激光光束传输因子M2的一些问题

本文讨论与M²因子有关的一些问题,指出在近轴近似条件下由光束的二阶强度矩定义的M²因子满足M²≥1,其中只有对基模高斯光束等式才成立.由光束的功率通量值定义的M²因子(M_pc²)有可能小于1,M_pc²的大小取决于所定义的光斑半径内包含的光功率的百分数.通过计算光场的二阶矩,我们获得了轴向相干叠加的高斯光束的M²因子的解析解.     

厄米-高斯光束在非Kolmogorov大气湍流中的传输性质

基于广义惠更斯-菲涅尔原理和非Kolmogorov(非K)谱,推导出了厄米-高斯光束在非K大气湍流中传输的束宽、角扩展以及M²因子的解析表达式.数值计算表明,在传输距离比较远(如z≥3 km)时,厄米-高斯光束的束宽、角扩展和M²因子随广义指数参量α的增大而增加直到α=3.11时达到最大值后再随α的增大而减小;随湍流的内尺度l₀的减小而增大;随外尺度l₀的增加而增大(3.6<α<4).但是当广义指数参量α在3<α<3.6区间取值时,束宽和M²因子几乎不随外尺度的增加而变化.     

轴向相干叠加高斯光束的M2传输因子

本文分别用标量叠加和矢量叠加的方法,对由两个束腰位置不同的高斯光束相干叠加而成的光束的传输特性进行了研究,结果表明,这种光束的传输因子M²不再是常数,而是随传输距离变化的.     

高斯涡旋光束的光束传输因子和峭度参数

基于强度二阶矩定义, 导出了高斯涡旋光束光束传输因子即M² 因子的解析表达式, 高斯涡旋光束的M² 因子唯一取决于拓扑电荷数n. 数值计算表明, 高斯涡旋光束的M² 因子随着拓扑电荷数n的增大而增大. 基于强度高阶矩, 还导出了高斯涡旋光束经傍轴ABCD光学系统传输时峭度参数的解析表达式, 高斯涡旋光束的峭度参数取决于拓扑电荷数n、参数δ、矩阵元A和矩阵元D. 在自由空间传输时, 高斯涡旋光束的峭度参数仅取决于拓扑电荷数n和参数δ. 自由空间传输时, 高斯涡旋光束峭度参数的变化规律为: 峭度参数随参数δ的增大先减小而后趋向于一最小值, 随拓扑电荷数n的增大而减小. 这一研究有助于高斯涡旋光束的实际应用.     

湍流大气中厄米-高斯光束M2因子的变化

 基于广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理和Wigner分布函数二阶矩的定义,推导出直角坐标系下大气湍流中部分相干光的M²因子传输公式。以厄米-高斯（H-G）光束为例,给出了H-G光束通过大气湍流传输后M²因子的解析表达式,并采用Tatarskii谱,详细讨论了M²因子的主要影响因素。结果表明,M2因子主要由光束的束腰宽度、波长、光束阶数、大气湍流的折射率起伏结构常数和在湍流中传输距离决定。随着光束阶数、折射率起伏结构常数及传输距离的增大,M²因子明显增大,光束阶数越高,湍流对M²因子变化的影响越小。对于给定的传输距离,存在最佳初始束宽,使M2因子最小。     

Al2O3:V3+晶体局域结构及其自旋哈密顿参量研究

提出了解释掺杂离子局域结构畸变的配体平面移动模型，建立了此模型下晶体微观结构与自旋哈密顿参量之间的定量关系.在考虑自旋与自旋、自旋与另一电子轨道和轨道与轨道作用等微小磁相互作用的基础上，采用全组态完全对角化方法，对Al₂O₃晶体中V³⁺的局域结构和自旋哈密顿参量进行了系统的研究.结果表明，V³⁺掺入Al₂O₃晶体后，上下配体氧平面间距离增大了0.0060 nm.从而成功地解释了Al₂O₃:V³⁺晶体的自旋哈密顿参量.在此基础上，研究了三角晶场下3d²离子自旋哈密顿参量的微观起源.研究发现，自旋三重态对自旋哈密顿参量的贡献是主要的，微小磁相互作用对自旋哈密顿参量的贡献只与自旋三重态有关.     

