一种亮度可调积分球光源及其应用技术研究

目前辐亮度计的光谱辐射响应函数采用辐照度标准灯和漫反射白板的方法进行校准，无法实现大动态范围内的线性校准。提出了一种高精度、亮度可调积分球光源，利用固定光阑和可变光阑控制输出辐射亮度，动态范围达到4个数量级；通过对遮光筒式辐亮度计的光谱响应函数进行测试，实验结果表明:遮光筒式辐亮度计的光谱响应函数具有很好的线性特性，且重复性高，一次项系数的标准差为2.78E-17。     

FY-2水汽通道光谱响应测量大气污染评估和订正

由于无法实现真空测量,大气吸收作用会对实验室光谱响应(SRF)测量产生污染。为了提高光谱定标精度,通过敏感性试验定量评估了大气污染对水汽通道实验室光谱响应测量的影响,并以FY-2D为例进行了光谱响应污染订正,分析了光谱污染带来的通道辐射计算误差。不同测量环境的敏感性模拟结果表明： 大气吸收导致光谱测量曲线产生显著波动,强吸收光谱处的响应减弱,致使依赖于SRF的通道辐射计算结果被高估。光谱污染带来的通道亮温偏差随着水汽含量的增加呈指数增长趋势,偏差大于0.5 K且仅在等效水平路径小于1 m相对湿度低于15%的干燥环境下小于1 K。4 m水平路径35%相对湿度的情况下,亮温偏差可大于4 K。FY-2系列卫星水汽通道的光谱响应都存在不同程度的大气污染现象。利用水平大气透过率光谱,通过光谱比值的方法,对FY-2D的SRF进行订正。订正后SRF的异常波动被基本消除,曲线分布更加光滑合理。理论分析结果表明： 大气污染导致FY-2D在典型大气条件下大气层顶的通道亮温模拟偏高2.2 K,黑体辐射进而辐射定标高估7.6%。大气吸收对实验室光谱定标的影响非常显著,不仅对水汽通道对所有气体吸收通道都不能忽略。实验室光谱定标不能忽略大气吸收的影响,应该通过扣除大气透过率的影响的方式对测量光谱响应进行订正。     

基于热红外光谱和微波反演地表温度的研究进展

地表温度(LST)是研究地表和大气之间辐射和能量交换以及区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的重要参数。卫星遥感技术在生态环境、水文、气象、地震、军事的应用研究,以及气候模式的辐射过程描述都需要获得准确的LST。光谱中的红外和微波对于探测LST发挥重要作用。文章综合分析了热红外波谱和微波遥感反演LST的研究进展,包括:利用热红外辐射温度表探测LST的方法,晴空条件下星载传感器的红外通道反演LST的单窗、分裂窗等反演方法,单通道和多通道算法,组分温度的反演方法,单通道多角度法和多通道多角度法,以及地表发射率ε特性研究等。微波可以全天候探测地表,文章分析了被动微波波段遥感反演LST的方法。并对这些方法的优缺点、适用性及应用前景进行了评述。     

FY-3A气象卫星紫外臭氧垂直探测仪

研制成FY-3A气象卫星紫外臭氧垂直探测仪,于2008年5月发射.它是一台小型化、高精度、紫外-真卒紫外光谱辐射计,用于测量大气太阳后向散射光谱辐亮度和太阳光谱辐照度,通过数据反演得剑大气臭氧总量的垂直分布.在轨道高度830 km处获得160～400 nm太阳连续光谱和250～340 nm间12个特征波长的太阳分立光谱及太阳后向散射谱,在轨测试结果表明:FY-3A气象卫星紫外臭氧年直探测仪全部功能正常,性能稳定.     

FY-3A/MERSI热红外通道在轨辐射定标精度评估

卫星资料辐射定标精度是其定量应用的关键因素。以METOP-A/IASI的高光谱探测资料为传递基准,利用同时星下点观测的交叉定标方法,对 FY-3A/MERSI热红外通道的在轨辐射定标精度进行了客观评估,并给出了亮温系统偏差的订正因子。从观测时间差异、卫星观测天顶角和方位角差异、以及目标均匀性四个方面,分析了交叉定标中所用主要匹配近似因子的不确定性。分析结果表明,目标均匀性是匹配误差的主要来源,偏差不确定性小于2%(当亮温偏差约为1 K时,不确定性<0.02 K),其他因素的影响可以忽略。一年多的样本统计及偏差分析结果显示,MERSI的观测亮温明显高于IASI,年平均亮温偏差约(3.18±0.34) K,月平均亮温偏差呈现季节波动特征,波动幅度约0.8 K。与相近时期敦煌场和青海湖地同步观测评价结果有非常好的一致性。初步原因分析推断,造成MERSI亮温偏高的原因主要有两个,一是星上黑体发射率被高估,二是光谱响应函数向大气窗区漂移,后者可能为主导因素。     

