延迟线阳极紫外光子探测器研究

基于微通道板(MCP)的延迟线阳极探测器利用信号到达延迟线两端的时间差得到入射光子的位置信息,具有高空间分辨率、高计数率的特点,被广泛应用于紫外光谱成像系统中。分析了延迟线阳极紫外光子探测器的工作原理,提出一种新型二维延迟线阳极,仅由阳极表面收集经MCP倍增后的电子云团,上层延迟线直接收集电子,下层延迟线通过置于顶层的焊盘收集电子。该阳极采用印刷电路板(PCB)加工制作,大大简化了制作工艺。测试结果表明,阳极探测器空间分辨率FWHM优于92μm,成像非线性小于100μm。实验结果证明了该延迟线阳极探测器进行紫外光子成像的可行性,为研制远紫外波段成像光谱仪提供了理论基础及实验指导。     

二维位置灵敏探测器输出图像畸变的修正

高分辨(e,2e)谱仪采用二维位置灵敏探测器同时对能量和角度进行多道测量.二维位置灵敏探测器由级联使用的微通道板和电阻阳极板组成,由于电阻阳极板的边缘效应和制造工艺的缺陷,测量得到的位置图像与实际图像总会有一定的形变,存在一定的非线性.本文针对高分辨(e,2e)谱仪二维位置灵敏探测器输出图像的“桶形”畸变及位置非线性,采用一种简易的冷刻法(用脉冲信号来模拟真实电子束团),检验了二维位置灵敏探测器的Gear型电阻阳极板的线性好坏,并用分割成小三角形的方法找出测量得到的畸变图像与原始真实图像的映射关系,再用此关系对其它测量得到的畸变图像进行修正,并对修正的结果进行了评估.通过修正,由“桶形”畸变所造成的图像扭曲得到明显改善.修正后的x方向非线性由修正前的2.1%变为0.59%.这种检验和修正方法对其它领域类似探测器输出图像的修正也有一定的指导意义.     

新型涂硼热中子MWPC探测器的时间信号读出方法

基于10B薄膜的二维灵敏探测器是新近发展起来的热中子探测器,其灵敏面积大,时间和位置分辨好,n/抑制能力高,抗辐射能力强,可二维读出且具有良好的耐计数能力。针对新型的涂硼灵敏热中子多丝正比（MWPC）探测器,在延迟线时间差方法的基础上,提出一种中子击中位置数字信息的读出方法,并设计NIM读出插件用以验证该方法对于二维中子探测位置信息的读出能力。测试结果表明,本方法能完成4通道探测器信号的实时测量,其时间测量精度好于50 ps。结合FPGA片上系统实时数据控制和处理技术,单插件可支持最高1.3MHz的探测计数率。     

双维位置灵敏CsI(Tl)探测器

描述了一种双维位置灵敏CsI(Tl)探测器.用3组分α源测量该探测器得到的位置分辨为0.81mm(FWHM),对于69MeV/u ³⁶Ar能量分辨为0.9％(FWHM).在RIBLL的ΔE-E粒子鉴别望远镜中常常作为E探测器.由于CsI(Tl)晶体对不同的粒子的能损-光输出的非线性,需要针对不同离子对CsI探测器作能量-光输出校正曲线.     

用于飞行时间测量的大面积平行板雪崩探测器

本文描述了一台灵敏面积为70×140mm²的一维位置灵敏的平行板雪崩探测器(PSPP)和一台灵敏面积为60×400mm²的大面积平行板雪崩探测器(PPAC)的工作原理、构造和测试结果,及由这两个探测器构成的大立体角飞行时间测量装置.     

高时间分辨MRPC的位置灵敏读出方法

根据MRPC工作机制和高时间分辨的特性, 研制一种位置灵敏MRPC原型及读出方法. 该探测器具有10个220μm气隙, 有效探测面积为20cm×20cm. 前端电子学采用专用ASIC芯片, 具有快时间响应和输入电荷-输出信号宽度的转换功能. 采取同时读取信号传输时间差和感应信号分布的方法实现两维读出. 对该探测器性能的束流测试结果显示: 沿着读出条方向及其垂直方向的位置分辨分别为4.5mm和1.6mm, 其时间分辨达到63ps, 探测效率>95%.     

35MeV/u 40Ar+197Au反应中复合核的激发能与温度

利用大面积位置灵敏气体探测器对35MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au反应中形成的裂片进行了符合测量,由此得到了裂变复合核的速度分布.在大质量转移假设下扣除前平衡发射粒子的影响,得到复合核的激发能.另外利用望远镜探测器对反应中出射的轻带电粒子也进行了符合测量,并由后角α,p,d,t的能谱提取了复合核的温度.温度与激发能的关系没有表现出理论预言的相变特征.     

