烧蚀支板对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室性能的影响

为了提高超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的性能,本文提出了燃料喷注支板与烧蚀支板组合的燃烧室新方案,并研究了新方案对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室性能的影响。相比于单燃料喷注支板方式而言,加入烧蚀支板后,虽然燃烧室内的总压恢复系数有所下降,但燃烧室内燃料与空气的混合效率、燃烧效率均有显著提高,燃烧效率的提高弥补了燃烧室内总压损失所带来的机械能损失,使得燃料喷注支板和烧蚀支板组合方式下的燃烧室比冲高于单燃料喷注支板时的比冲。     

JF12激波风洞高Mach数超燃冲压发动机实验研究

针对高Mach数（Ma ≥ 7）超燃冲压发动机高气动阻力下的燃烧组织问题,提出一种双突扩燃烧室结构方案.使用数值模拟方法考察了射流与双突扩燃烧室组合方式的混合燃烧特性.设计了双突扩超燃冲压发动机模型,在力学研究所JF12长试验时间激波风洞内,开展了Ma=7.0和Ma=9.5的氢燃料点火和燃烧试验对比.在风洞有效试验时间100 ms内,实现了Ma=7.0和Ma=9.5超燃冲压发动机的成功点火与稳定燃烧.在Ma=7.0情况下,进气道采用三维压缩,燃烧室入口设计Mach数Ma_c=2.5,壁面压力分布实验结果显示燃烧放热靠近燃烧室扩张段上游;在Ma=9.5情况下,进气道采用二维压缩,燃烧室入口设计Mach数Ma_c=3.5,由于燃烧室流动速度特别高,燃烧放热靠近燃烧室扩张段下游.      

进气预冷富燃预燃混排涡扇发动机热力循环

为满足高超声速飞行器对高比冲和大推力发动机的需要,提出了一种可重复使用的进气预冷富燃预燃混合排气涡扇发动机(Pre-cooled and Fuel-rich Pre-burned Mixed-flow Turbofan,PFPMT)热力循环。PFPMT发动机的特点是增大内涵空气进气预冷程度,内涵压气机为富燃燃气发生器提供空气作为氧化剂,内涵空气与预冷器出口燃料混合燃烧产生富燃燃气,驱动涡轮、带动内涵压气机与风扇增压,风扇外涵空气与涡轮出口排气在主燃烧室中掺混燃烧,产生高温燃气由喷管产生推力。对发动机热力循环进行了参数化分析,发动机比冲随着压气机压比的增大而增加,尤其是随着风扇压比增加的更为明显;单位推力主要随风扇压比增加而增加,受内涵压比影响较小。发动机地面的比冲与单位推力分别可以达到4500 s与900 N·s/kg以上;在Ma=5.0飞行条件下,发动机比冲与单位推力在3500 s与1100 N·s/kg以上。     

新建高焓激波风洞Ma=8飞行模拟条件的实现与超燃实验

针对高Mach数超燃冲压发动机实验能力空缺问题,基于航天十一院新建的FD-21高能脉冲风洞,进行了Ma=8超燃飞行条件的模拟能力设计与调试,获得了总焓2.9 MJ/kg、总压11.01 MPa实验条件,实现了Ma=8、高度31 km飞行条件的风洞模拟.在此基础上,研发了匹配的氢燃料供应及喷注时序控制系统,设计了超燃冲压发动机模型,开展了超燃冲压发动机模型自由射流应用性风洞实验,获得了氢气燃料与空气、氮气超声速气流耦合流动作用下的实验模型壁面压力数据.在当量比近似一致条件下,空气来流对应的燃烧室壁面压力明显高于氮气来流情况,表明氢气在1 ms有效实验时间内完成了与超声速空气来流的混合、点火与燃烧,获得燃烧释热特性,确认了在FD-21高能脉冲风洞开展高Mach数超燃实验是切实可行的,为后续研究奠定了良好的基础.      

