几种管道有源降噪器控制系统频率响应函数的确定

管道有源降噪器的控制系统根据传声器检测到的噪声信号,经过加工处理,产生激励次级声源的信号,使其产生的声波在下游与原来的噪声相抵消。控制系统应具备的频率响应函数取决于次级声源及检测传声器的配置,及其本身的频率响应。本文推导了在常用的几种不同次级声源和检测传声器配置下,所需的控制系统的频率响应函数;并介绍了一种测量传声器及扬声器在管道中的频率响应的方法。它们为控制系统的设计提供了依据。     

双扬声器近场声源重放实验研究

该文针对电子器件散热用的一款变速轴流风扇的气动噪声及其降噪方法进行实验研究。首先利用风扇旋转轴等高平面内圆周分布的传感器阵列测量风扇不同转速下远场噪声分布,总声压级与转速的对数关系验证散热风扇主要气动噪声属于偶极源噪声,频谱分析显示离散单音噪声为主要噪声影响因素。基于管道声学理论的管道模态截止方法,研究进出风口安装圆形短管对风扇气动噪声的影响,实验结果显示不同位置、不同长度的短管对风扇远场噪声影响不同。额定转速下,在进风口安装2 cm管道可以使远场1 m处平均总声压级下降4.1 dB(A),降噪效果显著。模态测量结果显示,此种情况下对应离散单音处的风扇主要模态幅值大大降低,风扇离散单音噪声降低从而噪声总声压级大幅减小。该方法为散热风扇降噪提供了一种新的途径。     

基于虚拟时间反转镜的垂直阵舰船辐射噪声级测量方法

研究了利用垂直阵测量舰船辐射噪声过程中因水声信道的多径效应对测量性能产生的影响,建立了基于声场模型的舰船辐射噪声测量的数学模型,推导了基于虚拟时间反转镜辐射噪声测量的理论公式,提出了一种基于虚拟时间反转镜技术的垂直阵舰船辐射噪声级测量方法。该方法首先采用基于波束积分的SCOOTER模型,根据海洋环境参数计算出辐射声源至测量水听器之间的信道传输函数,然后,用计算出的信道传输函数对接收信号做虚拟时反处理,以消除或减弱信道多径效应对接收信号的影响,从而提高舰船辐射噪声级测量精度。针对典型的浅海声信道,进行了计算机仿真试验。结果表明,该方法能有效地进行舰船宽带辐射噪声测量,当阵元个数满足一定要求时,测量得到的声源级与实际声源级相比,误差小于1 dB。      

管道噪声的自适应抵消及其计算机模拟

本文提出一种采用自适应抵消的管道噪声有源降噪系统，自适应滤波器为有限冲激响应的横向结构，系统中采用了辅助滤波器和补偿滤波器，它们保证了最小均方算法的正确收敛，消除了声反馈效应，计算机模拟证实了该系统的可行性，通过对具有不同物理参数的管道的计算机模拟，得到了这些参数的变化对总降噪量的影响，这些参数包括温度、气流速度、管内的吸声情形、次级声源的Q值及次级声源到检测传声器的距离，模拟的结果有助于实际管道有源降噪的系统的设计。     

利用冲击声辨识声源材料的特征提取

声源辨识属于环境声识别的范畴,是模式识别的一个重要研究方向。冲击声携带了大量的声源物理信息,因此利用冲击声提取特征进行声源材料辨识是提高声目标识别分类性能的重要途径。对球-板撞击物理模型合成的冲击声连续统,提出使用基函数学习法提取目标特征,同时利用短时傅里叶变换和小波包变换进行特征提取,以此为基础完成被击平板的材料识别。研究结果表明,利用基函数学习法获得的特征,对于冲击声分类的效果明显优于短时傅里叶变换和小波包变换方法,说明利用该方法进行冲击声声源材料辨识的可行性和优势。      

贯流风扇气动声场数值模拟及分析

针对贯流风扇气动噪声传播特性,采用基于非结构网格的CE/SE算法对其气动流场进行数值模拟,并模拟了气动噪声的传播.湍流模拟采用大涡模型,搭接式滑移网格模型处理动静干涉.噪声传播采用完全欧拉方程作为控制方程,远场采用无反射边界条件.将使用该方法得到的远场噪声频谱与实验数据进行对比分析,结果表明与实验测量得到宽带频谱不同,采用大涡模拟湍流模型进行声源模拟时,会加强部分离散频率上的声级,从而产生误差.     

