A high-order cell-centered Lagrangian scheme for compressible fluid flows in two-dimensional cylindrical geometry

The goal of this paper is to present high-order cell-centered schemes for solving the equations of Lagrangian gas dynamics written in cylindrical geometry. A node-based discretization of the numerical fluxes is obtained through the computation of the time rate of change of the cell volume. It allows to derive finite volume numerical schemes that are compatible with the geometric conservation law (GCL). Two discretizations of the momentum equations are proposed depending on the form of the discrete gradient operator. The first one corresponds to the control volume scheme while the second one corresponds to the so-called area-weighted scheme. Both formulations share the same discretization for the total energy equation. In both schemes, fluxes are computed using the same nodal solver which can be viewed as a two-dimensional extension of an approximate Riemann solver. The control volume scheme is conservative for momentum, total energy and satisfies a local entropy inequality in its first-order semi-discrete form. However, it does not preserve spherical symmetry. On the other hand, the area-weighted scheme is conservative for total energy and preserves spherical symmetry for one-dimensional spherical flow on equi-angular polar grid. The two-dimensional high-order extensions of these two schemes are constructed employing the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) in the acoustic approximation. Many numerical tests are presented in order to assess these new schemes. The results obtained for various representative configurations of one and two-dimensional compressible fluid flows show the robustness and the accuracy of our new schemes.     

A new high-order discontinuous Galerkin spectral finite element method for Lagrangian gas dynamics in two-dimensions

This paper presents a new high-order cell-centered Lagrangian scheme for two-dimensional compressible flow. The scheme uses a fully Lagrangian form of the gas dynamics equations, which is a weakly hyperbolic system of conservation laws. The system of equations is discretized in the Lagrangian space by discontinuous Galerkin method using a spectral basis. The vertex velocities and the numerical fluxes through the cell interfaces are computed consistently in the Eulerian space by virtue of an improved nodal solver. The nodal solver uses the HLLC approximate Riemann solver to compute the velocities of the vertex. The time marching is implemented by a class of TVD Runge–Kutta type methods. A new HWENO (Hermite WENO) reconstruction algorithm is developed and used as limiters for RKDG methods to maintain compactness of RKDG methods. The scheme is conservative for the mass, momentum and total energy. It can maintain high-order accuracy both in space and time, obey the geometrical conservation law, and achieve at least second order accuracy on quadrilateral meshes. Results of some numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the robustness of the scheme.     

Multidimensional HLLE Riemann solver: Application to Euler and magnetohydrodynamic flows

In this work we present a general strategy for constructing multidimensional HLLE Riemann solvers, with particular attention paid to detailing the two-dimensional HLLE Riemann solver. This is accomplished by introducing a constant resolved state between the states being considered, which introduces sufficient dissipation for systems of conservation laws. Closed form expressions for the resolved fluxes are also provided to facilitate numerical implementation. The Riemann solver is proved to be positively conservative for the density variable; the positivity of the pressure variable has been demonstrated for Euler flows when the divergence in the fluid velocities is suitably restricted so as to prevent the formation of cavitation in the flow.We also focus on the construction of multidimensionally upwinded electric fields for divergence-free magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows. A robust and efficient second order accurate numerical scheme for two and three-dimensional Euler and MHD flows is presented. The scheme is built on the current multidimensional Riemann solver and has been implemented in the author’s RIEMANN code. The number of zones updated per second by this scheme on a modern processor is shown to be cost-competitive with schemes that are based on a one-dimensional Riemann solver. However, the present scheme permits larger timesteps.Accuracy analysis for multidimensional Euler and MHD problems shows that the scheme meets its design accuracy. Several stringent test problems involving Euler and MHD flows are also presented and the scheme is shown to perform robustly on all of them.     

High-order finite-volume methods for the shallow-water equations on the sphere

This paper presents a third-order and fourth-order finite-volume method for solving the shallow-water equations on a non-orthogonal equiangular cubed-sphere grid. Such a grid is built upon an inflated cube placed inside a sphere and provides an almost uniform grid point distribution. The numerical schemes are based on a high-order variant of the Monotone Upstream-centered Schemes for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) pioneered by van Leer. In each cell the reconstructed left and right states are either obtained via a dimension-split piecewise-parabolic method or a piecewise-cubic reconstruction. The reconstructed states then serve as input to an approximate Riemann solver that determines the numerical fluxes at two Gaussian quadrature points along the cell boundary. The use of multiple quadrature points renders the resulting flux high-order. Three types of approximate Riemann solvers are compared, including the widely used solver of Rusanov, the solver of Roe and the new AUSM⁺-up solver of Liou that has been designed for low-Mach number flows. Spatial discretizations are paired with either a third-order or fourth-order total-variation-diminishing Runge–Kutta timestepping scheme to match the order of the spatial discretization. The numerical schemes are evaluated with several standard shallow-water test cases that emphasize accuracy and conservation properties. These tests show that the AUSM⁺-up flux provides the best overall accuracy, followed closely by the Roe solver. The Rusanov flux, with its simplicity, provides significantly larger errors by comparison. A brief discussion on extending the method to arbitrary order-of-accuracy is included.     

