简易次声振动及监测实验装置设计

本装置利用低频扬声器作为模拟次声振源,并基于光反馈自混合干涉原理,将次声信号转换为自混合干涉信号,利用快速傅里叶变换进行分析,进而得到次声波的频率和强度.实验结果表明,该装置能够准确地测量出次声振动频率,并对其幅度进行监测.装置光路简单,结构紧凑、易实现,可推广应用于次声波检测的实验教学和监测实践.     

Φ3英寸双面超导薄膜Jc均匀性测量

临界电流密度Jc是评价超导薄膜质量的重要参数之一.采用Jc测量装置可以准确、快速、无损检测Φ2～3英寸双面膜的Jc均匀性.该装置是利用高温超导薄膜的超导转变对线圈内感应电压产生的变化这一原理,测量线圈由初级和次级组成.所用信号频率为20kHz.次级信号在同样频率下由锁相放大器检测.测量过程全部由计算机控制.对于超导微波滤波器应用所要求的高质量Φ2～3英寸双面超导薄膜材料,必须具有高的Jc和低的Rs值.采用该装置测量超导薄膜的Jc均匀性,与Rs对应关系进行分析,将有助于超导薄膜的质量控制.     

基于FPGA的CMP电涡流终点检测装置设计

为实现对晶圆表面金属层的化学机械抛光（CMP）过程中的终点检测和对抛光速率进行监控的要求，设计了一种基于电涡流测量原理的测量装置。该装置以FPGA器件作为控制核心，由其控制高速D/A转换器生成正弦交流信号，并驱动测量电桥。由于测量线圈产生的交变磁场在晶片金属薄膜上产生电涡流，引起测量线圈的阻抗发生变化。通过测量相应的阻抗变化产生的信号，可以计算出相应的晶片表面金属薄膜的厚度。实验表明该装置可以满足对晶圆表面100～1000nm厚度金属层的测量要求。     

Ф3英寸双面超导薄膜Jc均匀性测量

临界电流密度Jc是评价超导薄膜质量的重要参数之一，采用Jc测量装置可以准确、快速、无损检测Ф2～3英寸双面膜的Jc均匀性。该装置是利用高温超导薄膜的超导转变对线圈内感应电压产生的变化这一原理，测量线圈由初级和次级组成，所用信号频率为20kHz，次级信号在同样频率下由锁相放大器检测，测量过程全部由计算机控制，对于超导微波滤波器应用所要求的高质量Ф2～3英寸双面超导薄膜材料，必须具有高的Jc和低的Rs值，采用该装置测量超导薄膜的Jc均匀性，与Rs对应关系进行分析，将有助于超导薄膜的质量控制。     

国际次声监测研讨会

全面核禁试条约第三届全球次声监测工作研讨会于1997年8月25至28日在美国新墨西哥州西班牙式的古城圣菲举行．会议云集了中国、美国、法国、俄罗斯、阿根廷、澳大利亚等5大洲12个国家61位活跃在次声学科领域的研究人员、政府官员以及联合国临时技术秘书等要员，围绕着全球次声监测中的7个专题进行报告和讨论，它们依次为：欢声阵的设计和信号处理，次声阵性能和减噪设备；法国欢声监测系统，国际次声监测系统60个站网的能力模型，对流层风对长距离次声传播的影响，高空风对次声同性能的影响，渗透管的特性以及对次声监测的减噪作用，欢声减噪器；爆炸检测，声遥感技术对爆炸源能量的估计，小当量地下，地面和近地面爆炸远距离声传     

次声波简易监测方法及分析

设计了简易次声检测装置,利用通用电容传声器和计算机(板载)声卡,采用调幅方法或利用非简谐高频倍频分量信息并借助虚拟仪器技术实现次声波监测.使用LabVIEW 内嵌网络功能,探索了环境次声远程监测的可行性.     

HIRFL-CSR电子冷却装置高精度螺线管线圈制作及磁场测量

 采用特殊工艺制作了HIRFL-CSR电子冷却装置冷却段高精度螺线管线圈,两个产生反向磁场的线圈同轴、平行地放置在特制的测量装置上,高精度霍尔探头位于测量装置中心平面上,探头测量面与测量装置轴线重合,测量单个线圈磁场的横向分量,调节线圈几何轴相对于测量装置轴线的夹角,测得线圈磁轴的偏角小于1×10^-3。     