换热器预冷的空气涡轮火箭性能分析研究

为了准确地分析以不同燃料为冷质的换热器预冷空气涡轮火箭发动机的性能,本文建立了可考虑工质组分化学平衡与工质热物性随温度和压力变化的热力循环模型。利用该模型分析了以LH2、LCH4和煤油为燃料的发动机循环性能,研究了预热温度、燃气发生器和主燃室出口温度对循环性能的影响。结果表明,换热器预冷能够降低压气机进口温度,减小相同增压比下的压缩功,提高燃料温度,减小推进剂流量,从而减小燃空比,增加比冲;燃料预热温度的提高可减小燃气发生器氧燃比,进而减小燃空比、增大比冲;较低的燃气发生器和主燃烧室出口温度可降低燃空比,提高比冲,但会造成单位推力的下降。同时,研究结果还表明,与LCH4和煤油相比,LH2的比热容与热值的比值最大,采用LH2预冷的发动机的飞行速度和比冲的增幅也最大,说明比热容与热值的比值越大,相应的预冷效果越好,即可依据燃料比热容与热值的比值定性衡量发动机的预冷效果。     

旋转爆震燃烧室与涡轮导向器组合实验研究

旋转爆震涡轮发动机正获得广泛的关注,但旋转爆震燃烧室出口存在着高频的压力波动,压力波动会降低涡轮的工作效率并减小涡轮的工作寿命.基于旋转爆震波的传播特点,开展了旋转爆震燃烧室与涡轮导向器组合结构的实验研究.燃料为H₂,由位于燃烧室前端的120个小孔喷入燃烧室;氧化剂为空气,由径向环缝喷入燃烧室.在燃烧室内起爆旋转爆震波后,爆震产物直接流入导向器内.研究结果表明,随当量比的增加,燃烧室内爆震波的传播速度呈先增大后减小的趋势.在导向器出口仍存在与燃烧室内旋转爆震波同主频的振荡压力,但相对于导向器前的振荡压力,出口压力振幅减小了约64%.旋转爆震波传播速度的相对偏差先减小后增大,并且爆震波传播越稳定,其速度损失越小.      

燃气轮机燃用中低热值燃料性能优化方案研究

中低热值燃料燃气轮机对于我国建立清洁高效的能源体系具有重要作用。本文针对某型燃气轮机燃用天然气和中低热值燃料的性能进行模拟研究。单一调节方案结果表明:采用提高压比、关小压气机进口导叶、增加透平通流面积三种方案时性能较好,而降低燃烧室出口温度和压气机出口抽气方案性能较差。对多种复合方案进行比较,发现适当增大透平通流面积、关小进口导叶并允许适当提高压比、降低燃烧室出口温度的四方案联合调节,使燃气轮机性能总体较优。     

P型发动机环形燃烧室出口温度场的研究

出口温度场是军、民用燃气轮机燃烧室的一项很重要性能要求。本文着重论述P型发动机环形燃烧室(以下简称环P)出口温度场的热区、热点、径向温度分布、稳定性及结构和燃油喷嘴的影响。对批生产型发动机改型,可控制涡轮出T_4~*分布主要指标变化范围来保证燃烧室出口T_3~*分布。     

超燃冲压发动机推进性能理论分析

超燃冲压发动机的正推力问题和超声速燃烧的稳定性问题是制约超燃冲压发动机发展的两个关键气动物理问题.虽然经过50多年的研究,但是目前国内外对这两个关键问题的机理还没有研究清楚.文章首次将CJ爆轰理论应用于超燃冲压发动机推进性能分析,给出了这两个关键气动问题的理论分析结果.分析结果表明,燃烧室入口空气静温对发动机的推进性能产生重要影响.当爆轰波的爆速大于隔离段内空气来流的速度时,会向隔离段上游传播,导致发动机不起动.飞行Mach数Ma=6~8是超燃发动机的临界不稳定范围,飞行Mach数Ma>9,超声速燃烧将变得稳定.      