Exact and approximate solutions of Riemann problems in non-linear elasticity

Eulerian shock-capturing schemes have advantages for modelling problems involving complex non-linear wave structures and large deformations in solid media. Various numerical methods now exist for solving hyperbolic conservation laws that have yet to be applied to non-linear elastic theory. In this paper one such class of solver is examined based upon characteristic tracing in conjunction with high-order monotonicity preserving weighted essentially non-oscillatory (MPWENO) reconstruction. Furthermore, a new iterative method for finding exact solutions of the Riemann problem in non-linear elasticity is presented. Access to exact solutions enables an assessment of the performance of the numerical techniques with focus on the resolution of the seven wave structure. The governing model represents a special case of a more general theory describing additional physics such as material plasticity. The numerical scheme therefore provides a firm basis for extension to simulate more complex physical phenomena. Comparison of exact and numerical solutions of one-dimensional initial values problems involving three-dimensional deformations is presented.     

An interface treating technique for compressible multi-medium flow with Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method

The high-order accurate Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) method is applied to the simulation of compressible multi-medium flow, generalizing the interface treating method given in Chertock et al. (2008) [9]. In mixed cells, where the interface is located, Riemann problems are solved to define the states on both sides of the interface. The input states to the Riemann problem are obtained by extrapolation to the cell boundary from solution polynomials in the neighbors of the mixed cell. The level set equation is solved by using a high-order accurate RKDG method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, resulting in a unified DG solver for the coupled problem. The method is conservative if we include the states in the mixed cells, which are however not used in the updating of the numerical solution in other cells. The states in the mixed cells are plotted to better evaluate the conservation errors, manifested by overshoots/undershoots when compared with states in neighboring cells. These overshoots/undershoots in mixed cells are problem dependent and change with time. Numerical examples show that the results of our scheme compare well with other methods for one and two-dimensional problems. In particular, the algorithm can capture well complex flow features of the one-dimensional shock entropy wave interaction problem and two-dimensional shock–bubble interaction problem.     

An Eulerian method for multi-component problems in non-linear elasticity with sliding interfaces

This paper is devoted to developing a multi-material numerical scheme for non-linear elastic solids, with emphasis on the inclusion of interfacial boundary conditions. In particular for colliding solid objects it is desirable to allow large deformations and relative slide, whilst employing fixed grids and maintaining sharp interfaces. Existing schemes utilising interface tracking methods such as volume-of-fluid typically introduce erroneous transport of tangential momentum across material boundaries. Aside from combatting these difficulties one can also make improvements in a numerical scheme for multiple compressible solids by utilising governing models that facilitate application of high-order shock capturing methods developed for hydrodynamics. A numerical scheme that simultaneously allows for sliding boundaries and utilises such high-order shock capturing methods has not yet been demonstrated. A scheme is proposed here that directly addresses these challenges by extending a ghost cell method for gas-dynamics to solid mechanics, by using a first-order model for elastic materials in conservative form. Interface interactions are captured using the solution of a multi-material Riemann problem which is derived in detail. Several different boundary conditions are considered including solid/solid and solid/vacuum contact problems. Interfaces are tracked using level-set functions. The underlying single material numerical method includes a characteristic based Riemann solver and high-order WENO reconstruction. Numerical solutions of example multi-material problems are provided in comparison to exact solutions for the one-dimensional augmented system, and for a two-dimensional friction experiment.     