普朗克权重订正对风云卫星快速正演精度的改进

本文在逐线积分(LBL)计算卷积大气透过率的基础上,建立了统一框架的快速透过率回归算法用于卫星红外传感器通道辐射快速正演的实现.通过分别对风云二号自旋扫描辐射计VISSR/FY-2F和风云三号红外分光计IRAS/FY-3B的红外通道进行正演,并与LBL积分的通道亮温进行对比分析.结果表明,快速正演模型在窗区红外通道亮温的标准差(STD)远大于垂直探测通道的正演,随着通道探测高度降低,正演偏差随之增大;并且,全部通道正演的STD最大值小于0.4 K.本文还讨论了在卷积通道透过率时引入普朗克函数作为权重因子以改进红外通道的快速正演精度.提出以2350 cm-1与通道光谱响应曲线的相交作为应用启动普朗克订正的必要条件.试验结果表明:普朗克权重订正可以使快速正演模型的精度提高约25%以上,这个订正仅对通道光谱响应与2350 cm-1相交的通道有效,当通道光谱响应与2350 cm-1不相交,普朗克订正效果明显下降.试验还表明,普朗克订正的效果不仅对宽光谱的成像通道有效,对窄光谱垂直探测通道的正演精度改进同样明显.     

水中油对水体上行辐亮度光谱的影响

目前,学者主要关注利用遥感技术探测海面油膜。然而,经海洋物理过程或人为喷洒化学分散剂处理形成的水中油对海洋生境也具有危害作用。水体上行辐亮度是水色传感器的重要信号源,通过分析含油水体的上行辐亮度光谱特征,探索快速有效地遥测水中油的方法对保护海洋生境具有重要意义。基于大连港海域现场实测数据及Hydrolight模拟含油水体水下光场,通过分析上行辐亮度随波长、水深及太阳天顶角的变化特征,剖析水中油对上行辐亮度光谱的影响及水中油的敏感光谱特性。结果表明水中油的主要波谱响应区间位于可见光波段（380~760 nm）。随着水中油浓度的增加,上行辐亮度光谱峰值有逐渐向长波方向移动及蓝光波段辐亮度量值逐渐降低的趋势,这些变化处于水色遥感的探测光谱范畴,为利用水色遥感技术探测水中油提供了光谱依据。其次,上行辐亮度随水深逐级递减,并在接近水体下界面前不降反升的现象说明刚好在水面之上的上行辐亮度由各深度水体组分的后向散射及下界面的反射共同贡献,再经水汽界面上行透射而得,属于水体辐射传输的核心机理。这与水面油膜通过油类物质改变海表反射率而产生与自然海表不同反射光谱的探测机理具有本质上的差别。再者,与含水中油水体后向散射产生的上行辐亮度相比,海表对太阳光的反射属于强信号,会掩盖水体组分信息。水色卫星搭载的水色传感器具有一定的侧摆能力,能避开太阳辐射反射信号并接收到含水中油水体的上行辐亮度;水色卫星的当地过境时间一般为10至14点,且水色传感器具有高信噪比特征,满足含水中油水体的暗像元探测要求。该研究揭示了水色遥感探测含水中油水体的光谱和机理依据,表明可以视水中油为一种新的水体组分,基于光在水体中的辐射传输过程,开展含水中油水体的水色遥感反演研究。     

红外高光谱资料AIRS反演晴空条件下大气氧化亚氮廓线

N₂O是一种非常重要的温室气体和臭氧损耗物。由于观测资料有限,对于N₂O在这两方面所发挥的作用定量描述还存在很多的不确定性。利用热红外卫星数据AIRS可以反演监测甲烷和二氧化碳气体,但对氧化亚氮的反演还很少见到。因此该工作首次在国内针对高光谱红外卫星资料AIRS,开展利用最优估计法反演大气N₂O廓线的模拟研究。讨论了先验廓线的获取方法及反演通道的选取方法,并将反演结果和HIPPO飞机观测数据进行比较,发现AIRS观测数据可以很好的捕获N₂O的垂直分布,在300～900 hPa,与HIPPO数据趋势一致,且反演精度较高,相对误差仅为0.1%,与所选取反演通道的jacobian峰值区间一致。反演结果相比于特征向量统计法也有显著提高。     

ETM图像地物反射率光谱反演

用搭载在卫星Landsat-7上的多光谱成像仪ETM记录的来自地气系统的辐亮度光谱图像,反演地物反射率光谱,在ETM 1波段,反射率反演的不确定度基本上保证在17%以内,2,3波段在10%以内,优于目前常用的简易算法。用反演的地物辐亮度光谱合成的sRGB真彩色图像,清晰度欠佳,未作经验调整时明显偏色,用于航天对地真彩色摄影这一反演精度还不够,但用于目视判读明显优于原图像。     

基于高光谱辐亮度图像进行目标探测的大气状态影响分析

基于高光谱辐亮度图像直接进行目标探测可以提高数据处理效率,满足实时处理的要求。然而遥感器所获取的辐亮度光谱信息会受到大气的影响。通过对高光谱成像过程的模拟,分析大气状态变化对辐亮度图像中目标探测性能的影响。研究结果表明：高光谱辐亮度图像可以直接用于目标探测,不同的大气状态对RXD异常探测影响很小,而MF探测则受输入光谱准确度的影响,待检测目标的辐亮度光谱要求与辐亮度图像获取时的大气状态一致,才有良好的效果。     

