超薄靶激光质子加速实验研究

在超短超强飞秒SILEX-Ⅰ激光装置上,开展了薄膜靶激光质子加速的实验研究。实验发现激光预脉冲、靶厚度对质子加速有很大的影响。在激光强度3×1018~3×1019W/cm2条件下,采用前表面厚度为3μm铜、后表面镀4μm厚CH靶,质子的最大能量达到3.15 MeV。而对190 nm厚CH膜靶,质子的最大能量为0.54 MeV。初步研究了激光偏振对质子加速的影响,相同激光功率条件下,圆偏振激光加速产生的质子最大能量略低于P偏振打靶。这些结果与靶后鞘层加速机制相一致。     

Experimental study on scintillation efficiency of ZnO:In to proton response

Film ZnO:In crystal is a good candidate for a scintillation recoil proton neutron detection system and the response of ZnO:In to protons is a crucial point. The energy response of ZnO:In to mono-energetic protons in the range of 10 keV-8 MeV was measured. The experiment was carried out in current mode, and Au foil scattering was employed, where the forward scattering protons were used for exciting the sample, and the backward scattering protons were used for monitoring the beam intensity. According to the result, the yield of light non-linearly depends on proton energy, and drops significantly when proton energy is low. The scintillation efficiency as a function of proton energy was obtained, which is very useful for researching the scintillation recoil proton neutron detection system.     

Microstructure and properties of plastic deformed martensite induced by laser shock processing

Firstly, 45# steel was quenched by the NEL-2500A rapidly axial flow CO2 laser. The experimental parameters were the laser power of 750 W, the laser beam diameter of 4 mm, the scanning velocity of 7 mm/s. The thickness of coating layer was 0.1 mm and the width was 8 mm. Secondly, the martensite induced by laser quench was shocked by Nd:YAG laser. The parameters of laser shock processing were the wavelength of 1.06 μm, the pulse duration of 23 ns, and the output energy of 16-20 J. The laser was focused on a spot of φ7 mm. K9 optical glass was used as confinement. The sample was coated with black paint 86-1 (the thickness is about 0.025 mm). By testing and analysis of samples which were treated by laser quench and laser quench+shock with transmission electron microscope (TEM), it was discovered that the surface layer of martensite was deformed plastically by laser shock processing. In the secondary hardened zones, there were a lot of slender secondary twin crystal martensites, dislocation tangles, and cel     

飞秒激光中高能质子的产生与加速的研究

为了探索飞秒激光与固体靶相互作用中高能质子的产生和加速机制,在超短超强激光装置“SILEX-I”上进行了飞秒激光与平面固体薄膜Cu靶的相互作用中高能质子空间分布、能谱和产额的实验研究。实验采用固体核径迹探测器CR39和Thomson离子谱仪相结合的方式,在固体靶背表面法线方向测量了质子空间分布、能谱和产额。实验结果表明：质子沿着靶背法线方向发射,质子空间分布呈圆环状,存在一定的立体角;质子在一定能量处出现截断;截断能量的大小与靶厚度有关。经分析,高能离子的产生和加速是多种作用机制共同作用的结果,其中静电场中的TNSA加速机制则占主导地位。     

飞秒激光中高能质子的产生与加速的研究

为了探索飞秒激光与固体靶相互作用中高能质子的产生和加速机制,在超短超强激光装置“SILEX-I”上进行了飞秒激光与平面固体薄膜Cu靶的相互作用中高能质子空间分布、能谱和产额的实验研究。实验采用固体核径迹探测器CR39和Thomson离子谱仪相结合的方式,在固体靶背表面法线方向测量了质子空间分布、能谱和产额。实验结果表明：质子沿着靶背法线方向发射,质子空间分布呈圆环状,存在一定的立体角;质子在一定能量处出现截断;截断能量的大小与靶厚度有关。经分析,高能离子的产生和加速是多种作用机制共同作用的结果,其中静电场中的TNSA加速机制则占主导地位。     

质子晕研究的新进展

介绍了质子晕研究在理论和实验方面的最新进展 ,着重讨论了 2 s1 d壳的晕核结构和不同理论模型预示2 6～28P和2 7～ 2 9S中质子晕的存在 ,最近的实验证实了 2 6～ 2 8P核存在一个质子晕.最后简要讨论了质子晕形成的条件. The new progress of proton halo researches in theory and experiment was introduced. Especially the structure of halo nuclei having 2s1d shell and the different models predicting the existence of proton halos in 26～28 P, 27～29 S were discussed. A recent experiment proving the existence of one proton halo in 26～28 P was reviewed and finally the conditions forming proton halo were discussed briefly.     