On the role of Riemann solvers in Discontinuous Galerkin methods for magnetohydrodynamics

It has been claimed that the particular numerical flux used in Runge–Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) methods does not have a significant effect on the results of high-order simulations. We investigate this claim for the case of compressible ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). We also address the role of limiting in RKDG methods.For smooth nonlinear solutions, we find that the use of a more accurate Riemann solver in third-order simulations results in lower errors and more rapid convergence. However, in the corresponding fourth-order simulations we find that varying the Riemann solver has a negligible effect on the solutions.In the vicinity of discontinuities, we find that high-order RKDG methods behave in a similar manner to the second-order method due to the use of a piecewise linear limiter. Thus, for solutions dominated by discontinuities, the choice of Riemann solver in a high-order method has similar significance to that in a second-order method. Our analysis of second-order methods indicates that the choice of Riemann solver is highly significant, with the more accurate Riemann solvers having the lowest computational effort required to obtain a given accuracy. This allows the error in fourth-order simulations of a discontinuous solution to be mitigated through the use of a more accurate Riemann solver.We demonstrate the minmod limiter is unsuitable for use in a high-order RKDG method. It tends to restrict the polynomial order of the trial space, and hence the order of accuracy of the method, even when this is not needed to maintain the TVD property of the scheme.     

A high-order gas-kinetic Navier–Stokes flow solver

The foundation for the development of modern compressible flow solver is based on the Riemann solution of the inviscid Euler equations. The high-order schemes are basically related to high-order spatial interpolation or reconstruction. In order to overcome the low-order wave interaction mechanism due to the Riemann solution, the temporal accuracy of the scheme can be improved through the Runge–Kutta method, where the dynamic deficiencies in the first-order Riemann solution is alleviated through the sub-step spatial reconstruction in the Runge–Kutta process. The close coupling between the spatial and temporal evolution in the original nonlinear governing equations seems weakened due to its spatial and temporal decoupling. Many recently developed high-order methods require a Navier–Stokes flux function under piece-wise discontinuous high-order initial reconstruction. However, the piece-wise discontinuous initial data and the hyperbolic-parabolic nature of the Navier–Stokes equations seem inconsistent mathematically, such as the divergence of the viscous and heat conducting terms due to initial discontinuity. In this paper, based on the Boltzmann equation, we are going to present a time-dependent flux function from a high-order discontinuous reconstruction. The theoretical basis for such an approach is due to the fact that the Boltzmann equation has no specific requirement on the smoothness of the initial data and the kinetic equation has the mechanism to construct a dissipative wave structure starting from an initially discontinuous flow condition on a time scale being larger than the particle collision time. The current high-order flux evaluation method is an extension of the second-order gas-kinetic BGK scheme for the Navier–Stokes equations (BGK-NS). The novelty for the easy extension from a second-order to a higher order is due to the simple particle transport and collision mechanism on the microscopic level. This paper will present a hierarchy to construct such a high-order method. The necessity to couple spatial and temporal evolution nonlinearly in the flux evaluation can be clearly observed through the numerical performance of the scheme for the viscous flow computations.     

High-Order Scheme for a Nonlinear Maxwell System Modelling Kerr Effect

This paper is devoted to the derivation of an efficient numerical scheme for the Kerr–Maxwell system. We begin by studying the 1-D Riemann problem. We obtain a result of existence and uniqueness for large data. Then we develop a high-order Roe solver and exhibit solutions in 1-D and 2-D simulations.     

A High-Order WENO Finite Difference Scheme for the Equations of Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

We present a high-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) finite difference scheme for solving the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). This scheme is a direct extension of a WENO scheme, which has been successfully applied to hydrodynamic problems. The WENO scheme follows the same idea of an essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) scheme with an advantage of achieving higher-order accuracy with fewer computations. Both ENO and WENO can be easily applied to two and three spatial dimensions by evaluating the fluxes dimension-by-dimension. Details of the WENO scheme as well as the construction of a suitable eigen-system, which can properly decompose various families of MHD waves and handle the degenerate situations, are presented. Numerical results are shown to perform well for the one-dimensional Brio–Wu Riemann problems, the two-dimensional Kelvin–Helmholtz instability problems, and the two-dimensional Orszag–Tang MHD vortex system. They also demonstrate the importance of maintaining the divergence free condition for the magnetic field in achieving numerical stability. The tests also show the advantages of using the higher-order scheme. The new 5th-order WENO MHD code can attain an accuracy comparable with that of the second-order schemes with many fewer grid points.     

The space–time CESE method for solving special relativistic hydrodynamic equations

The special relativistic hydrodynamic equations are more complicated than the classical ones due to the nonlinear and implicit relations that exist between conservative and primitive variables. In this article, a space–time conservation element and solution element (CESE) method is proposed for solving these equations in one and two space dimensions. The CESE method has capability to capture sharp propagating wavefront of the relativistic fluids without excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillations. In contrast to the existing upwind finite volume schemes, the Riemann solver and reconstruction procedure are not the building blocks of the suggested method. The method differs from previous techniques because of global and local flux conservation in a space–time domain without resorting to interpolation or extrapolation. The scheme is efficient, robust, and gives results comparable to those obtained with more sophisticated algorithms, even in highly relativistic two-dimensional test problems.     

