气泡引起的皇冠型水冢实验与数值研究

气泡在近自由液面运动过程中与自由液面发生强烈的耦合作用, 自由液面会出现极其复杂的物理现象, 形成的水冢类型繁多. 本文将针对皇冠型水冢, 基于势流理论, 建立气泡与自由液面耦合作用的数值模型, 并在气泡完成射流向下运动时, 忽略气泡对自由液面的影响, 继续模拟自由液面的运动过程. 同时利用高速摄影对近自由面的电火花气泡进行实验研究, 数值结果与实验符合良好, 相对误差在10%以内. 通过数值计算, 发现了围裙卷缩和主峰珠化等特殊的物理现象, 研究了气泡初始条件与韦伯数对皇冠型水冢动态特性的影响, 旨为皇冠型水冢的研究提供参考. 关键词： 气泡 自由液面 皇冠型水冢 韦伯数     

距离参数对浅水中气泡运动影响规律的实验和数值模拟

当爆炸气泡在浅水中运动时,同时受到自由面和水底壁面的作用而产生极其复杂的水面现象,气泡的运动特性与在自由场中或单一边界附近处爆炸相比会发生很大变化。为探究其规律,通过电火花诱导气泡实验,利用高速摄影技术对气泡与组合多边界的相互作用进行了研究,总结了自由面距离(γ_f)和壁面距离(γ_w)对气泡运动和水冢类型的影响。并用OpenFOAM进行了数值模拟,分析了距离参数对射流载荷的影响。结果表明:自由面距离参数较壁面距离参数对水冢类型影响更大;射流速度随自由面距离的增大而减小,在0γ_w2时,射流速度随壁面距离的增大先减小后增大;壁面压力与距离呈负相关,射流冲击面积与距离呈正相关。     

近自由面水下爆炸气泡的运动规律研究

基于边界积分法建立水下爆炸气泡与自由面耦合数值模型;并开发相应的计算程序,计算值与实验值符合较好.从气泡与自由面相互作用的基本现象入手,运用开发的程序系统地研究了近自由面水下爆炸气泡的动态特性,包括近自由面气泡的环状回弹及自由面的水冢现象;研究距离参数、浮力参数以及强度参数等特征参数与自由面Bjerknes效应之间的关系,总结相关规律,近自由面气泡的动态特性与这些特征参数有密切的关系.并在研究过程中,讨论了基于Kelvin-impulse理论的Blake准则的适用范围,并解释了Blake准则的失效的原因. 关键词： 气泡 自由面 环状 水冢     

激光空泡在近自由液面运动特性的实验研究

采用激光技术聚焦击穿液体产生空泡,利用高速摄像系统开展激光空泡与自由液面的相互作用的实验研究。实验研究发现,空泡与自由液面之间的无量纲距离对水下空泡的脉动特性和自由液面的水冢现象存在影响。通过大量实验总结了无量纲距离与空泡半径、空泡脉动周期、自由液面水柱的最大高度和产生水冢时间的相互关系。实验表明无量纲距离越小,空泡脉动周期越短,自由面的水冢现象越明显。同时统计出了在不同无量纲距离范围内所出现的5种不同水冢现象的规律。研究内容为空泡与自由液面相互作用的理论提供了实验依据。     

气泡与自由液面相互作用形成水射流的机理研究

为探究气泡与自由液面相互作用形成水射流的机理,利用高速摄影系统对电火花引起的气泡脉动和水射流现象进行了实验研究.通过改变气泡初始深度,得到了不同无量纲距离条件下气泡与自由面相互作用形成水射流和气泡脉动的动态过程的图像.通过对不同工况下水射流的形成过程的图像进行分析,发现气泡二次脉动引起的水面扰动与一次脉动引起的水面扰动的叠加是产生不同水面现象的实质性机理,而气泡距离自由液面的无量纲距离对两次扰动的叠加效果起着决定性影响.研究结果可以为气泡与自由液面相互作用导致不同水面现象的认知提供新的视角和参考.     

有倾角的竖直壁面附近气泡与自由面相互作用研究

本文采用边界元方法, 研究了具有倾角的竖直壁面附近气泡与自由面的相互耦合作用. 首先基于不可压缩势流理论, 建立了边界元气泡动力学模型, 并针对无限壁面附近的气泡和自由面作用问题, 采用镜像法模拟了倾斜壁面的作用. 然后, 基于本文所建立的数值模型, 分别计算了不同倾角的壁面对气泡和自由面水冢形态的影响, 发现倾斜角度会导致自由面的边界条件不连续, 从而对其运动产生明显的非线性影响. 最后, 分别分析了无浮力和有浮力情况下倾斜角度对其影响规律. 关键词： 水下爆炸 气泡动力学 倾斜壁面 自由面     

近自由面水下爆炸气泡的运动规律研究

基于边界积分法建立水下爆炸气泡与自由面耦合数值模型；并开发相应的计算程序，计算值与实验值符合较好.从气泡与自由面相互作用的基本现象入手，运用开发的程序系统地研究了近自由面水下爆炸气泡的动态特性，包括近自由面气泡的环状回弹及自由面的水冢现象；研究距离参数、浮力参数以及强度参数等特征参数与自由面Bjerknes效应之间的关系，总结相关规律，近自由面气泡的动态特性与这些特征参数有密切的关系.并在研究过程中，讨论了基于Kelvin-impulse理论的Blake准则的适用范围，并解释了Blake准则的失效的原因.     