Structural,magnetic and neutron diffraction studies on TbFe2-TbAl2, TbCo2-TbAl2 and HoCo2-HoAl2

Both pseudobinary systems exhibit large homogeneous regions of cubic and hexagonal Laves phases. Ordering tendencies on crystallographic sites between Al and the transition metals are observed in the hexagonal type.Electron transfer to the transition metals quenches their moments so that they become nonmagnetic at high Al concentrations. The peculiarities in the mechanism of magnetization which appear in rare earth dialuminides when Al is replaced by a transition metal have been studied in detail at cryogenic temperatures.The first replacement of Al results in a decrease in saturation moment. Neutron diffraction verifies the low ordered rare earth sublattice moments and reveals the ‘lost part’ as a disordered component. Considerable magnetic hardness develops in certain regions of concentration often connected with spontaneous increases in magnetization with field. All available evidence suggests the presence of unusual domain wall effects to be responsible for this effect. High remanences develop in both the hexagonal and in the cubic structures in the intermediate region. The development of disordered magnetic components is connected either with the disorder on crystallographic sites or changes in the free electron concentration.     

Polar optic phonons in Hg2Cl2 and Hg2Br2

Far infrared (30–430 cm^?1) reflectivity measurements of Hg₂Cl₂ and Hg₂Br₂ single crystals have been performed in polarized light. The spectra, which are in agreement with group-theoretical predictions, were analyzed by the oscillator fitting procedure and Kramers-Kronig method. The results are compared with the existing data from other measurements and the large anisotropy of polar modes is briefly discussed. The polarization vectors of all long-wavelength symmetry modes were determined group-theoretically.     

Magnetostriction of SmMn2Ge2 and GdMn2Ge2 intermetallic compounds

Longitudinal and transverse magnetostrictions of polycrystalline samples of intermetallic compounds RMn₂Ge₂ (R=Sm or Gd) are measured in pulsed magnetic fields up to 250 kOe. It is found that linear magnetostrictive strains of about 10^?3 arise in a temperature range in which the magnetic field causes a change in the magnetic state of a manganese magnetic subsystem. The results obtained are described within the model of a two-sublattice ferrimagnet with a negative exchange interaction in the manganese subsystem in terms of a strong dependence of this interaction on interatomic distances.     

μ+SR study of LaNi2As2, URh2Si2 and CeRh2Si2

Muon spin relaxation experiments have been carried out in the paramagnetic and magnetically ordered states of URh₂Si₂ and CeRh₂Si₂. As the magnetic structure of these compounds is well known, these measurements can help to characterise their magnetic properties probed by μSR and to understand the μSR results of the heavy fermion compounds of the same crystallographic family. Our measurements show that the muons occupy two different crystallographic sites. The spectra of URh₂Si₂ and CeRh₂Si₂ in the magnetically ordered states are very different, probably reflecting their different magnetic structures. The spectra obtained on CeRh₂Si₂ are similar to the published spectra of the heavy fermion compound CeCu_2.1 Si₂. Muon spin rotation measurements on LaNi₂As₂ indicate that the muon is diffusing at 150 K.     

Magnetic ordering in HoRu2Si2, HoRh2Si2, TbRh2Si2 and TbIr2Si2 by neutron diffraction

Neutron diffraction study of polycrystalline HoRu₂Si₂, HoRh₂Si₂, TbRh₂Si₂, and TbIr₂Si₂ was performed in the temperature range between 4.2 and 300 K. For HoRu₂Si₂ the magnetic spin alignment of a linear transverse wave mode below the Néel temperature 19 K is observed. This static moment wave is propagating along the b-axis with k=(0, 0.2, 0) and is polarized in the c-axis. The root-mean-square and maximum saturation moments per Ho atom are 9.26 and 13.09μ_B, respectively. HoRh₂Si₂, TbRh₂Si₂ an TbIr₂Si₂ are simple collinear antiferromagnets of +-+- type with Néel temperatures of (27±1), (98±2) and (72±3) K, respectively. For TbRh₂Si₂ and TbIr₂Si₂ magnetic moments are localized on RE ions only and are aligned along the tetragonal axis, while for HoRh₂Si₂ they form an angle ø = (28±3)°.     

13C-selective IRMPD of CBr2F2/Cl2 and CCl2F2/Br2 systems

The CO₂ TEA laser irradiation of CBr₂F₂ in the presence of Cl₂ yielded ¹³C-enriched CBrClF₂ and ¹³C-enriched CCl₂F₂ under selected experimental conditions. As the photolysis proceeded, the ¹³C concentration of CBrClF₂ decreased gradually and that of CCl₂F₂ increased up to 90% or higher. These results can be explained by the mechanism involving the secondary ¹³C-selective IRMPD of the primary product CBrClF₂. On the other hand, the carbon-containing product for a CCl₂F₂/Br₂ system was only CBrClF₂; the further IRMPD of which probably regenerated CBrClF₂ in the presence of Br₂. The decomposition probabilities of ¹²C- and ¹³C-containing molecules in both systems were measured as functions of laser line, laser fluence, and reactant pressures.