A high-order multi-dimensional HLL-Riemann solver for non-linear Euler equations

This article presents a numerical model that enables to solve on unstructured triangular meshes and with a high-order of accuracy, a multi-dimensional Riemann problem that appears when solving hyperbolic problems.For this purpose, we use a MUSCL-like procedure in a “cell-vertex” finite-volume framework. In the first part of this procedure, we devise a four-state bi-dimensional HLL solver (HLL-2D). This solver is based upon the Riemann problem generated at the centre of gravity of a triangular cell, from surrounding cell-averages. A new three-wave model makes it possible to solve this problem, approximately. A first-order version of the bi-dimensional Riemann solver is then generated for discretizing the full compressible Euler equations.In the second part of the MUSCL procedure, we develop a polynomial reconstruction that uses all the surrounding numerical data of a given point, to give at best third-order accuracy. The resulting over determined system is solved by using a least-square methodology. To enforce monotonicity conditions into the polynomial interpolation, we develop a simplified central WENO (CWENO) procedure.Numerical tests and comparisons with competing numerical methods enable to identify the salient features of the whole model.     

A Riemann solver for unsteady computation of 2D shallow flows with variable density

A novel 2D numerical model for vertically homogeneous shallow flows with variable horizontal density is presented. Density varies according to the volumetric concentration of different components or species that can represent suspended material or dissolved solutes. The system of equations is formed by the 2D equations for mass and momentum of the mixture, supplemented by equations for the mass or volume fraction of the mixture constituents. A new formulation of the Roe-type scheme including density variation is defined to solve the system on two-dimensional meshes. By using an augmented Riemann solver, the numerical scheme is defined properly including the presence of source terms involving reaction. The numerical scheme is validated using analytical steady-state solutions of variable-density flows and exact solutions for the particular case of initial value Riemann problems with variable bed level and reaction terms. Also, a 2D case that includes interaction with obstacles illustrates the stability and robustness of the numerical scheme in presence of non-uniform bed topography and wetting/drying fronts. The obtained results point out that the new method is able to predict faithfully the overall behavior of the solution and of any type of waves.     

求解可压缩流的高精度非结构网格WENO有限体积法

提出-种基于最小二乘重构和WENO限制器的非结构网格高精度有限体积方法.用中心网格的某些邻居网格建立重构多项式,给出-定的原则搜索和存储足够多的邻居网格以建立重构多项式,采用最小二乘法求解重构多项式的系数.用-种通用的方法控制重构邻居个数,以减少存储和计算,采用WENO限制器和旋转Riemann求解器以达到统-的高精度并且抑制守恒律方程求解中的非物理振荡.为检验上述算法,以基于节点的梯度重构,Bath and Jesperson限制器的二阶算法为基准,给出三阶和四阶格式与二阶格式以及高阶格式若干经典算例计算结果的对比和分析.     

一种减少壁热误差的自适应热粘性

使用单元中心型拉氏方法,研究一维球、柱坐标等径向对称流体力学方程组的数值格式和减少壁热误差的方法.简要分析壁热误差与差分格式修正方程的关系.通过对Riemann问题声波和HLL近似解的比较,提出减少壁热误差的一种自适应的热通量粘性.多项数值实验表明该方法可以获得令人满意的计算结果.     

An anti-diffusive numerical scheme for the simulation of interfaces between compressible fluids by means of a five-equation model

We propose a discretization method of a five-equation model with isobaric closure for the simulation of interfaces between compressible fluids. This numerical solver is a Lagrange–Remap scheme that aims at controlling the numerical diffusion of the interface between both fluids. This method does not involve any interface reconstruction procedure. The solver is equipped with built-in stability and consistency properties and is conservative with respect to mass, momentum, total energy and partial masses. This numerical scheme works with a very broad range of equations of state, including tabulated laws. Properties that ensure a good treatment of the Riemann invariants across the interface are proven. As a consequence, the numerical method does not create spurious pressure oscillations at the interface. We show one-dimensional and two-dimensional classic numerical tests. The results are compared with the approximate solutions obtained with the classic upwind Lagrange–Remap approach, and with experimental and previously published results of a reference test case.