半导体激光器的M2因子可以小于1

根据Porras的非傍轴矢量矩理论,对双异质结半导体激光器的光束质量进行了研究.结果表明,在有源层厚度d_a远小于波长λ的条件下,半导体激光器的M²因子可以小于1,并且没有下限.     

光束的空间相干性与空间质量评价

光束空间质量评价的标准应该能够反映光束的空间相干性和强度(功率或能量)分布,并主要由空间相干性的优劣来说明.本文对模式纯度(1-δ)以及空间质量评价因子-衍射极限倍数因子M²做了讨论,并对此因子的表达形式提出了我们的改进建议.     

20Na的β+延发α粒子测量

利用兰州放射性次级束流线提供的²⁰Na束流,通过²⁰Naβ^{+ 20}Ne→¹⁶O+α过程,测量了²⁰Na的衰变半衰期T_1/2及衰变α粒子能谱.结果表明,除了E_d≥2.688MeV的9条较高激发能级的衰变α粒子外,实验中还观察到衰变能量E_d为0.890和1.054MeV,1.991MeV,2.424和2.457MeV的²⁰Ne低激发能级的3条α谱线.     

NaF晶体中电荷补偿掺杂Ce3+离子光谱性质的从头算

用从头算研究NaF晶体中Ce³⁺占据Na⁺格位时的光谱性质,电荷补偿由占据格位第一配位壳层的两个氟原子被氧取代 (O_F^') 或第二配位壳层的两个Na空位(_Na^') 来提供. 首先采用基于DFT的超单胞模型方法优化了Ce³⁺的局域结构,并构造以Ce为中心的镶嵌团簇,对其进行基于波函数理论的CASSCF/CASPT2/RASSI-SO计算,获得Ce³⁺的4f¹和5d¹组态分裂能级能量. 通过将4f→5d跃迁能量计算值与低温实验激发光谱比较,发现实验观测到的最低4f→5d跃迁谱带(390 nm)来自于两个最近邻O_F^'补偿的Ce³⁺离子,并不是文献中的两个次近邻V_Na^' 补偿的Ce³⁺. 最后从5d¹组态能级重心位移和晶场分裂两方面分析了由两个最近邻O_F^'取代造成最低4f→5d 跃迁红移约8000 cm^-1的原因.     

Thermal lens determination of LD end-pumped solid-state laser with stable resonator by slit scanning method

A simple method to determine the thermal focal length of LD end-pumped solid-state laser with stable resonator is presented. The M² factor describing the quality of the beam can be obtained by scanning a slit through the multi-mode Gaussian beam field. The waist width of the beam and the corresponding TEM₀₀ under the same parameters of laser are then deduced through the law of multi-mode Gaussian beam propagation. Based on the standard matrix theory of stable resonator, the thermal focal length of the gain medium can be easily achieved. To show the application of this approach, the thermal focal length of an LD pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser is measured and the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical prediction.     

A 20.1 W solid-state laser pumped by 887 nm with high efficiency and TEM<Subscript>00</Subscript> mode

High efficiency, TEM₀₀ mode, high repetition rate laser pumped by 887 nm is reported. 20.1 W output laser emitting at 1064 nm is achieved in a 0.3 at % Nd-doped Nd:YVO₄, which absorbs pumping light of 30.7 W at 887 nm. The opto-optic efficiency and the slope efficiency are 65.5 and 88.5%, respectively. The stable Q-switching operation worked well at 100 kHz and the beam quality is near diffraction-limit with M² factor measured as M² ≈ 1.2. And the pulse waveform is analyzed in this paper.     

Analysis of TEM00 laser beam quality degradation caused by a birefringent Nd: YAG rod

The effects produced by a birefringent rod on the beam quality factor,M _infr ^sup2 , of a Gaussian TEM₀₀ laser beam are studied. Analytical expressions for the beam parameters at the output plane of a rod amplifier are derived. The theory predicts that the beam quality degrades rapidly with the heat power dissipated in the rod.     

