基于光纤锥和纤芯失配的Mach-Zehnder干涉湿度传感器

介绍了一种简单且灵敏度较高的Mach-Zehnder干涉湿度传感器.将单模光纤和多模光纤渐变熔接光纤锥,色散补偿光纤被熔接在两个多模渐变光纤之间,形成了单模光纤-光纤锥-多模渐变光纤-色散补偿光纤-多模渐变光纤-光纤锥-单模光纤结构的传感器.光纤锥起到了增加包层模能量的作用,两个多模渐变光纤节点作为光耦合器,从而形成光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪.外界环境湿度的变化,将使得传感器透射谱能量发生变化,通过测量干涉谱波峰峰值能量实现对湿度的测量.实验结果表明干涉谱波峰峰值能量与环境湿度之间存在良好的线性关系.当环境湿度在35%RH—85%RH范围内变化,一段由20 mm色散补偿光纤组成的传感器,其灵敏度为-0.0668 dB/%RH,相关度为0.995.该传感器结构紧凑、尺寸小、制造工艺简单,这使其可以被广泛用于湿度测量.     

光纤布拉格光栅嵌入SMS光纤结构的湿度传感器

提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅嵌入单模-多模纤芯-单模(single-mode-multimode fiber core-single mode, SMS)光纤结构的湿度传感器。当环境湿度变化时,SMS光纤结构的干涉光谱会发生漂移,而光纤布拉格光栅对湿度不敏感,其纤芯基模保持不变。因此利用SMS光纤结构对环境湿度的敏感性去调制光纤布拉格光栅纤芯基模,通过检测光纤布拉格光栅纤芯基模的反射能量变化就可以实现湿度测量。数值模拟了SMS光纤结构的内部光场分布规律,理论计算了不同环境折射率时,多模纤芯的长度、直径对SMS光纤结构输出能量耦合系数的影响。理论模拟表明,随着环境折射率变化,SMS光纤结构中传输的纤芯基模的输出能量耦合系数会发生变化。同时制作了传感器样品并对其进行了传感实验研究,实验结果表明多模纤芯长35 mm、纤芯直径为85 μm的传感器在45%～95%RH湿度变化范围内,湿度灵敏度为0.06 dBm·(%RH)-1。在20～80 ℃温度范围内,传感器的温度灵敏度为0.008 nm·℃-1,温度所带来的湿度测量误差为0.047%RH·℃-1。传感器具有制作简单、灵敏度高、反射式能量检测等优点,在湿度测量领域有一定的应用价值。     

基于倏逝波的锥形光纤马赫-曾德尔湿度传感器

提出了一种基于倏逝波原理的光纤马赫-曾德尔湿度传感器,传感器是在2个单模光纤粗锥的传感臂中心通过绝热火焰熔融拉锥处理而成。光由传感器输入端传入,经过第1个粗锥时,将激发出若干高阶模,各模式光传输经过细锥区进入第2个粗锥时被耦合进入传感器输出端。当外界湿度变化时,细锥区倏逝场随之变化,最终导致透射谱能量变化。通过测量透射谱能量变化,可以实现环境湿度传感测量。实验结果表明,在35%~85%RH的湿度变化范围内,透射谱的能量具有相同变化趋势,处于水蒸气吸收峰附近的干涉谷湿度响应灵敏度可达0.157 dBm/%RH,温度交叉灵敏度仅为0.014 %RH/ ℃。该传感器因其制作简单、灵敏度高,温度交叉敏感小等特点,具有很好的应用前景。     

光纤锥在线型马赫-曾德干涉仪的折射率传感特性

提出了一种基于光纤锥的在线型光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪式折射率传感器.传感器是在一根单模光纤上使用光纤熔接机拉制出两个光纤锥,光纤锥的直径为43.7μm,长度为480μm.干涉仪中光纤锥充当光纤耦合器,激发出光纤高阶模,并将高阶模耦合进单模光纤使之与纤芯基模形成模间干涉.被环境溶液的折射率、温度的变化改变模式间相位差,将导致干涉仪的传输光谱发生漂移,从而实现传感测量.实验结果表明:当环境溶液的折射率变化范围为1.335~1.403RIU时,传感器的折射率灵敏度为-128.233nm/RIU;当水溶液的温度变化范围为30~75℃时,传感器的温度灵敏度为0.111nm/℃.该传感器具有制作方法简单、灵敏度高、成本低等特点,可应用于生物传感测量.     

