙度能满足制靶要求。     

高钾空心玻璃微球的制备

 以无机化合物为初始原料，选择合理的玻璃溶液配方和成球条件，用液滴法制备出直径200 μm，壁厚2 μm，K₂O摩尔分数大于10 %的空心玻璃微球（HGM）。利用扫描电镜X射线能量色谱仪对玻璃球壳的组分进行了分析。结果表明，所制备的高钾空心玻璃微球各项技术指标能基本满足神光-Ⅱ物理实验的要求，微球球壳成份实测结果与理论计算结果吻合。     

半球壳准静态压缩下的变形行为研究

采用顶点及平板下压加载的加载方式对半球壳的准静态压缩进行了实验研究,获得了半球壳的变形模态及力-位移曲线。通过准静态压缩实验观察在不同加载方式下球壳变形模式随压缩深度的变化,发现半球壳出现了轴对称和非轴对称变形形式。利用ABAQUS有限元软件对球壳准静态压缩过程进行数值模拟,分析加载方式与球壳尺寸等对变形行为的影响。结果表明:球壳在压缩下的变形可分为加载点附近局部压平、轴对称凹陷以及形成非对称多边形3个阶段。其中,在压平向凹陷转变时,小截面平头加载的接触力-位移曲线产生了突跳现象,但在半球头与平板加载时未出现,且凹陷之后,半球头加载下接触力的增加速率减小,而平板加载下接触力的增加速率几乎保持不变。壳的径厚比越大,后期的变形程度越复杂;径厚比越小,由压平到凹陷转变时的临界荷载越大,球壳承载力越大。计算表明,在本研究范围内球壳凹陷前后接触力的大小以及增加速率只与厚度有关,而与半径的相关性则较小。     

槽沉法制备球透镜

根据光通信耦合器件发展的趋势,研制了一种新型光学玻璃。依据在表面张力的作用下的液滴冷凝,得到透明玻璃微球理论[1],首次使用槽沉法来制备球透镜。结果表明:玻璃的最佳退火温度为570℃、折射率为1.5198、透过率大于90%。得到直径为0.8mm的球透镜最佳成球温度为1250℃、折射率为1.5190光谱透过率大于90%。     

T型微通道内溶胶液滴形成过程

以制备空心玻璃微球的前体溶胶和硅油为原料,采用实验观测和数值模拟的方法,对T型微通道内溶胶乳液形成过程进行研究。基于液滴的受力分析,建立了液滴形成过程的数学模型,探讨了液滴大小的变化规律。研究结果表明:对于给定的物料体系和T型微通道,通过改变两相流量可以有效地控制液滴尺寸;在相同的分散相流量条件下,增大连续相流量可以减小液滴尺寸,但连续相流量大到一定程度后,这种效果逐渐减弱;在给定的连续相流量条件下,分散相流量越大,液滴直径越大;利用数学模型计算出的液滴直径与实验值偏差在10%左右。根据模拟结果和摄像分析,液滴产生过程经历了静态长大和缩颈剥离两个主要阶段。     

ICF靶用空心玻璃微球耐压性能测试

 利用自行研制的空心微球耐外压装置和充气装置，测试了目前激光惯性约束聚变实验打靶使用的空心玻璃微球耐内压能力和耐外压能力。空心玻璃微球采用液滴法制备，直径为180～250 mm、壁厚为0.8~4.0 mm。理论计算表明，当微球纵横比超过90时，耐外压能力与球壳材料的杨氏模量有关，由此测量得到的空心玻璃微球杨氏模量为55~75 GPa。玻璃微球的耐内压能力主要与球壳材料的抗拉强度有关，实验测量得到的玻璃微球抗拉强度为90~140 MPa。     

薄壁玻璃微球壳的热扩散充气

 导出了热扩散一步充气法和分步充气法充气时,薄壁玻璃微球壳的内压变化,及其在空气中的气体渗漏速率和保气半寿命的表达式,提出了确定分步充气过程操作参数的约束条件。D₂气体通过薄壁玻璃微球壳的扩散速率与分步法充D₂气体时其内压的实验测量值与计算值相符合。     

惯性约束聚变靶用空心玻璃微球的渗透性能

为实现对干凝胶法空心玻璃微球(HGM)渗透性能的有效调控,研究了初始玻璃配方、载气成分、精炼温度、精炼区长度、HGM壁厚对HGM渗透性能的影响。结果表明:当精炼温度低于1400 ℃时,初始玻璃配方对HGM渗透性能有显著影响。但是,随着精炼温度的升高和精炼区长度的延长,液态玻璃中碱金属氧化物的挥发比例逐渐增大,由不同初始玻璃配方制备的HGM对氘气的渗透性能逐渐趋近于相同。随着载气中氦气体积分数的降低或HGM壁厚的增大,室温下HGM对氘气的渗透系数逐渐减小。     

A hybrid aerodynamic and electrostatic atomization system for enhanced uniformity of thin film

Droplet deposition processes by the mechanisms of either aerodynamics or electrostatic spray have been widely studied in various applications such as aerosol generators, thin film coatings, and nanoparticle formations. Among the current state-of-art methodologies, air spray deposition can produce small-sized droplets without fine control on their sizes and uniformity in deposited thin films. Conventional electrospray depositions, on the other hand, can fabricate thin films with good uniform with a relatively slow deposition speed. In this paper, a hybrid mechanism by means of aerodynamic and electrostatic deposition is investigated and demonstrated to allow high throughput and improved uniformity for thin film depositions. It utilizes both the electrostatic force and aerodynamic force to atomize the liquid and control the droplet spraying process with good stability/repeatability. A uniform thin TiO₂ film has been deposited as the demonstration example using this method. The velocities and trajectories of droplets during the deposition process have been characterized under different experimental parameters by using the technique of particle image velocimetry (PIV). This hybrid thin film fabrication method could be applicable in several industrial processes for better uniformity in making transparent electrodes, solar cells, displays, and automobiles.     