1987年CUSPEA试题选解——近代物理(Modern Physics)部分第3题—B3

1987年2月在两个较大的地下探测器上同时记录 了簇发式的几个中微子事例,这些事例发生在几秒钟 的间隔内,据认为是由于处在我们这个银河系边缘附 近的新的超新星突然塌缩时所辐射出的能量大约为 10Mev的中微子和反中微子到达地球上所产生的. 每个探测器是由在很深(大约1000米深)的矿井 中的很大的纯水容器(大约存水5000吨)所构成的, 在容器的周缘放置了一系列光电倍增管,它们可以探 测到由相对论带电粒子的运动所产生的切伦柯夫 (Cherenkov)辐射. 在10Mev量级上,在纯水中所发生的中微子反应 主要是 (1) v+e” v+e (2) V+p+ n+e’其中v和D…     

不同工作气体对PPAC性能的影响

描述了为RIBLL研制的一种双维位置灵敏PPAC在不同工作气体下的性能测试.位置读出采用电荷分除法.在7mb气压和C₃F₈工作气体时阳极在+595V,对于3组分α粒子,位置分辨为0.64mm.使用异丁烷气体,阳极在+500V,位置分辨为0.76mm.PPAC在两种气体中探测效率均为99.1%.C₃F₈气体质量厚度和能量损失较大,信号幅度较高,适合探测较高能量较轻粒子.异丁烷气体能损较小,适合探测较重粒子.     

两维位置灵敏探测器的能量和动量响应函数刻度

用弹性散射对多通道(e,2e)谱仪两维位置灵敏探测器的能量和动量响应函数进行了刻度,从位置灵敏探测器输出的两维位置信息中获得了弹性散射的能谱和角度谱,估计了在当前实验条件下的能量分辨和角度分辨.同时,我们用正交多项式的最小二乘法拟合得到了谱仪单路的能量和动量响应函数.     

基于粗对准与精对准信号分开探测的对准系统

提出了一种用于光刻装置的对准系统。该对准系统所用的标记包含多个相位子光栅。其中，标记±1级衍射光的光强信息用于产生粗对准信号。在粗对准信号上，通过峰值检测和信号拟合获得最大峰值点，该峰值点即为粗对准位置。同时，在另一光路中，精细子光栅的±1级衍射光的光强信息用于产生精对准信号。利用余弦或正弦曲线对该精对准信号进行拟合，得到一系列的波峰点。距离粗对准位置最近的波峰点即为精对准位置。当精细子光栅的周期足够小时，该对准系统可获得5nm级的重复精度。     

基于小波域可导阈值函数与自适应阈值的脉冲星信号消噪

脉冲星辐射信号具有极低的信噪比, 传统降噪方法难以在抑制噪声的同时保留其细节信息. 为此, 提出了一种小波域脉冲星信号消噪方法. 在小波域, 利用一种可导的阈值函数和一种自适应阈值选取方法, 对含噪脉冲星信号进行小波域阈值去噪处理, 并利用信噪比(SNR)、 均方根误差(RMSE)、 峰值相对误差(REPV) 以及峰位误差(EPP) 四项指标来对去噪效果进行评价. 实验结果表明, 与软阈值与硬阈值法相比, 该方法能在有效去除含噪脉冲星信号中的噪声、 显著提高其信噪比的同时, 更有效地保留原始信号中的有用信息, 同时可以获得更小的均方根误差、 脉冲峰值相对误差与峰位误差.     

分布式光纤Sagnac干涉仪中基于倒谱的多分辨率入侵定位算法

基于Sagnac结构的分布式光纤干涉仪具有灵敏度高和动态范围大等特点, 特别适合监测入侵信号, 并确定其发生位置. 不同于现有的时域自相关及频域陷波点定位方法, 本文提出将两相干光束相位差信号变换到倒谱域, 通过倒谱系数峰来方便准确地确定入侵位置. 此外, 为克服倒谱定位中降采样带来的分辨率粗糙问题, 提出了多分辨率定位综合的改进方法. 通过改变降采样因子和利用高阶倒谱峰两种措施对同一入侵信号得到一系列定位值, 并对所有定位值取平均作为入侵信号的最终定位值. 实验首先在距离传感光缆尾端40.498 km处制造3个入侵信号. 采用本文提出的倒谱方法对该入侵得到84个定位值, 综合后的定位误差分别只有9 m, 17 m 和 11 m, 显示了对入侵信号定位的准确性. 之后对不同位置的入侵信号进行定位, 7次实验的定位误差的标准差达到12 m, 而相同情况下的自相关方法和陷波点方法的定位误差标准差分别为695 m和118 m. 此外, 这种方法还具有操作简单、易于自动测量等特点, 有望在Sagnac干涉传感系统中发挥重要作用.     

Ultrasonic focusing and scanning with multiple waves

This paper presents a new focusing and scanning method which focuses multiple waves on a target. The key of the method is to control excitation pulses for each element of the transducer array. The excitation pulse on each array element is obtained by time reversing the signal received by the same element, which is generated by an imaginary source at the target. The excitation pulses from all array elements are transmitted and arrive at the target simultaneously, and focusing is achieved. The performance of the two methods is compared in numerical examples, and it is demonstrated that the proposed method achieves a satisfactory focusing and a good signal-to-noise ratio no matter where the target location is.     

