光学仪器 医用光学仪器

TH7732006010778扩大人眼波前像差仪测量范围方法的研究=A method toexpand the dynamic range of Hart mann-Shack sensor de-duced fromthe unwrapping algorithm and the mask tech-nique[刊,中]/高卫华(南开大学、天津大学联合研究院,南开大学现代光学研究所,光电信息技术科学教育部重点实验室.天津(300071)),王肇圻…∥光子学报.—2005,34(7).—1099-1102提出了一种扩大人眼波前像差仪测量范围的方法,该方法综合了波前重建展开算法和波前探测的模板技术,大幅度扩大了波前测量范围。在待测波前像差超出展开算法测量范围的情况下,此方…     

相位光栅型曲率传感器的波前校正算法

 针对相位光栅曲率传感器能够测量波前曲率在光瞳面上分布的特点,提出了一种采用整个空间分布的曲率信号来实现波前校正的算法。用曲率型变形镜影响函数的曲率信号在光瞳面上的分布来拟合待校正波前的曲率信号,采用最小二乘方法得到变形镜的控制电压,实现波前校正过程。数值模拟了一种41单元曲率型自适应光学系统采用该算法的波前校正过程。结果表明,对4至28阶Zernike像差体现了校正效果,对曲率为0的Zernike像差校正效果略好于曲率不为0的Zernike像差。与传统分区法的校正效果相比,整体法对Zernike像差的校正效果基本相当。整体法无需对光瞳面上的曲率信号进行与电极分布相同的分区,降低了对系统校准的要求。     

自由曲面镜片波前像差扩束-缩束拼接技术

为解决波前传感器检测自由曲面镜片时测量口径不匹配,在拼接检测方法中测量过程及数据处理较为繁琐等问题,提出了一种测量自由曲面镜片的方法.该方法在扩大单次测量光束直径后对自由曲面镜片波前像差进行检测,再由波前传感器接收缩小后的带有扩束测量区域波前信息的光束.设计光路测量得到4个直径扩大10倍后的子孔径波前像差,完成扩束子孔径的波前重构及拼接.为验证实验的可靠性,对测得的扩束子孔径进行波前重构后与哈特曼传感器生成的子孔径像差峰谷值进行比较,并观察扩束子孔径拼接波面的平整性.实验结果表明:该方法能有效增大小口径波前传感器的测量范围,提高检测效率,可以用于大口径镜片的波前像差检测上.     

高阶截断误差的斜率和曲率混合型波前重构算法

研究了斜率和曲率混合型区域波前重构算法,提出了通过减小重构方程的截断误差来提高波前重构精度。利用泰勒展开推导了波前值、波前斜率和曲率值三者间的数学关系,得到了截断误差为相邻两波前测量点间距五次方的重构方程。将该方程用于波前重构中,提出了一种新的斜率和曲率混合型波前重构算法。通过重构仿真对比了该混合型算法与现有混合型算法的波前重构误差。结果表明,在忽略测量噪声的情况下,提出的算法将相对重构误差降低了约两个数量级;在考虑测量噪声的情况下,提出的算法在对高阶像差的重构时,具有更小的相对重构误差。提出的高阶截断误差的混合型波前重构算法较现有的混合型算法需要的计算量更小,更利于实时波前重构。     

基于波前曲率的客观验光新方法

波前像差的客观验光准确度对眼科临床应用有重要的意义。基于实测人眼的波前像差数据,计算波前像差曲面图的曲率分布,得到人眼在瞳孔平面位置的屈光度。通过波前传播,计算得到眼镜镜片所处位置的屈光度。该方法包含了高阶像差对人眼屈光度的影响,分析该屈光度与主观验光屈光度间的差异发现,4 mm瞳孔直径下的波前验光结果与主观验光结果差异较小,平均球度差异为0.06D,平均柱度和柱度角的差异分别为-0.07D和0.62°。结果表明,利用4 mm瞳孔直径下的曲率分布图验光结果可以较准确的预测主观验光结果。     

渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法

利用波前传感器测量自由曲面镜片时,由于自由曲面镜片的直径通常大于波前传感器的接收孔径,主要采用子孔径拼接技术测量镜片的波前像差。针对子孔径拼接技术测量中存在着操作繁琐、数据处理量大等问题,提出渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法,得到渐进多焦点镜片中央直径为22 mm圆形区域内的波前像差。为了验证试验的可靠性,将测量得到的波前像差泽尼克表述中的离焦项转换为球镜度,与条纹偏折法测量得到镜片的球镜度进行对比实验,实验结果证明了渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法可以用于渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的检测。     

适用于波前处理器的自适应光学系统非共光路像差补偿方法

提出了一种适合硬件形式波前处理器的非共光路像差校正方法.讨论了非共光路像差的产生原因和运用相位差异技术检测非共光路像差的方法.根据波前处理器的工作流程,推导了将非共光路像差折算到波前探测器参考点偏移量的算法,编写了实现算法的主控计算机软件模块.在望远镜光路中以光源为目标开展实验,用本文算法校正后,目标能量集中度提高了17.6%,证明了该方法的可行性.     