Preliminary design of a laser accelerator beam line

A compact laser plasma accelerator(CLAPA) is being built at Peking University, which is based on an RPA-PSA mechanism or other acceleration mechanisms. The beam produced by this laser accelerator has the characteristics of short duration, high pulse current, large divergence angle, and wide energy spectrum. The beam cannot be produced by a normal ion source and accelerator. The space charge field in the initial is very strong.According to the beam parameters from preparatory experiments and theoretical simulations, a compact beam line is preliminarily designed. The beam line mainly consists of common transport elements to deliver proton beam with the energy of 1–50 MeV, energy spread of 0–±1% and current of 0–108 proton per pulse to satisfy the requirement of different experiments. The simulation result of a 15 MeV proton beam with an energy spread of ±1%, current of 400 m A, and final spot radius of 9 mm is presented in this paper.     

发散型准直器限束孔应用于被动散射质子放疗可行性研究

被动散射质子放疗（Passive Scattering Proton Therapy,PSPT）是质子治疗的主要技术之一,束流通过准直器限束孔（Aperture）时因边缘散射效应导致患者体内剂量分布偏离理想状态。使用蒙特卡洛软件TOPAS（TOol for PArticle Simulation）对质子束流经过发散型与传统型准直器限束孔后进入水模体中的过程建模,分析两种准直器的边缘散射效应对剂量及中子能谱分布的影响,分别测试70,110,160,200,230,250 MeV能量下的质子束流,发现传统Aperture在70 MeV的质子束下边缘散射效应最明显,在距水箱表面0.5 cm深度处横向剂量曲线平坦度、均匀度分别达到4.63%,108.05%,随着深度增加边缘散射效应逐渐减弱,在布拉格峰位置处接近消失。使用发散型准直器限束孔后,在70 MeV下平坦度、均匀度分别降至1.28%,101.31%,对于100,160,200 MeV质子束均有不同程度改善。对于能量接近250 MeV的质子束,发散型准直器限束孔设置下横向剂量曲线并无优势。边缘散射效应导致的剂量不均随水深增加而减弱,对于各个能量质子,使用发散型准直器限束孔后次级中子减少。研究结果表明,发散型准直器限束孔应用于PSPT效果显著,为进一步应用于临床提供数据支撑。Passive Scattering Proton Therapy (PSPT) is one of the main technologies for proton radiation therapy. The dose distribution in the patient deviates from the ideal state due to the edge scattering effect when the beam passes through the aperture. In this paper, TOPAS, a Monte Carlo software, was used to simulate the passive scattering treatment head. The influence of the edge scattering effect of the two aperture sets on the dose distribution was compared. The proton beam at 70, 110, 160, 200, 230 and 250 MeV was tested respectively. We found that the scattering effect of the conventional aperture is most obvious at 70 MeV, and the flatness and hetergeneity of the lateral dose curve at the inlet of 0.5 cm of the tank reach 4.63%, 108.05%, respectively. The dose shift caused by the edge scattering effect decreases with increasing water depth and disappears at the Bragg peak. After using the divergent aperture, the flatness and uniformity at 70 MeV are reduced to 1.28% and 101.31%, respectively, and the 100, 160, and 200 MeV proton beams are improved in different extents. For a proton beam with an energy close to 250 MeV, there is no advantage in the lateral dose curve of the divergent aperture. For all energy protons, the secondary neutrons are reduced with divergent aperture. The results show that the divergent aperture is effective for PSPT and this study provides data support for further application in clinical practice.     