Ultrahigh-efficiency TEM<Subscript>00</Subscript> diode-side-pumped Nd:YVO<Subscript>4</Subscript> laser

Ultrahigh-efficiency TEM₀₀ operation is demonstrated in a diode-pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser in a bounce amplifier geometry using a specially designed astigmatically optimised cavity configuration. Optical efficiency >68% is demonstrated and up to 27.1 W of output power for multimode operation. For single-mode TEM₀₀ operation, an output power of 23.1 W for 39.5 W of diode pumping was produced with beam propagation parameters of M_x ²=1.3 and M_y ²=1.1. Received: 10 October 2002 / Revised version: 9 December 2002 / Published online: 19 March 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +44-20/7594-7744, E-mail: a.minassian@ic.ac.uk     

Beam quality factor for coherently combined fiber laser beams

The beam quality factor for a coherently combined beam is studied in detail. A theoretical analysis and a numerical calculation are given to illustrate that the M² factor is not a proper means for evaluating the beam quality of a coherently combined beam. The beam propagation factor is introduced to evaluate the beam quality. The effect of phase error on the beam quality is also studied. Results indicate that the beam quality of a coherently combined beam depends mainly on the fill factor of the laser array and not on the number of lasers. It is also revealed that the allowed phase error does not change with the number of lasers in order to ensure the energy encircled in a certain bucket.     

A 15.1 W continuous wave TEM00 mode laser using a YVO4/Nd:YVO4 composite crystal

A effective continuous-wave (CW), high power laser generated using a YVO₄/Nd:YVO₄ composite crystal is presented. 18.8 W output power in multi-mode has been achieved with a maximum absorbed pump power of 31.2 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 60.26%. In TEM₀₀ mode operation, 15.1 W output power also has been achieved with the maximum absorbed pump power of 31.2 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 47.69%. With a 200 mm focal-length positive lens and using the moving knife-edge method, the beam quality factor is measured to be M² = 1.2 for TEM₀₀ mode beam.     

Diodes-double-end-pumped high efficiency continuous wave 36 W TEM00 mode Nd:GdVO4 laser

A effective continuous-wave (CW), high power laser generated using a YVO₄/Nd:YVO₄ composite crystal is presented. 18.8 W output power in multi-mode has been achieved with a maximum absorbed pump power of 31.2 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 60.26%. In TEM₀₀ mode operation, 15.1 W output power also has been achieved with the maximum absorbed pump power of 31.2 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 47.69%. With a 200 mm focal-length positive lens and using the moving knife-edge method, the beam quality factor is measured to be M² = 1.2 for TEM₀₀ mode beam.     

High-efficiency longitudinally-pumped miniature Nd:YVO4 laser

We report on fundamental and intracavity frequency-doubled emission in a miniature Nd:YVO₄ (3×3×1 mm) laser. A maximum slope efficiency of η_s=58.6%, with optical efficiency of η₀=53.0% at 780 mW pump power was realized in a TEM₀₀ output beam. To obtain the optimum pump-beam focusing conditions we applied a new formalism in which the pump-beam propagation in the active medium was described by its M² factor. A good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results was observed. In second-harmonic regime, obtained by a KTP crystal, 230 mW green power that corresponds to 54% nonlinear conversion efficiency was reached.     

500.5-nm blue-green laser based on sum-frequency mixing of diode pumped neodymium lasers

We report for the first time a continuous-wave (CW) coherent radiation at 500.5 nm by intracavity sum-frequency generation of 1063 nm Nd:GdVO₄ laser and 946 nm Nd:YAG laser. Blue-green laser is obtained by using a doubly cavity, type-II critical phase matching KTiOPO₄ (KTP) crystal sum-frequency mixing. With total pump power of 27.8 W, TEM₀₀ mode blue-green laser at 500.5 nm of 421 mW is obtained. At the output power level of 421 mW, the blue-green power stability is better than 2.8% and laser beam quality M ² factor is 1.37.     

Compact diode-directly-pumped passively mode-locked TEM<Subscript>00</Subscript> Nd:GdVO<Subscript>4</Subscript> laser at 1341 nm using a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror

We report on a compact 880-nm diode-directly-pumped passively mode-locked TEM₀₀ Nd:GdVO₄ laser at 1341 nm with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) for the first time. Under the absorbed pump power of 14.6 W, the maximum output power of 1.27 W was obtained at the repetition rate of 85.3 MHz with the pulse width of 45.3 ps, corresponding to an optical-optical efficiency of 8.8% and the slope efficiency of 33.3%, respectively. The beam quality factor was measured to be M ² = 1.18, indicating a TEM₀₀ mode.