圆柱体出水运动的自由面效应及水冢现象分析

以圆柱体为例,研究自由面附近刚性物体的受力状态,分析垂直运动圆柱体出水时的自由面效应以及水冢现象.建立基于势流理论考虑自由面效应的数学模型,并用边界元方法求解该模型.求解过程中考虑非线性自由面运动学以及动力学边界条件.通过求解控制方程以及边界条件,模拟恒速刚性圆柱体出水时的水冢现象及其穿越水冢过程.通过数值解和实验值的比较验证方法的可靠性.分析结构出水时的压力变化、自由液面变形、圆柱体所受的垂向合外力以及流场速度矢量的变化,并展开讨论.结果表明:考虑自由面效应的非线性方法能够更准确地预报自由面附近刚性运动物体的受力特性.     

基于边界元法的气泡同波浪相互作用研究

为研究水下爆炸气泡同波浪的相互作用,本文引入数值与解析相结合的方法来考虑远场对气泡的影响,并解决了开域自由面在边界积分中的奇异性问题．然后通过将流场速度势分解为波浪入射势和气泡扰动势,研究了波浪对近自由面气泡的动态特性的影响,并对不同特征参数的波浪下水下爆炸气泡进行模拟,分析了波长和初始相位角对气泡动态特性的影响．通过对结果的分析发现：对于气泡自身形态,在收缩阶段波浪的存在会使气泡上半部分以及自。由面诱导射流产生偏移;而对与水冢形态,除了会产生偏移,水冢高度和宽度也会受到明显的影响．这种影响程度随初始相位角周期性变化,而在本文所研究的波长范围内,随波长的增加递减．     

圆形破口附近气泡动态特性实验研究

以往对于壁面附近气泡动态特性的研究均是针对完整壁面进行的, 而对带破口壁面附近气泡运动特性的研究很少, 例如舰船结构在遭受药包爆炸冲击波作用后形成破口, 其仍可能会遭受随后生成气泡的二次打击, 破口的存在必定会影响爆炸生成气泡的动力学行为. 本文采用电火花气泡生成与观察实验装置, 对带有破口的壁面附近气泡脉动和射流特性进行研究.通过实验发现, 当气泡在破口同心位置生成时, 破口的存在会使气泡靠近破口一侧形成"腔吸现象", 并使气泡形成对射流. 在此基础上分析了破口大小和无量纲距离对破口附近气泡的影响规律, 最后讨论气泡在破口偏心位置生成时的运动特性, 结果发现破口附近气泡的二次打击威力随偏心距离的增加而增加, 文章旨在为不同边界附近气泡运动规律研究提供参考. 关键词： 气泡 实验 破口 射流     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of crown spike due to coupling effect between bubbles and free surface

The motion of gas bubbles beneath a free surface will lead to a spike of fluid on the free surface. The distance of the bubbles to the free surface is the key factor to different phenomena. When the inception distance varies in some range, crown phenomenon would happen after the impact of weak buoyancy bubbles, so this kind of spike is defined as crown spike in the present paper. Based on potential flow theory, a three-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate the motion of the free-surface spike generated by one bubble or a horizontal line of two in-phase bubbles. After the downward jet formed near the end of the collapse phase, the simulation of the free surface is performed to study the crown spike without regard to the toroidal bubble＇s effect. Calculations about the interaction between one bubble and free surface agree well with the experimental results conducted with a high-speed camera, and relative error is within 15%. Crown spike in both single- and two-bubble cases are simulated numerically. Different features and laws of the motion of crown spike, depending on the bubble-boundary distances and the inter-bubble distances, have been investigated.     

The interaction between multiple bubbles and the free surface

The flow is assumed to be potential, and a boundary integral method is used to solve the Laplace equation for the velocity potential to investigate the shape and the position of the bubble. A 3D code to study the bubble dynamics is developed, and the calculation results agree well with the experimental data. Numerical analyses are carried out for the interaction between multiple bubbles near the free surface including in-phase and out-of-phase bubbles. The calculation result shows that the bubble period increases with the decrease of the distance between bubble centres because of the depression effect between multiple bubbles. The depression has no relationship with the free surface and it is more apparent for out-of-phase bubbles. There are great differences in dynamic behaviour between the in-phase bubbles and the out-of-phase bubbles due to the depression effect. Furthermore, the interaction among eight bubbles is simulated with a three-dlmensional model, and the evolving process and the relevant physical phenomena are presented. These phenomena can give a reference to the future work on the power of bubbles induced by multiple charges exploding simultaneously or continuously.     