锥形三包层石英特种光纤折射率与温度传感器

提出了一种锥形三包层石英特种光纤(TTCQSF)的折射率与温度传感器。它是通过对2根单模光纤(SMF)之间熔接的三包层石英特种光纤(TCQSF)熔融拉锥得到的SMF-TTCQSF-SMF级联结构,形成了光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)。由于TTCQSF纤芯模和包层模之间的光程差会随着外界环境的变化而改变,从而引起传感器干涉谱的变化,因此可以通过检测传感光谱的变化实现对外界物理量的测量。分别对该传感器进行折射率和温度传感实验,实验结果表明,当溶液折射率在1.3350~1.3466范围、温度在25.7℃~94.9℃范围内时,随着折射率和温度的增加,传感器的传输光谱分别出现红移和蓝移现象,其折射率灵敏度和温度灵敏度分别为1673.94 nm/RIU和-0.061 nm/℃,且均具有很好的线性度,其中RIU为单位折射率。该传感器制作简单、灵敏度高,在生物化学、工业生产的折射率和温度测量场合具有较好的应用前景。     

基于多芯光纤级联布喇格光纤光栅的横向压力与温度同时测量

提出并制作了一种基于多芯光纤与单模光纤错位构成的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,将其与光纤布喇格光栅级联,形成的全光纤传感系统可实现横向压力和温度双参量同时测量.马赫-曾德尔干涉仪是利用多芯光纤和单模光纤的模场不匹配而发生模间干涉,当外界横向压力直接作用在多芯光纤内部光场,干涉仪具有较高的灵敏度.实验结果表明:马赫-曾德尔干涉仪压力灵敏度为28.57nm/(N·mm~(-1)),线性度为0.997,而光纤布喇格光栅在一定范围内对压力变化不敏感;马赫-曾德干涉仪和光纤布喇格光栅对温度变化都具有较高的线性度,温度灵敏度分别为56.1pm/℃和11.3pm/℃.对于分辨率为0.02nm的光谱仪,传感器可实现的压力和温度测量分辨率分别为7.0×10~(-4)N/mm和0.03℃.马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的透射谱和光纤布拉光栅的谐振峰对横向压力和温度的变化有不同的光谱响应,利用光谱仪对传感器的透射谱实时监测,方便地实现了压力与温度双参量的测量.该传感器结构简单,灵敏度高,可用于不同领域的压力传感.     

石墨烯量子点法布里珀罗光纤湿度传感器

制作了一种利用普通单模光纤和石墨烯量子点材料共同构建的法布里珀罗湿度传感器.利用搭建的实验系统,在环境相对湿度11%RH～85%RH范围内进行了湿度响应实验,并对湿度上升和下降过程分别进行了测量.湿度上升过程中灵敏度为0.560 6nm/RH%,线性度为0.999 47;湿度下降过程中灵敏度为0.565 5nm/RH%,线性度达0.999 36.实验结果表明,该湿度传感器具有较高的响应灵敏度、较好的线性响应特性和测量重复性.另外对该传感头的温度响应特性进行实验研究,得到了较好的线性响应结果,温度响应灵敏度为0.035nm/℃,残差平方和为0.012 41,灵敏度标准差为2.305×10-4,湿度响应灵敏度约为温度响应的17倍.对其动态响应特性进行了典型测试,在相对湿度43%条件下得到了干涉光谱波长漂移的动态响应数据,得到了较快的动态响应,其响应时间和恢复时间分别为6.5s和9.0s.研究结果为研制低成本、易制作、高灵敏的光纤湿度传感器提供了一种有益的探索.     

基于在线型光纤迈克耳孙干涉仪的液位传感器

为了简化光纤液位传感器的设计与制作工艺,提出了一种基于纤芯失配模间干涉的在线型光纤迈克耳孙干涉仪,由单模光纤熔接一段细径光纤构成。单模-细径光纤熔点处充当耦合器,激发出光纤高阶包层模,纤芯基模与高阶包层模被细径光纤端面反射后传输至单模光纤产生模间干涉并输出。传感器干涉条纹清晰、对比度高,对环境液位改变敏感。对细径光纤长度为12mm的传感器进行了不同溶液液位和温度响应特性的实验研究,实验结果表明在0~9mm的液位变化范围内,干涉谷波长与液位呈线性关系,水液位灵敏度为-0.116nm/mm,质量分数为4.7%的NaCl溶液液位灵敏度为-0.129nm/mm;在20~80℃的水温变化范围内,干涉谷的温度灵敏度为0.038nm/℃。传感器结构简单、制作简便,而且成本低廉,在石油化工等领域具有较好的应用前景。     