超导薄膜磁场穿透深度的双线圈互感测量

磁场穿透深度是联系超导体宏观电动力学与微观机制的重要物理量,其精确测量对于研究超导机理以及探索超导应用具有重要意义.在众多的磁场穿透深度测量方法中,双线圈互感法具有测量精度高、技术相对成熟、对样品没有破坏等优点,可被用于细致地研究超导薄膜的磁场穿透深度对温度、掺杂、外延应力等参量的依赖关系.本文首先简要介绍了双线圈互感法的基本原理,指出该方法的测量精度主要受系统几何参数及薄膜边缘漏磁的影响;之后对自主设计搭建的透射型双线圈互感装置进行了系统的校验,并详细说明了其测量精度:对于厚度为100 nm,穿透深度为150 nm的典型薄膜样品,穿透深度绝对值的测量误差小于10%;最后通过测量NbN超导薄膜的磁场穿透深度进一步检验了装置的精度,分析表明穿透深度的测量值与文献报道结果符合.     

氧化铟锡薄膜的磁感应热声分析

基于优良导体在磁场下的涡流效应理论和固体的热声效应理论,建立了氧化铟锡(ITO)导电薄膜磁-热-声效应的理论模型,推导了导电薄膜热致发声的温度振荡和输出声压表达式。对有基底的ITO导电膜进行了磁场下的热声理论计算和实验测试,结果表明：薄膜的温度振荡值随频率呈上升趋势,与电-热-声模型相比趋势相反;薄膜声压的理论值与实验值在频域内的变化趋势基本吻合,验证了理论模型的正确性。进而,根据磁-热-声的理论模型,分析了线圈相关参数对薄膜声压级的影响,结果表明：薄膜声压级随着线圈匝数的增加而增大,随着薄膜与线圈中心距离的增加而减小,随着线圈半径的增加而减小。文中的研究结果拓展了导电薄膜在扬声器等领域的应用。     

次声噪声场的测量与分析

本文阐述了大气次声噪声场的测量和分析方法,得到一组风速为4m/s噪声的空间相关半径,它可以作为声阵设计的初步依据;同时,还测量和计算了风噪声的速度——声压关系曲线,得到声阵在接收次声信号时的抗干扰能力。     

The experimental research on response characteristics of coal samples under the uniaxial loading process

In order to study the response characteristics of infrasound in coal samples under the uniaxial loading process, coal samples were collected from GengCun mine. Coal rock stress loading device, acoustic emission tested system and infrasound tested system were used to test the infrasonic signal and acoustic emission signal under uniaxial loading process. The tested results were analyzed by the methods of wavelet filter, threshold denoise, time–frequency analysis and so on. The results showed that in the loading process, the change of the infrasonic wave displayed the characteristics of stage, and it could be divided into three stages: initial stage with a certain amount infrasound events, middle stage with few infrasound events, and late stage gradual decrease. It had a good consistency with changing characteristics of acoustic emission. At the same time, the frequency of infrasound was very low. It can propagate over a very long distance with little attenuation, and the characteristics of the infrasound before the destruction of the coal samples were obvious. A method of using the infrasound characteristics to predict the destruction of coal samples was proposed. This is of great significance to guide the prediction of geological hazards in coal mines.     

Collective bubble oscillations as a component of surf infrasound

Plunging surf is a known generator of infrasound, though the mechanisms have not been clearly identified. A model based on collective bubble oscillations created by demise of the initially entrained air pocket is examined. Computed spectra are compared to infrasound data from the island of Kauai during periods of medium, large, and extreme surf. Model results suggest that bubble oscillations generated by plunging waves are plausible generators of infrasound, and that dynamic bubble plume evolution on a temporal scale comparable to the breaking wave period may contribute to the broad spectral lobe of dominant infrasonic energy observed in measured data. Application of an inverse model has potential to characterize breaking wave size distributions, energy, and temporal changes in seafloor morphology based on remotely sensed infrasound.     

基于小波包分解和FK分析的次声信号参数估计

频率波数分析法是一种估计信号慢度和方位角的台阵数据处理方法,在地震波信号处理中得到广泛应用,但将频率波数分析法应用于次声信号的时候,分辨率不高,易受噪声的影响,伪峰较明显。因此,本文提出了一种基于小波包分解和FK分析的次声信号参数估计方法,该方法借助小波包分解对信号整个频带的分辨能力,有效提高了算法的分辨率,降低了噪声的影响,有效压制了伪峰,并利用高斯调制正弦信号模拟次声信号,对比分析了方位角的均值、方差和均方根误差,验证了算法的性能,最后利用IS45台站接收的实际次声数据对算法进行对比分析,进一步验证了算法的有效性。     

Parametric acoustic antenna in the atmosphere

We consider the principles of development of a parametric antenna in the atmosphere. It is shown that to excite an infrasound at a frequency lower than 1 Hz in the atmosphere, one can use an acoustic system emitting simultaneously two waves whose frequencies differ by the infrasound frequency. In the pump-wave frequency range 20–500 Hz, the main contribution to infrasound emission is given by the region located at altitudes from 30 to 75 km, in which the oscillatory velocity in the pump wave is maximum. We propose an algorithm for calculation of the infrasound amplitude in the E and F layers of the ionosphere. Realization of a parametric antenna in the atmosphere makes it possible to broaden the capabilities of experiments based on the modification of the ionosphere by an infrasound. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 570–576, July 2006.     