喷流噪声预测中小尺度湍流声源模型

本文在Tam & Auriault提出的喷流噪声预测方法的基础上,导得计算轴对称喷管伴随格林函数的方程以及声源谱、伴随格林函数与噪声谱密度函数之间的关系,比较了几种典型的声源模型,并且采用了一种随频率变化的长度尺度.验证结果表明,TA预测模型中随频率变化长度尺度与Harper-Bourne提出的声源模型的结合能给出更好的预测结果.     

旋转声源辐射噪声的矢量声学研究方法

通过采用频域方法直接求解旋转声源辐射噪声的声压和声粒子速度矢量,建立了旋转声源辐射噪声的矢量声学研究方法。该方法的最大优势在于提供了一种直观、形象的方法显示声能量的传播途径。基于该方法分别分析了旋转声源在自由空间和边界散射情形下的声能量传播特征。     

匹配场处理舰船辐射噪声级估计方法

针对水声信道对舰船辐射噪声声传播的影响,进而导致声源级测量结果不准确的问题,提出了基于匹配场处理的舰船辐射噪声级估计方法。在海洋环境噪声为空间均匀高斯白噪声的假设下,当海洋环境参数已知、信噪比满足一定要求时,匹配场处理能有效地给出被测噪声源的位置信息及该位置处的能量响应。从能量估计角度出发,推导了声源位置处匹配场输出响应的能量修正因子计算公式,从理论上证明了匹配场处理在被测声源位置处输出响应与能量修正因子的乘积为真实声源级的最小方差无偏(MVU)估计。该方法首先选择合适的声场计算模型计算拷贝场向量,对接收到的辐射噪声信号进行匹配场处理,得出接收信号级和被测声源位置;其次利用该位置所对应的拷贝场向量替换能量修正因子公式中的真实信道传输函数以计算能量修正因子的估计值;最后由接收信号级与能量修正因子估计值相乘得出舰船辐射噪声声源级的MVU估计。针对典型的浅海水声信道,进行了计算机仿真试验,结果表明:该方法能有效地进行舰船辐射噪声测量,当信噪比满足一定要求时,测量得到的声源级与实际声源级相比,误差小于1 dB。      

基于阵列传感器的小管道气液两相流流型辨识

本文基于光电二极管阵列传感器与Fisher判别分析(FDA),提出了一种新的小管道气液两相流流型辨识方法。该方法采用片状激光照射透明管道,利用光电二极管阵列传感器接收透射激光分布信号。通过提取信号的特征向量,采用FDA训练得到流型分类器,从而实现两相流流型辨识。本实验针对四种典型流型,在四种不同内径的小管道内进行实验研究。实验结果表明提出的基于光电二极管阵列传感器与FDA判别分析的流型辨识方法是可行的,四种流型辨识精度均高于90%。     

浅海波导环境失配下的协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计

实际浅海波导中环境噪声为相干噪声,最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法能在相干噪声背景下准确估计声源辐射功率,但该方法受环境不确定性影响较大;此外,由于最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法使用信号幅度作为中间量估计声源功率,信号幅度估计误差会二次放大并传递到声源功率估计结果中。本文提出一种协方差矩阵拟合稳健最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法,该方法引入信道传递函数不确定集,结合协方差矩阵拟合思想将声源功率估计问题建模为在信道传递函数不确定集约束下对函数取极值的问题,使用Lagrange乘子法求解该问题得到信道传递函数估计值和声源辐射功率估计值。环境失配影响声源辐射功率估计性能的根本原因在于信道传递函数偏差较大,协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计方法有效减小了环境失配时信道传递函数的偏差,从而显著提升环境失配稳健性。此外,该方法使用权值直接估计声源功率,无需使用信号幅度作为中间量,避免了估计误差的传递。仿真验证了协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计方法的环境失配稳健性。     