基于纤芯失配型马赫曾德尔光纤折射率和温度同时测量传感器的研究

设计和制作了一种基于单模多模细芯单模光纤马赫曾德尔(Mach-Zehnder)干涉仪结构,可同时测量折射率和温度的传感器。该传感器中,多模光纤和细芯单模熔接点充当光耦合器。导入光纤中传输的光经多模光纤后在细芯光纤的纤芯和包层中激发出纤芯模和包层模,不同模式光在细芯光纤中传输时将产生光程差,再经细芯单模熔接点耦合成为导出光纤的纤芯模而干涉。传感器透射光谱随着环境折射率和温度的变化发生漂移,通过监测不同级次的干涉谷可实现折射率和温度的同时测量。通过对传感器的透射光谱进行傅里叶变换分析可知该透射光谱主要由LP01模和LP16模干涉形成。该传感器透射光谱中1535nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度的理论值分别为-55.90nm/RIU和0.0501nm/℃(其中RIU为折射率单位);1545nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度的理论值分别为-56.26nm/RIU和0.0505nm/℃。在折射率和温度的变化范围分别为1.3449~1.3972和20℃~90℃的环境中对传感器的响应特性进行实验研究,结果表明:透射光谱中1535nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度分别为-53.03nm/RIU和0.0465nm/℃;1545nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度分别为-54.24nm/RIU和0.0542nm/℃。理论分析与实验结果相一致。该传感器在生物医学领域有较好的应用前景。     

基于粗锥结构级联LPFG的双包层光纤多参量传感器

提出了一种基于模间干涉的测量温度、折射率和轴向应变的光纤传感器.在单模光纤与双包层光纤熔接点处形成粗锥,再与两个周期不同的长周期光纤光栅级联,由于模场失配,激发高阶模,形成三个谐振峰,且对不同参量有不同的灵敏度响应,通过解调三个谐振峰的波长漂移,利用系数灵敏度矩阵,可以测量温度、折射率和轴向应变.实验结果表明,温度在25℃～75℃范围内,灵敏度分别为60.07 pm/℃,6.47 pm/℃和103.83 pm/℃;折射率在1.335 5～1.359 5范围内,灵敏度分别为-56.64 nm/RIU,34.02 nm/RIU和-214.84 nm/RIU;轴向应变在200με～1 400με范围内,灵敏度分别为-2.14 pm/με,-3.61 pm/με和-2.59 pm/με,且分辨率分别为1.29℃、0.000 42 RIU和21.42με.该传感器具有灵敏度高、线性度良好等优点,可广泛应用于多参量测量领域。     

Colossal permittivity in (Li + Nb) co-doped Fe2O3 ceramics

(Li + Nb) co-doped (Li + Nb)_xFe_2-xO₃ (with x = 0.0005, 0.005, 0.05, and 0.1) ceramics were prepared by sol-gel method. Their structural, dielectric, humidity, and magnetic properties were investigated. Colossal permittivity (~10⁴) was approached or achieved in all doped samples even with a very small doping level of x = 0.0005. The colossal permittivity behavior is composed of two dielectric relaxations with the low-temperature one being a polaron relaxation due to electrons hopping between Fe³⁺ and Fe⁴⁺ ions and the high-temperature one being a Maxwell-Wagner relaxation caused by humidity-sensing properties.     

湿度计用于光谱仪器室的湿度自动控制

研究了用湿度计作传感器的湿度自动控制系统。经长时间的运行证明，该系统具有可靠、实用和价廉的特点，完全能满足光谱仪器室的实际需求。     

湿度对近红外光谱检测的影响

光谱的检测过程会受诸如温度等很多条件的影响。本课题的目的在于研究在近红外检测过程中,环境湿度的变化对苹果检测结果的影响。建立一个自制湿度可控箱,通过改变箱内小环境的湿度值,对每个水果在40%～80%的湿度范围内每隔10%进行光谱采集。每个最终光谱是由水果的扫描光谱减去背景光谱获得的,由于不确定湿度随水果和背景的分别影响,光谱试验分两组进行：在不同的湿度下均采集背景和水果的光谱值(组1)和仅在40%的湿度值下采集背景(组2)。由20个苹果的样品集组成40组平行试验数据,运用单因素方差分析和马氏距离等处理方法进行分析。结果显示,无论在不同的湿度值下采集光谱和背景还是仅采集一个背景,其湿度值对近红外光谱的影响都不显著。     

High-performance ZnO nanoflake moisture sensor

Humidity control is an important issue across variety of industries. In this study, a novel zinc oxide (ZnO) flake-based humidity sensor was fabricated and characterized. It was found that fast response sensor can be achieved by substituting conventional sputter ZnO thin films with nano-flakes. It is proposed that the enhancement in dynamic performance originate from the high surface area offered by the nanoflakes.     