Modeling the formation of alkali clusters attached to helium nanodroplets and the abundance of high-spin states

The doping process of helium nanodroplets with alkali atoms has been modeled in order to study deviations from the Poissonian statistics of measured pick-up statistics which are important for assigning cluster or complex sizes in many experimental studies. Several, formally unexplained findings are reproduced and their origin has been analyzed: derivations from the expected functional form of the initial incline, the suppression of the formation of lithium clusters, the influence of the functional form and width of droplet size distributions. Furthermore, the controversially discussed formation of high-spin alkali clusters on helium droplets has been calculated within the model. The selection of high-spin states comes out to depend strongly on the experimental conditions, and is in general not pronounced for cluster sizes ≥ 3. The enhancement factor of 50 of high-spin states reported in earlier experiments is reproduced when choosing the conditions of these experiments.     

A Predictive Model for the Initial Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions in Sprays and Comparison with Experiments

The distribution of sizes and velocities of droplets initially formed in sprays is an important piece of information needed in the spray modelling, because it defines the initial condition of the spray droplets in the predictive calculations of the downstream two‐phase flow fields. A predictive model for the initial droplet size and velocity distributions in sprays is formulated in this study. The present model incorporates both the deterministic and the stochastic aspect of spray formation process. The deterministic aspect takes into account of the unstable wave motion before the liquid bulk breakup through the linear and nonlinear instability analysis, which provides information for the liquid bulk breakup length, the mass‐mean diameter and a prior distribution for the droplet sizes corresponding to the unstable wave growth of various wavelengths. The stochastic aspect deals with the final stage of droplet formation after the liquid bulk breakup by statistical means through the maximum entropy principle based on Bayesian entropy. The two sub‐models are coupled together by the various source terms signifying the liquid‐gas interaction, the mass mean diameter and the prior distribution based on the instability analysis. The initial droplet size and velocity distributions are measured experimentally by phase‐Doppler interferometry for sprays generated by a planar research nozzle and a practical gas turbine airblast nozzle. For the two nozzles, the liquid bulk sheet is formed before its breakup in a coflowing air stream. It is found that the model predictions are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data for all the cases measured. Hence the present model may be applied to a variety of practical sprays to specify the initial conditions for the spray droplets formed in practical spray systems.     

Numerical simulation of the two-phase flow produced by spraying a liquid by a nozzle

A numerical experiment on the simulation of the two-phase flow formed during spraying of a liquid by a nozzle has been described. The radial and axial velocity profiles of the droplets and gas in the free spray and in the two-phase flow through a cylindrical apparatus have been calculated and represented taking into account the early drag crisis of droplets and peculiarities of turbulent friction in the gas, which was detected in previous experiments. The distinguishing feature of the numerical model of the two-phase flow is that it employs the differential equations describing the nonstationary flow of a compressible gas as the initial equations. In transition to their difference analog, the familiar Lax–Wendorff algorithm has been used. A comparison of the results of calculations based on this model with experimental data has demonstrated their concordance.     

Determination of temperature and concentration of a vapor–gas mixture in a wake of water droplets moving through combustion products

Characteristic temperatures and concentrations of a vapor–gas mixture in a wake of water droplets moving through combustion products (initial temperature 1170 K) were determined using the Ansys Fluent mathematical modeling package. We investigated two variants of motion: motion of two droplets (with sizes from 1 mm to 3 mm), consecutive and parallel, and motion of five staggered droplets. The influence of the relative position of droplets and also of distances between them (varied from 0.01 mm to 5 mm) on temperatures and concentrations of water vapor was established. The distances determine the relation between the evaporation areas and the total volume occupied by a droplet aggregate in the gas medium. The results of modeling for conditions that take into account vaporization on the droplet surface at average constant values of evaporation rate and also with consideration of the change in the latter, depending on the droplet temperature field, are compared. We determined conditions under which the modeling results are comparable for the assumption of a constant vaporization rate and with regard to the dependence of the latter on temperature. The earlier hypothesis on formation of a buffer vapor layer (“thermal protection”) around a droplet, which decreases the thermal flow from the external gas medium, was validated.     

The ranges of the aerodynamic drag coefficient of water droplets moving through typical gas media

The integral characteristics of the deformation processes of liquid (water) droplets moving through a gas medium (air at a temperature of about 300 K, kerosene combustion products with a temperature of about 1100 K) were experimentally investigated. The initial sizes (characteristic radii) of the droplets varied from 50 μm to 2.5 mm, and the initial velocities, from 0.5 m/s to 5 m/s. Velocities of the gas counter (relative to the direction of droplets displacement) flow weremaintained about 1.5 m/s by means of a special-purpose pressure system. Characteristic “deformation cycles” of droplets, their number, durations, and lengths, and also maximal amplitudes of the deformation process were identified. The ranges of numerical values of the aerodynamic drag coefficients c _d for the characteristic deformation cycles were determined. The influence of droplets velocities and sizes, and also of the gas medium temperature on these parameters was established. Characteristic times of preserving the corresponding droplet forms and c _d values within the range of the most typical deformation cycles were found.