Optimized Modular Design of Acoustic Metamaterials: Targeted Noise Attenuation

A modular design optimization method for acoustic metamaterial cells is proposed, which can ensure satisfying the targeted noise attenuation by using only the objective function of an arbitrary noise source and the constraints of the application at hand. The core algorithm is a fusion of the generalized particle swarm algorithm and wave finite element method specialized for structural and targeted optimization of metamaterials. The output is the optimized metamaterial cell and its sound barrier structure. The desired noise reduction performance is verified via acoustic testing of a 3D-printed prototype. The simulation and experimental results of test cases show that the designed acoustic metamaterial can perfectly block the target noise band and have significant advantages in terms of design efficiency, light weight, and noise attenuation.     

基于声源预估的波叠加组合全息声源识别方法

为解决声源识别中旁瓣效应等因素引起的虚假识别结果问题,提出了基于声源位置预估的波叠加组合全息算法。应用波束形成算法进行声源位置的预估,将预估声压峰值点作为假定声源点,通过波叠加原理建立方程组,利用声源强度求解结果构造完整全息平面,通过声全息方法重新计算重建面声压。进行了仿真和实验验证,经该算法重构后,波束形成算法产生的虚假声源处的声压得以明显降低。表明该算法可以抑制旁瓣效应等因素的影响,提高声源识别的准确率。      

高压换流站交流滤波器组相干噪声源声功率反演*

针对高压换流站内交流滤波器组相干噪声源的声功率难以确定的问题,本文提出了一种基于几何声学理论的声功率反演方法。该方法采用可同时考虑噪声源强度和相位的几何声学理论建立相干声场模型,在此基础上构建声功率反演模型,通过寻找使声学模型输出和实测数据差异最小的声源参数（强度和相位）,实现了对相干噪声源声功率的反演。数值仿真和实验数据验证了该方法的有效性。     

The identification of tyre induced vehicle interior noise

Sound transmission into a vehicle is classified as either airborne or structure borne sound. From the point view of noise control, the reduction of noise transferred by different paths requires different solutions. Coherence function analysis is often used to identify transmission paths. However it can be difficult to separate the airborne from structure borne components. The principle of acoustic reciprocity offers a convenient method for overcoming this difficulty. The principal states that the transfer function between an acoustic volume velocity source and an acoustic receiver is independent of a reversal of the position of source and receiver. The work done on this study involves exciting a stationary tyre and measuring the surface velocity of the tyre at a number of discrete points. The acoustic transfer functions between each point on the tyre and a receiver point are measured reciprocally. Two sets of measurements are then combined to yield a measure of the sound pressure due to a point force on the tyre via the acoustic transmission path only. This technique also provides information on the relative contributions of various regions of the tyre wall to the resultant noise. Also the sound radiation characteristics, the horn effect, and resonance at the wheel housing are identified through the reciprocal measurement.     

Structural-borne acoustics analysis and multi-objective optimization by using panel acoustic participation and response surface methodology

This paper is aimed to investigate the structural-borne acoustics analysis and multi-objective optimization of an enclosed box structure by using the panel acoustic participation (PAP) and response surface methodology (RSM). The acoustic frequency response function is applied to achieve the critical frequency of interest under each excitation. The PAP analysis is then carried out at all critical frequencies and the remarkable acoustic panels are identified. The correlation coefficient matrix method is proposed for reselecting and grouping the positions of acoustic panels identified to paste damping layer to control noise. With the help of faced central composite design, an efficient set of sample points are generated and then the second-order polynomial functions of sound pressure response at each critical frequency are computed and verified by the adjusted coefficient of multiple determination. The functional relationships between sound pressure responses and the thicknesses of damping layers are investigated, and multi-objective optimization of the thicknesses of damping layers is developed. The results indicate that, by using the PAP and RSM, the structural-borne acoustics at critical frequencies are calculated conveniently and controlled effectively. The optimization process of the explicit optimization model proposed in this paper is simple and the computational time is saved.     