次声波在平流层波导中传播的数值模拟

对次声波在大气中传播进行了建模。通过结合保色散关系空间差分格式和Runge-Kutta时间格式的数值方法,建立了次声波传播模型。应用该次声波模型,研究了在耗散的重力分层大气中次声波的平流层导行传播。数值模拟结果表明,当次声波波包在平流层高度上被反射时,反射区域存在焦散现象,在声波的声压下降的同时,声波的能量得到聚焦。通过数值模拟结果与射线计算结果的对比表明,大气中声波传播的轨迹的精确描述需要应用全波解。      

火箭发射的次声信号分析*

在距离发射点20km和230km的两个阵列上,记录了我国一次火箭发射产生的次声波。从信号中识别出点火与声爆事件,观察到火箭在飞行中产生持续的次声波,以及声爆前后明显能量特征上的变化,观测到完整的火箭发射和飞行过程中系列次声波。为了验证采集信号中包含声爆事件,使用Fisher检测估计方位角和视速度,计算结果与火箭飞行轨迹一致,并且声爆信号的预计到达时间和估计方位与实际的时间和方位角相符合。结合火箭速度变化的特征,给出了声爆前低频能量较弱现象的解释和火箭超声速后次声能量特征的变化,揭示了火箭产生次声波的机理,为火箭发射等目标的监测提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

Infrasound emission of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid

Data from observing the infrasound effects induced by the Chelyabinsk meteoroid impact of February 15, 2013 are presented. Similar infrasound effects registered earlier and ways of interpreting them are described. The characteristics of the infrasound station of the Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk, which registered the effect of the meteoroid explosion in the atmosphere, are also described. The shape of the infrasound signal from the Chelyabinsk meteoroid is presented and its parameters are discussed.     

Uncertainties associated with parameter estimation in atmospheric infrasound arrays

This study describes a method for determining the statistical confidence in estimates of direction-of-arrival and trace velocity stemming from signals present in atmospheric infrasound data. It is assumed that the signal source is far enough removed from the infrasound sensor array that a plane-wave approximation holds, and that multipath and multiple source effects are not present. Propagation path and medium inhomogeneities are assumed not to be known at the time of signal detection, but the ensemble of time delays of signal arrivals between array sensor pairs is estimable and corrupted by uncorrelated Gaussian noise. The method results in a set of practical uncertainties that lend themselves to a geometric interpretation. Although quite general, this method is intended for use by analysts interpreting data from atmospheric acoustic arrays, or those interested in designing and deploying them. The method is applied to infrasound arrays typical of those deployed as a part of the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization.     

基于一维卷积神经网络的化爆和地震次声分类*

次声事件的分类识别方法应用广泛,传统分类方法在很多方面进行了尝试,但由于次声信号具备非线性的特点,致使分类难度较大,分类精度不高,这对次声事件的分类工作提出了挑战。针对次声事件中的化学爆炸与天然地震信号分类问题,文章构建了一种改进的深度卷积神经网络分类模型用于实现两类次声信号的分类。论文采用"全面禁止核试验条约组织"官网上收集到的化学爆炸和天然地震次声信号进行数据集的构建,使用改进的深度卷积神经网络分别与BP网络和一维LeNet-5网络进行对比分析。实验结果表明,论文的测试识别率能够达到82.72%,较上述算法有优势。     

基于小波分解的岩石破坏次声信息特征研究

次声探测是近年来在自然灾害临灾预警领域兴起的一种新方法,具有广阔的前景。为了研究岩石破坏次声信息特性,在室内试验的基础上采集了砂岩试件破坏前的次声信号,借助小波分析方法对信号的能量特征进行了分析。结果表明:岩石变形破坏次声信号能量主要集中在4～8 Hz的中频带和8～16 Hz的高频带两个频率范围内,中频带能量大于高频带能量,同时在低频带0～4 Hz内也存在一定的能量分布。随着岩石变形破坏程度的增加,次声信号的中低频带能量在相对减少,在岩石临近破坏前,次声信号的中低频带能量与高频带能量的比值接近1。上述特征的发现,为岩石破坏次声信号识别以及破坏前兆预警提供了重要依据。