飞秒激光作用下质子产额及空间分布

在超短超强激光装置SILEX-Ⅰ上,利用HD810辐射变色膜在靶背法线方向测量了质子产额及空间分布。测量结果显示:光学密度与质子流量密切相关,光学密度越大,质子流量就越大;当C8H8厚度相同,Cu厚度增加时,质子产额随辐射变色膜的光学密度平均值减小而减小;当靶相同,激光功率密度越小时,光学密度平均值就越小,则质子产额也越小;实验中还得到了质子呈环状、成丝和圆盘状结构的空间分布,该空间分布的大小与激光焦斑大小无关。     

超短超强激光与Cu靶相互作用中质子背向发射的实验测量

 在20TW激光器上进行了超短超强激光与金属Cu膜靶的相互作用实验，当靶厚度不同时，采用CR39核径迹探测器测量了质子发射的空间分布和产额；使用Thomson磁谱仪测量了靶背法线方向质子束的能量分布。测量结果表明：质子产额为10 ⁵～10 ⁶每发；质子束沿靶背法线方向发射，与入射激光方向无关，并且存在较小的发射立体角，在一定能量处出现截止，截止能量的大小与靶厚度有关。     

鞘场加速机理中质子束的特性与其初始尺寸的关系

为了研究激光鞘场中质子层的尺寸对质子束特性的影响,本文应用中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心的二维Particle-In-Cell (2D-PIC)数值模拟程序Flips2D进行了相关数值模拟研究. 研究了质子束总能量随时间的变化,得出了加速持续过程与激光脉冲持续时间的关系; 研究了质子层的宽度对加速后质子束发散角和能谱的影响;研究了质子层的厚与加速后质子束 发散角和能谱的关系;得出了质子层的初始尺寸对加速后质子特性的影响规律.     

采用超薄双层靶提高质子束的单能性

利用1维粒子模拟程序,研究了超短超强激光脉冲与超薄双层靶(基底层和加速层厚度均为nm量级)相互作用产生准单能质子束的过程。研究表明,基底层厚度及加速层厚度对质子能谱的影响至关重要。减小基底层厚度,靶后静电场增强,质子的最大能量显著增大;减小加速层厚度,靶后静电场分布变得更加均匀,质子能谱中心能量变化不大,单能性变好。通过优化参数,获得了能散度为7%的准单能质子束。     

Experimental characterization of bi-directional terahertz emission from gold-coated nanogratings

The THz radiation emission of Au-coated nanogratings (fused silica substrate, 30?nm Au layer thickness, 500?nm grating constant) upon fs laser irradiation (785?nm, 150?fs, 1?kHz,???1?mJ/pulse) is observed in both directions along the laser beam axis (forward and backward) and for both, illumination of the Au/air or the Au/silica interface. THz radiation along the laser beam propagation is emitted in a narrow solid angle of about 15°?fwhm independent on the laser pulse fluence, the angle of incidence and the nanograting profile. The bar width and groove depth of the nanograting as well as the angle of laser beam incidence strongly affect the THz radiation yield. The energy of single THz light pulses is measured absolutely (2?fJ in the 0.3?C0.38?THz range) using a highly sensitive and fast superconducting transition edge sensor. The bi-directional emission of THz radiation is in agreement with the model assumption of surface plasmon polaritons propagating simultaneously on both Au layer interfaces (Au/air and Au/silica).     

Effect of thickness on the optical nonlinearity of gold colloidal nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation

The effect of thickness on the nonlinear optical properties of Au nanoparticles which produced by laser ablation of high purity gold bulk in distilled water were investigated by employing different optical techniques. Experiments were performed on the 0.3, 0.6, and 1 mm thickness cells of Au nanoparticles-fluid. The effect of nonlinear refractive index of samples on the laser beam broadening was observed. The optical limiting behavior of samples is investigated by measuring the transmitted intensity of the laser beam through the samples. The third order nonlinearity of Au nanoparticles-fluid was measured by using Z-scan data. Results show a positive second order refractive index and absorption coefficient for Au nanoparticles-fluid that are increased in due of increasing the thickness of the cells. The magnitudes of both real and imaginary parts of third order susceptibility of samples are increased by increasing the thickness.     