人眼波前像差的动态特性研究

人眼波前像差随时间涨落会引起人眼光学性能和视觉功能的改变.采用改进的HartmannShack波前传感器人眼像差仪对10只屈光度为0D~-5.0D、直径为3mm和6mm的人眼瞳孔的波前像差进行测量,其中每只人眼在5s内连续测量125次,测量频率为25Hz.为确定测量过程中是否引入人为像差,对人造眼3mm和6mm瞳孔的动态波前像差进行测量比对.结果表明:所测量的10只人眼3mm和6mm瞳孔总的Zernike波前像差均方根涨落幅度的平均值分别为0.087μm和0.105μm,均大于Marechal衍射极限;Zernike第3阶到第7阶波前像差均方根涨落幅度随像差阶数的递增而下降,涨落幅度为0.06~0.02μm;人眼波前像差的涨落频率达6Hz.     

一种同时测量平行偏差、倾斜偏差的方法

提出了一种仅由接收物镜和CCD构成的接收器,通过物镜位置的调整,可以同时完成平行偏差（平偏）和倾斜偏差（角偏）这两个参量的测量.通过对系统像差的分析,提出了可显著降低物镜像差对测量结果影响的算法.理论和实验数据表明,对于平偏测量范围为±10 mm、角偏测量范围为±2°、接收物镜焦距为50 mm、CCD尺寸为1/1.6 inch的系统,平偏测量准确度可达0.02 mm,角偏测量准确度可达9.5″.     

人眼实际观察状态下的自由曲面眼镜片的透射波前像差测量

基于人眼-镜片联合模型提出了一种实际观察状态下测量自由曲面镜片波前像差的方法,该方法不同于焦度计及现有的哈特曼-夏克波前像差传感器测量眼镜片后表面波前像差的方法。阐述了一种在实际观察状态下眼镜片顶球面上的波前像差测量方法的原理。基于该原理设计、研制了相应的测量装置,并使用该测量装置自动扫描测量得到眼镜片顶球面上的波前像差和配戴者屈光度参数。实验结果验证了该测量装量可以实现模拟实际观察状态下自由曲面镜片波前像差的测量,有助于评价自由曲面镜片的成像质量和加工质量,以及指导镜片的设计和优化。     

基于分支设置的质量导引相位展开算法

二维相位展开方法是近年来较为活跃、引起关注的一个研究课题,它在许多测量应用中有着重要的作用。尽管掩膜阻断算法在多个领域都有成功应用实例,该算法存在着固有的缺陷。为了克服掩膜阻断算法的缺陷,综合分支阻断方法和质量导引方法的优点,提出一种基于分支设置的质量导引相位展开新算法。它先以一个初始质量图来引导分支的设置,然后把分支对应的相位质量设置为最低,从而产生一个新的质量图,最后按新质量图来引导相位展开,并使用几个包裹相位图来验证此方法的有效性。计算机模拟相位图和实际相位图的相位展开结果表明,在存在复杂轮廓不连续和高噪声的情况下,该算法优于模板阻断算法,能得到较好的相位展开结果。     

Dynamic range expansion of a Shack-Hartmann sensor by use of a modified unwrapping algorithm

An algorithm for expanding the dynamic range of Shack--Hartmann sensors is proposed. The distribution of the spot dislocations is treated with a modified unwrapping algorithm that is widely used in interferometry. The algorithm unwraps the spot dislocations and assigns the spots to their original subapertures, leading to a huge expansion of the dynamic range. For the proposed algorithm there remains a limitation on the maximum wave-front curvature instead of on the maximum wave-front slope. Examples are given that show spot fields that were wrapped four times; the measured wave front had a peak-to-valley value of 116 lambda .     