Clutter interference and the integration time of echoes in the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus

The ability of the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to detect a sonar target is affected by the presence of other targets along the same axis at slightly different ranges. If echoes from one target arrive at about the same delay as echoes from another target, clutter interference occurs and one set of echoes masks the other. Although the bat's sonar emissions and the echoes themselves are 2 to 5 ms long, echoes (of approximately equal sensation levels--around 15 dB SL) only interfere with each other if they arrive within 200 to 400 microseconds of the same arrival time. This figure is an estimate of the integration time of the bat's sonar receiver for echoes. The fine structure of the clutter-interference data reflects the reinforcement and cancellation of echoes according to their time separation. When clutter interference first occurs, the waveforms of test and cluttering echoes already overlap for much of their duration. The masking effect underlying clutter interference appears specifically due to overlap, not between raw echo waveforms, but between the patterns of mechanical excitation created when echoes pass through bandpass filters equivalent to auditory-nerve tuning curves. While the time scale of clutter interference is substantially shorter than the duration of echo waveforms, it still is much longer than the eventual width of a target's range-axis image expressed in terms of echo delay.     

The quantum mechanics of particle-correlation measurements in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

The Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) effect in two-particle correlations is a fundamental wave phenomenon that occurs at the sensitive elements of detectors; it is one of the few processes in elementary particle detection that depends on the wave mechanics of the produced particles. We analyze here, within a quantum mechanical framework for computing correlations among high-energy particles, how particle detectors produce the HBT effect. We focus on the role played by the wave functions of particles created in collisions and the sensitivity of the HBT effect to the arrival times of pairs at the detectors, and show that the two detector elements give an enhanced signal when the single-particle wave functions of the detected particles overlap at both elements within the characteristic atomic transition time of the elements. The measured pair correlation function is reduced when the delay in arrival times between pairs at the detectors is of order of or larger than the transition time.     

Integration System of Head,Eye, and Retinal Position Signals for Perceptual Direction

This study investigates the integration system of head (-to-trunk), eye (-to-head), and retinal position signals for hand pointing. In experiment 1, subjects changed their head and eye positions and pointed at a fixated visual stimulus by using an unseen pointer. In experiment 2, subjects fixated a visual stimulus and pointed at another visual stimulus. The results show that the head and eye position signals contributed linearly to perceptual direction (experiments 1 and 2), and that the coefficients of these signals decrease with peripheral vision and are smaller than the coefficient of the retinal position signal (experiment 2). These results collectively suggest that the integration algorithm of the position signals might be described by the linear summation equation and that the retinal position signal serves a more important role than the other position signals in the visual system.     

The Motion of a Pair of Charged Particles

We revisit the problem of two (oppositely) charged particles interacting electromagnetically in one dimension with retarded potentials and no radiation reaction. The specific quantitative result of interest is the time it takes for the particles to fall in towards one another. Starting with the nonrelativistic form, we answer this question while adding layers of complexity until we arrive at the full relativistic delay differential equation that governs this problem. That case can be solved using the Synge method, which we describe and discuss.     

Space-time structure of signals in scintillation detectors of extensive air showers

The space-time evolution of a signal in scintillation detectors used at the Yakutsk array is calculated within the quark-gluon string model. It follows from the calculations of the temporal distributions of the signal that the time to sample all particles at the distances 100, 600, 1000, and 1500 m is 0.1, 1, 2.5, and 4 μs respectively. At large distances from the shower axis in the region of superhigh energies, about 60–70% of the signal is sampled within the sampling time of 2 μs adopted in the experiment. At the distance 600 m from the shower axis, the estimated sampling time of all particles agrees with the one adopted in the Yakutsk experiment.     

A sign-function receiving scheme for sine signals enhanced by stochastic resonance

To address the problem that it is difficult to detect an intermediate frequency (IF) signal at the receiving end of a communication system under extremely low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, we propose a stochastic resonance (SR)-enhanced sine-signal detection method based on the sign function. By analyzing the SR mechanism of the sine signal and combining it with the characteristics of a dual-sequence frequency-hopping (DSFH) receiver, a periodic stationary solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) with a time parameter is obtained. The extreme point of the sine signal is selected as the decision time, and the force law of the electromagnetic particles is analyzed. A receiving structure based on the sign function is proposed to maximize the output difference of the system, and the value condition of the sign function is determined. In order to further improve the detection performance, in combination with the central-limit theorem, the sampling points are averaged N times, and the signal-detection problem is transformed into a hypothesis-testing problem under a Gaussian distribution. The theoretical analysis and simulation experiment results confirm that when N is 100 and the SNR is greater than 20 dB, the bit-error ratio (BER) is less than 1.5×10^-2 under conditions in which the signal conforms to the optimal SR parameters.