Cu~+、Ag~+、Au~+与乙硫醇的气相化学反应

利用激光溅射 分子束的技术 ,结合反射飞行时间质谱计 ,研究了Cu+、Ag+、Au+与乙硫醇的气相化学反应。结果显示这三种金属离子与 (CH3 CH2 SH) n 反应形成一系列团簇离子M+(CH3 CH2 SH) n,且团簇离子尺寸不一样。Ag+、Au+与乙硫醇的反应还生成了 (CH3 CH2 SH) +n ,由此推测Cu+、Ag+、Au+与乙硫醇团簇的反应存在两种通道 ,一种通道是生成M+(CH3 CH2 SH) n,另一种是生成 (CH3 CH2 SH) +n 。Cu+、Au+与乙硫醇的反应还生成了M+(H2 S) (M =Cu、Au) ,但是实验中没有观察到Ag+(H2 S) ,理论计算表明Ag+(H2 S)很不稳定。另外 ,分析产物离子M+(CH3 CH2 SH) n 的强度发现 ,n =1～ 2之间存在明显的强度突变现象     

Proton beam generation by ultra-high intensity laser–solid interaction

We report on some recent experimental results on proton production from ultra-intense laser pulse interaction with thin aluminium and plastic foil targets. These results were obtained at Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée with the 100 TW ‘salle jaune’ laser system, delivering 35 fs laser pulses at 0.8 μm, reaching a maximum intensity on target of a few 10¹⁹ W/cm².

In such extreme interaction conditions, an intense and collimated relativistic electron current is injected from the plasma created on the laser focal spot into the cold interior of the target. Its transport through dense matter, ruled by both collisions and self-induced (electro-magnetic) field effects, is the driving mechanism for proton acceleration from the rear side of thin foils: when reaching and leaving the foil rear-side, the fast electrons create a large charge separation and a huge electrostatic field with a maximum value of few TV/m, capable of accelerating protons.

A parametric study as a function of the laser driver and target parameters indicates an optimal value for target thickness, which strongly depends on the laser prepulse duration. In our experiments, we did irradiate targets of various materials (CH, Al, Au) changing the prepulse duration by using fast Pockels cells in the laser chain. CR-39 nuclear track detectors with Al filters of different thickness and a Thomson parabola were used to detect proton generation. The best results were obtained for 2 μm Al targets, leading to the generation of proton energies with energies up to 12 MeV.     

空心微球气体总量抽样测量误差分析

 间接驱动内爆靶丸由外层CH涂层，内层玻璃球壳和内部充入的气体组成。当玻璃球外涂CH后，球内的气体只能抽检而没有无损测量方法。在大量实验和数据基础上，研究了液滴法制备空心玻璃微球气体渗透系数的差异和分布，利用数理统计方法对实验数据进行了分析和处理，计算了空心玻璃微球对氘气渗透系数的误差，微球预充气挑选方案产生的误差及分布。最后根据现在的抽样测量方案计算了误判的概率。     

Enhanced planar channeling of MeV protons through thin crystals

At certain tilt alignments between a MeV proton beam and a planar channeling direction, a single interface lattice rotation within a crystal can result in a lower rate of dechanneling than at planar alignment in a perfect crystal. Such planar channeling enhancement arises when the beam passes through a layer thickness which is a half-multiple of the oscillation wavelength and then encounters a small interface rotation which is matched to the beam tilt angle. The beam is projected into the center of the phase space ellipse below the interface, resulting in certain trajectories undergoing a reduction in their transverse energy, in a manner analogous to stochastic cooling or atom laser cooling.     

High quality ZnS/Au/ZnS transparent conductive tri-layer films deposited by pulsed laser deposition

ZnS/Au/ZnS tri-layer films were deposited on quartz glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The influence of Au layer thickness on optical and electrical properties of the tri-layer ZnS/Au/ZnS was studied. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope were employed to characterize the crystalline structure and surface morphology of the tri-layer films. Hall measurements, ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer, four-point probe were used to explore the optoelectronic properties of the ZnS/Au/ZnS. The increase of Au layer thickness resulted in the decreased resistivity, the increased carrier concentration, and the declined transmittance in the visible light region.