仿视觉过程的相位展开方法

在所有基于条纹分析的光学测量中,相位展开问题是难以避免的问题。所有传统的相位展开方法的共同点都是在相主值图中通过邻域内相主值差和寻找无噪声的相位展开路径来完成的。如果不利用整幅图像像素间的联系,则误差会沿展开路径传播。根据人眼识别栅线图周期的过程提出了一种与以往完全不同的相位展开方法。经过初步提取周期分界线、修补分界线和根据分界线确定周期三个步骤即可完成相位展开过程。该算法的原理简单明了,实现起来相对简单,只需单幅条纹图像即可得到周期,因而可用于动态测量。实验结果验证了该算法的可行性。     

调制度分析在等步长相移法相位展开中的应用

推导了两种常用等步长相移算法的调制度表达式,提出一种新的调制度分析方法。该方法用于等步长相移法中基于加权最小二乘法的相位展开,能够充分利用调制度信息,构造二值和小数权重,从而增强相位展开过程对多种干扰因素的免疫力。实验结果说明了该方法的有效性和实用性。最后比较了二值权重和小数权重在加权最小二乘法的相位展开中的性能表现。     

A fast,accurate phase unwrapping method for wavelet-transform profilometry

A novel phase unwrapping method used in wavelet-transform profilometry is presented to improve the accuracy and speed of the unwrapping process. The wrapped phase of the fringe image is extracted by using wavelet transform. How to establish quality map using scale factor at wavelet ridge is discussed firstly. The proposed method can reflect the reliability of the pixels in fringe image effectively. As the consuming time of traditional flood-fill phase unwrapping algorithm is too long, an improved quality-guided method is used in phase unwrapping process. We divide the wrapped phase map into two levels following the established quality map, and process these two levels using different algorithms. Compared with the traditional flood-fill algorithm, we can get the accurate result while the consuming time of the phase unwrapping process is much less by using the proposed method. Simulation and experiment results verify that the 3D information of the measured object can be obtained rapidly and accurately by using the proposed method. Also the dynamic object can be measured too.     

Dynamic 3-D shape measurement method based on FTP

In this paper, we propose a method for dynamic three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement based on Fourier transform profilometry. A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe images can be grabbed by a CCD camera and saved on a disk rapidly. By a Fourier transform, filtering and inverse Fourier transform, a sequence of phase-maps can be obtained. By unwrapping these phase maps in 3-D phase space, we can obtain the shape of the dynamic object at different times. In this paper we also propose the algorithm of a phase difference between two deformed fringes, and the 3-D phase unwrapping method based on the phase difference algorithm. The computer simulation and experiment results show that this method can efficiently deal with the dynamic 3-D shape measurement.     

Study on Fourier transforms profilometry based on bi-color projecting

Projecting a bicolor sinusoidal fringe pattern consisting of two interlaced RGB format base color fringe patterns with π phase difference onto an object thought digital light projector, we can capture a deformed color pattern by color digital camera, then decode two individual sinusoidal fringe patterns with π phase difference by color-separating technique. Accessing these two fringe patterns, not only are zero-order spectra eliminated, but mask function is also built to mark valid unwrapping area in FTP, automatically.Moreover, because the wrapped phase just inside the valid areas is needed unwrapping, we can mark these areas with mask function, which avoids the error transferring resulting from unwrapping the invalid areas and shortens the unwrapping time. Furthermore, in Fourier transform processing, the full-field deformed fringe pattern generally needed to guarantee measurement precision can be formed by expanding non-full-field fringe pattern captured using the mask function.     

A simple method to unwrap the geometrically discontinuous phase map and its application in the measurement of IC package

Research on the techniques to unwrap the geometrically discontinuous phase map is an active area during the past decade, various algorithm are developed. Basically, these algorithms need a prior knowledge about the spatial extension of the discontinuity area in the sample for correct phase unwrapping, manual mask is often involved and negate the sense of automatic processing to fringe patterns. More ever, current phase unwrapping algorithms are either computationally complex or highly time consuming. In this paper, a refined method is proposed to deal with the geometrical discontinuity problem in an improved automation sense: suppression of background noise and recognition of discontinuity area in the phase map can be finished in the same time, and discontinuous phase map can be unwrapped in a simple way to avoid the effect of discontinuity area. An example of electronic package with complex shape and structure is used to verify the efficiency of this method.     

Accuracy and sensitivity of a hole drilling and digital speckle pattern interferometry combined technique to measure residual stresses

This paper reports on the accuracy and sensitivity of digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) when it is combined with the hole drilling technique for measuring residual stresses. The in-plane displacement field generated by the introduction of a small hole is determined using an automated data analysis approach. This method is based on the calculation of the optical phase distribution through a phase-shifting method and the application of a robust iterative phase unwrapping algorithm. It is experimentally demonstrated that residual stresses can be measured with a relative uncertainty of 7.5%. It is also shown that the minimum value of residual stress that can be determined with the DSPI and hole drilling combined technique is about 10% of the yield stress of the material.     

基于可靠性的相位去包裹算法

提出了一种新的基于可靠性的相位去包裹算法。采用了队列算法及去包裹可靠性的判别标准。与传统方法相比,能够自动避开噪声区域,解决了相位去包裹中的阴影遮挡以及空洞等问题,克服了传统去包裹方法中的误差传播效应,能准确快速地对全场进行相位去包裹。设计了一套基于此算法的三维形面测量系统。