涡轮导向器对旋转爆轰波传播特性影响的实验研究

为了研究涡轮导向器对旋转爆轰波传播特性的影响,以氢气为燃料,空气为氧化剂,在不同当量比下开展了实验研究.基于高频压力传感器及静态压力传感器的信号,详细分析了带涡轮导向器的旋转爆轰燃烧室的工作模式以及涡轮导向器对非均匀不稳定爆轰产物的影响.实验结果表明:在当量比较低时,爆轰燃烧室以快速爆燃模式工作;逐渐增大当量比,爆轰燃烧室开始以不稳定旋转爆轰模式工作;继续增大当量比,爆轰燃烧室以稳定旋转爆轰模式工作,且旋转爆轰波的传播速度和稳定性均随当量比的增大逐渐提高.爆轰波下游的斜激波与涡轮导向器相互作用,涡轮导向器对压力振荡的幅值具有明显的抑制作用,但对压力振荡频率的影响较小.随着当量比的增大,涡轮导向器上下游的静压均同时增大,经过涡轮导向器的作用,涡轮下游静压明显降低.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the characteristics of a ramjet power plant with a continuous-detonation combustor in supersonic flight

Multi-variant three-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the continuous- detonation process in an annular combustor of a ramjet power plant operating on hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant in conditions of flight at a Mach number of M ₀ = 5.0 and an altitude of 20 km. Conceptual schemes of an axisymmetric power plant, 400 mm in external diameter and 1.3 to 1.5 m in length, with a supersonic intake, divergent annular combustor, and outlet nozzle with a frusto-conical central body are proposed. Calculations of the characteristics of the internal and external flows, with consideration given to the finite rate of turbulent-molecular mixing of the fuel mixture components with each other and with the combustion products, as well as the finite rate of chemical reactions and the viscous interaction of the flow with the bounding surfaces, have shown that, in these flight conditions, the engine of such a power plant has the following performance characteristics: the thrust, 10.7 kN; specific thrust, 0.89 (kN s)/kg; specific impulse, 1210 s; and specific fuel?consumption 0.303 kg/(N h). In this case, the combustor can operate with one detonation wave traveling in the annular channel at an average velocity of 1695 m/s, which corresponds to a detonation wave rotation frequency of 1350 Hz. It is shown that, an operating combustor has regions with subsonic flow of detonation products, but the flow is supersonic throughout its outlet section.     

涡轮-冲压组合发动机模态过渡段性能模拟和概念探讨

１概述涡轮－冲压组合发动机是可望用于天地往返运输系统和高超声速民航运输的吸气式发动机。在地面起飞和低速飞行阶段以涡轮发动机模态工作,在高空高速阶段以冲压发动机模态工作．涡轮模态和冲压模态的相互转换过程称为模态过渡段。在过渡段中两种发动机共同工作以联合循环方式运行。组合发动机以联合循环方式工作的性能,不仅与组成它的涡轮发动机和冲压发动机本身的型式和特征有关,而且受到两类发动机相互关系以及调节机构的影响。所以,涡轮冲压组合发动机模态过渡段稳态和瞬态过程的研究,是组合发动机性能研究的重要组成部分［１－…     

考虑气蚀效应的气液两相冲压发动机数值模拟

针对一种新型水下气液两相冲压发动机,综合考虑了湍流效应、气液两相之间的拖曳作用及传热与传质,利用计算流体力学方法研究了气液两相冲压发动机内流场的流动特性随发动机工作条件的变化规律,重点研究了气蚀效应对发动机工作性能的影响.主要结论为:当航行速度大于32 m/s,气液两相冲压发动机入口附近会产生气蚀并造成严重的总压损失,导致扩张段下游产生流动分离,此时发动机无法产生正推力;通过增大气体质量流率,气液两相冲压发动机内流场的压力将会随之升高,气蚀效应被抑制;提高注入发动机气体的温度,发动机的推力及比冲均增大,但是发动机效率急剧降低.      