薄膜型声学超材料对低频振动的隔声特性分析*

高效共振混合机工作频率为60 Hz,且系统处于共振,产生较大低频噪声。针对振动机械产生的有害噪声,分析了高效共振混合机低频高加速度共振混合过程的特点,得到了60 Hz低频声波穿透力强特点,相比传统的以吸声材料构建的50~100 mm厚度、隔声效果小于10 dB的隔声罩,分析了薄膜型声学超材料在低频减振降噪中的隔声特性。通过多物理场仿真分析,60 Hz时隔声量为31.4 dB,确定了硅橡胶弹性薄膜的预应力和质量块的面密度;采用3D打印机快速成型技术,构建了隔声实验装置,分析了独立隔声单元、面密度、薄膜尺寸等隔声特性规律。基于人耳在实际环境中感受到的噪声强度,提出了噪声衰减量和插入损失的分析方法,在距离声源380 mm和1000 mm的位置,60 Hz时隔声量分别为27 dB和38 dB。研究成果丰富了低频隔声特性理论,为薄膜型声学超材料的工程设计和优化提供了技术支撑。     

On the possibility of using acoustic reverberation for remote sensing of ocean dynamics

The two-point correlation function of diffuse noise fields produced by distributed random sound sources carries useful information on the medium of sound propagation. Such information can be used for performing passive acoustic tomography of the ocean. In a number of cases that are important for practice, the noise field in the ocean is predominated by contributions of individual point sources. Here, a theoretical study is presented on the possibility of determining the sound speed and current velocity in the water column by the correlation processing of reverberation signals measured by two vertical receiving arrays. In other words, we study the possibility of replacing the diffuse noise produced by a great number of delta-correlated sources by waves generated by a localized source and scattered at the rough surface and bottom of the ocean for sensing the medium. The correlation function of scattered waves is calculated by using the method of small perturbations. It is shown that the correlation processing of the scattered waves offers an opportunity of measuring the acoustic nonreciprocity and reconstructing the field of sound speed in the fluid, without using any acoustiLc transceivers.     

Spectral estimation method for noisy data using a noise reference

The development of array processing methods to extract the useful characteristics of acoustic sources such as their locations and absolute levels, starting from the measured sound field is one of the main issues in aero-acoustics. The conventional beamforming method is a very popular technique investigated to solve the power level estimation problem. It has the advantage of being robust, easy to implement and cheap in computation time. However, this technique is also known for having poor spatial resolution capabilities which prevents the correct source levels being obtained for numerous practical applications. Deconvolution techniques of the result computed with CBF, with the point spread function of the array manifold, may restore the power levels of the acoustic sources that would be observed in the absence of the array resolution effects. However, the accuracy of the results provided by deconvolution methods is very sensitive to background noise, always present in acoustic measurements. This process should be carried out after the additive noise has been suitably attenuated and, ideally, the deconvolution operator should amplify the noise as little as possible. Another approach is described in the article. It consists in using a noise reference and a new technique called spectral estimation method with additive noise to remove both the smearing effect produced by the array response and the background noise. The technique has been applied to computer and experimental simulations conducted both in an anechoic chamber and in the test section of an open wind tunnel involving acoustic sources radiating in a noisy environment. The levels of the sources were found with a good level of accuracy and the background noise greatly reduced, confirming the validity of the approach and the satisfactory performance of the method proposed.