Humidity sensing properties of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles synthesized via sonochemical method

This work focuses on humidity sensor based Ni(OH)₂ nanoparticles. The sonochemical method was employed to prepare nanoparticles and impedance analysis was used to characterize sensitivity, response, and recovery time of the prepared sensor. The Ni(OH)₂ sensor was found to have high sensitivity and fast response/recovery time to humidity, and its impedance changed approximately two orders of magnitude from about 2.01 MΩ in dry air 20% RH (relative humidity) to 0.0258 MΩ in 90% RH air. Our results demonstrate the potential application of Ni(OH)₂ nanoparticles for fabricating high performance humidity sensors.     

Influence of the humidity conditions on the reflectivity spectrum of a porous silicon microcavity

We have designed and fabricated a porous silicon (PS) microcavity that shows a reflectivity resonance around 3 μm in between two spectral regions with high reflectivity values. The microcavity has been simulated following the photonic crystals formalism, which results in good agreement with the measured spectrum. The reflectivity spectrum of the microcavity has been analyzed under different humidity conditions. We demonstrate that the reflectivity resonance shifts to higher wavelengths and that the reflectivity decreases when the humidity increases. In addition, the reflectivity spectrum of the as-prepared device is recovered when the humidity returns to the initial laboratory conditions. Finally, the effect on the reflectivity spectrum of a condensed water layer at the surface of the microcavity is also analyzed.     

Effect of relative humidity on the electrical transport properties of poly(thionaphtheneindole)

Poly(thionaphtheneindole) (pTNI) conducting polymer has previously been observed to undergo a large variation in the electrical conductivity as a function of relative humidity. In this paper the electrical characteristics of this material as a function of the adsorbed water are studied. Isothermal current-time and current-voltage plots can be understood in terms of an ionic charge transfer inside the polymer, controlled by a diffusion limited electrodic process. The charge transfer at the electrodes is probably due to proton reduction at the cathode and water oxidation at the anode.     

Preparation and Properties of Novel Modified Humidity Control Composite Materials

Montmorillonite /polyacrylamide (MMT/PAM) humidity control materials, with the MMT modified separatly by argent-ammonium complex ions ([Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺) and copper ions (Cu²⁺) (Ag-MMT/PAM, Cu-MMT/PAM) were prepared. The structures of the Ag-MMT/PAM and Cu-MMT/PAM were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The humidity control property was examined by a desiccator method. Antibacterial properties were tested with an inhibition zone method. The results showed that the structures of Ag-MMT/PAM and Cu-MMT/PAM were loose and porous. Polyacrylamide was intercalated into the layers of the MMT. The increasing interlayer spacings of Ag-MMT/PAM and Cu-MMT/PAM were from 1.51 nm for the original MMT to 2.04 nm and 2.11 nm, respectively. Both Ag-MMT/PAM and Cu-MMT/PAM presented good humidity control and antibacterial properties.     

湿度对YBCO薄膜微观结构和超导性能的影响

文中采用无氟高分子辅助金属有机物沉积法( PA - MOD)在不同湿度条件下在LaAlO3单晶基底上制备了一系列YBCO超导薄膜.X射线衍射、扫描电镜和物性测量的结果表明,在成相热处理过程中气氛湿度对YBCO薄膜的结构和超导性能的有明显影响.干燥气氛成相的YBCO薄膜织构较好,表面较平整、致密,超导性能也较高,其临界超...     

Sliding behavior of water drops on sol-gel derived hydrophobic silica films

Control on the wettability of solid state materials is a classical and key issue in surface engineering. Optically transparent methyltriethoxysilane (MTES)-based silica films with water sliding angle as low as 9° were successfully prepared by two-step sol-gel co-precursor method. The emphasis is given to the effect of trimethylethoxysilane (TMES) as a co-precursor on water sliding behavior of silica films. The coating sol was prepared with molar ratio of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), methanol (MeOH), acidic water (0.01 M, oxalic acid) and basic water (12 M, NH₄OH) kept constant at 1:12.73:3.58:3.58 respectively, and the molar ratio of TMES/MTES (M) was varied from 0 to 0.22. The static water contact angle as high as 120° and the water sliding angle as low as 9° was obtained by keeping the molar ratio (M) of TMES/MTES at 0.22. When the modified films were cured at temperature higher than 280 °C, the films became superhydrophilic. Further, the humidity study was carried out at a relative humidity of 90% at 30 °C over 60 days. We characterized the water repellent silica films by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), % of optical transmission, humidity tests and static and dynamic water contact angle (CA) measurements.