Thrust characteristics of an airbreathing pulse detonation engine in flight at mach numbers of 0.4 to 5.0

Multidimensional calculations are performed to demonstrate that, by its characteristics, the pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a unique type of ramjet propulsion system, which can be used in both subsonic and supersonic aircraft. By a number of examples, it is shown that, in various thrust characteristics, such as the specific impulse, specific fuel consumption, and specific thrust, the PDE substantially exceeds ramjet engines.     

Characteristics of pulse detonation engine versus ramjet characteristics

We discuss the method of comparing pulse detonation engines (PDE) and engines with combustion in subsonic flow (ramjet) by means of their specific impulse used by the “Center of Pulse-Detonation Combustion” (CPDC). We demonstrate that the method used by CPDC to calculate the performance of PDE overstates the value of specific impulse relative to its actual value by a factor of at least two. In contrast, the values of specific impulse for ramjet are understated. As a result, the specific impulse of PDE significantly exceeds that of ramjet or is close to it. We investigate these misleading conclusions, and demonstrate their complete failure.     

Use of MHD systems in hypersonic aircraft

The possibilities of using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems on hypersonic aircraft are discussed. The distinctive features of using MHD systems in the flow path of ramjet engines are examined. A quasi-one-dimensional mathematical model for the engine is presented which includes the MHD interaction with the flow. It is shown that the specific impulse of an engine system can be raised by using MHD systems. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 43–47 (November 1998)     

Thrust characteristics of an airbreathing pulse detonation engine in supersonic flight at various altitudes

The main thrust characteristics, such as thrust force, specific impulse, specific fuel consumption, and specific thrust, of a pulse detonation engine (PDE) with an air intake and nozzle in conditions of flight at a Mach number of 3 and various altitudes (from 8 to 28 km above sea level) are for the first time calculated with consideration given to the physicochemical characteristics of the oxidation and combustion of hydro-carbon fuel (propane), finite time of turbulent flame acceleration, and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). In addition, a parametric analysis of the influence of the operation mode and design parameters of the PDE on its thrust characteristics in flight at a Mach number of 3 and an altitude of 16 km is performed, and the characteristics of engines with direct initiation of detonation and fast deflagration are compared. It is shown that a PDE of this design greatly exceeds an ideal ramjet engine in specific thrust, whereas regarding the specific impulse and specific fuel consumption, it is not inferior to the ideal ramjet.     

Numerical simulation of the operation process and thrust performance of an air-breathing pulse detonation engine in supersonic flight conditions

Multidimensional simulations of the unsteady gasdynamic flow in the duct of an air-breathing pulse detonation engine (ABPDE) operating on propane gas and the flow around it in supersonic flight at Mach numbers M of 3.0 and an altitude of 9.3 and 16 km are performed. It is shown that, at a length and diameter of the duct of 2.12 m and 83 mm, respectively, an ABPDE with an air intake and a nozzle can operate in a cyclic mode at a repetition frequency of 48 Hz, with a rapid deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) occurring at a distance of 5–6 combustion chamber diameters. To determine the thrust performance of the ABPDE in flight conditions, a series of working cycles were simulated with consideration given to the external flow around the engine. Calculations showed that the specific impulse of the ABPDE is approximately 1700 s. This value is much higher than the specific impulse typical of ramjet engines operating on conventional combustion (1200–1500 s) and substantially lower than the specific impulse obtained for the atmospheric conditions at sea level at zero flight velocity (∼2500 s).     

Exergy method for estimating the ramjet specific impulse

The exergy method is developed for computing the ramjet thrust-economic characteristics with regard for real thermodynamic properties of combustion products when using as fuel the hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuel for the freestream Mach numbers M = 4 ÷ 14. The estimates for the specific impulse of the given engine using the presented technique are shown to agree with the estimates computed by other authors. The computational method is intended for obtaining the ramjet characteristics and conduction of the parameter analysis at the research initial stage as well as for its use at the conceptual developments of hypersonic flying vehicles.