Collapsing dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the edge of a rigid wall

In the present paper, the collapsing dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the edge of a rigid wall is experimentally investigated with a high-speed photography system. For a symmetrical setup, the two primary control parameters of the bubble collapsing behavior include the equivalent maximum bubble radius and the distance between the bubble and the edge of the rigid wall. Based on the bubble interface deformation during the collapsing process, three typical cases are identified for the categorization of the phenomenon with the influences of the parameters revealed. Through a quantitative analysis of the obtained high-speed photos, the motions of the bubble interface in different directions are given together with the calculations of the bubble centroid. The primary findings of the present paper could be summarized in terms of the bubble-edge distance as follows. When the bubble is close to the edge, the movement of the bubble interface near the edge will be restricted with a clear neck formation in the middle part of the bubble. For this case, the edge could delay the bubble collapsing time up to 22% of the Rayleigh collapsing time. When the bubble is of the medium distance to the edge, the differences of the expansion or shrinkage of the bubble interface among different directions will be reduced with an olive-shaped bubble formed during the collapsing process. For this range of parameters, the bubble moves rapidly toward the edge especially during the final collapsing stage. When the bubble is far away from the edge, the bubble will be a nearly spherical one.     

超声场下刚性界面附近溃灭空化气泡的速度分析

为了揭示刚性界面附近气泡空化参数与微射流的相互关系, 从两气泡控制方程出发, 利用镜像原理, 建立了考虑刚性壁面作用的空化泡动力学模型. 数值对比了刚性界面与自由界面下气泡的运动特性, 并分析了气泡初始半径、气泡到固壁面的距离、声压幅值和超声频率对气泡溃灭的影响. 在此基础上, 建立了气泡溃灭速度和微射流的相互关系. 结果表明: 刚性界面对气泡振动主要起到抑制作用; 气泡溃灭的剧烈程度随气泡初始半径和超声频率的增加而降低, 随着气泡到固壁面距离的增加而增加; 声压幅值存在最优值, 固壁面附近的气泡在该最优值下气泡溃灭最为剧烈; 通过研究气泡溃灭速度和微射流的关系发现, 调节气泡溃灭速度可以达到间接控制微射流的目的.     

Cavitation bubble behavior and bubble–shock wave interaction near a gelatin surface as a study of in vivo bubble dynamics

The collapse of a single cavitation bubble near a gelatin surface, and the interaction of an air bubble attached to a gelatin surface with a shock wave, were investigated. These events permitted the study of the behavior of in vivo cavitation bubbles and the subsequent tissue damage mechanism during intraocular surgery, intracorporeal and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Results were obtained with high-speed framing photography. The cavitation bubbles near the gelatin surface did not produce significant liquid jets directed at the surface, and tended to migrate away from it. The period of the motion of a cavitation bubble near the gelatin surface was longer than that of twice the Rayleigh's collapse time for a wide range of relative distance, L/R_max, excepting for very small L/R_max values (L was the stand-off distance between the gelatin surface and the laser focus position, and R_max was the maximum bubble radius). The interaction of an air bubble with a shock wave yielded a liquid jet inside the bubble, penetrating into the gelatin surface. The liquid jet had the potential to damage the gelatin. The results predicted that cavitation-bubble-induced tissue damage was closely related to the oscillatory bubble motion, the subsequent mechanical tissue displacement, and the liquid jet penetration generated by the interaction of the remaining gas bubbles with subsequent shock waves. The characteristic bubble motion and liquid jet formation depended on the tissue's mechanical properties, resulting in different damage mechanisms from those observed on hard materials.     

不同沙粒底面下气泡脉动特性实验研究

通过高速摄影系统对电火花气泡与不同沙粒底面间的相互作用进行了实验研究,并改变气泡与沙粒底面之间的距离.实验结果表明:气泡在与沙粒底面的相互作用中会产生两种明显不同的现象,即形成与近刚性壁面类似的气泡射流以及“蘑菇状”气泡,“蘑菇状”气泡撕裂形成两个气泡,随后产生两个反方向的沿轴线方向的射流.沙粒底面边界具有刚性与弹性两种特征.另外,随着气泡与沙粒底面之间的距离d的增大,气泡脉动周期先增大然后减小,存在气泡脉动周期峰值.对于不同的沙粒底面边界,出现气泡脉动周期峰值的距离d随着沙底粒径的增大而越小.