分级醇沉宣木瓜多糖含量、分子量测定和活性初步研究

采用水提取分级醇沉制得宣木瓜多糖,利用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,采用高效尺寸排阻色谱-多角度激光光散射-示差折光联用技术(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)分析多糖分子量和分子量分布,用多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞,Griess法检测NO释放量。系列研究旨在考察宣木瓜多糖含量、分子量和分子量分布以及免疫活性,为宣木瓜多糖研究积累实验资料和科学依据;并为中药多糖研究提供较为简单、系统的方法与思路。结果表明,不同乙醇浓度(φ)沉淀宣木瓜多糖含量的高低顺序是:95%80%40%≥60%20%,95%乙醇可较完全地沉淀多糖;当乙醇浓度从20%上升到95%时,粗多糖纯度由35.1%上升至45.0%。宣木瓜多糖主要有3个色谱峰,不同浓度醇沉的多糖经HPSCE分离后出峰位置和数量没有明显差别,表明它们含有的多糖种类相似;重均分子量(Mw)分别为6.570×104 g·moL-1和1.393×104 g·moL-1以及小于1万未能获得准确值;前两种多糖的分子量分布指数(Mw/Mn)分别是1.336和1.639;本试验中宣木瓜多糖对巨噬细胞Raw264.7产生NO没有明显的促进作用。     

磁性ICF玻璃靶丸的化学镀工艺

 采用化学镀工艺在ICF玻璃靶丸表面包覆了一层磁性的Ni-P合金镀层，制备出磁性ICF玻璃靶丸。研究了化学镀主盐质量浓度、还原剂质量浓度、络合剂质量浓度、施镀温度及镀液pH值对沉积速率与镀液稳定性的影响，获得了化学镀制备磁性ICF玻璃靶丸的最佳工艺为：主盐硫酸镍30 g/L，还原剂次亚磷酸钠30 g/L，络合剂柠檬酸钠50 g/L，pH值10，温度(40±2) ℃。     

TTA化学发光新体系测定镍的研究

研究了TTA新体系的化学发光特性。依据Ni~(2+)的催化作用,通过条件优化实验,建立了测定Ni~(2+)的化学发光新方法。方法检出限为3.0ng/ml Ni~(2+),线性范围为4×10~(-9)-4×10~(-6)g/mL;对0.1μg/ml Ni~(2+)进行10次重复测定的相对标准偏差为0.94%。方法应用于水中镍的测定,结果良好。     

原子捕集原子吸收光谱法测定锌

本文研究了各种条件对锌灵敏度的影响。当贫焰捕集和富焰释放时,锌的灵敏度最高,其特征浓度为9.1×10~(-5)μg/ml。用10000μg/ml铝溶液喷涂石英管,使锌的灵敏度提高5倍,特征浓度是1.8×10~(-5)μg/ml。捕集5ng/ml锌溶液1分钟的相对标准偏差为2.7%。本法直接测定了高纯铝、血清和自来水中痕量锌。     

氯磺酚偶氮罗丹宁分光光度法测定天然水中痕量铜(Ⅱ)

在pH5.56的醋酸盐缓冲溶液中,Cu(Ⅱ)和氯磺酚偶氮罗丹宁(SCPA)生成二元配合物Cu(SCPA)2,利用光谱修正技术表征配合物的分子结构。选择吸收光谱峰谷波长530nm和418nm为工作波长,测定显色溶液及空白溶液的吸光度A530nm,A418nm及A5030nm,A4018nm。计算光吸收比差值(ΔAr)。当Cu(Ⅱ)浓度在0.200μg/mL以内与ΔAr值之间呈线性关系,方法检出限为2ng/mL,有利于直接监测天然水。本实验已测定了黄浦江、长江、太湖水样中的痕量Cu(Ⅱ),结果与电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法的测定结果相符,方法回收率在97.0%—103.5%之间。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定健康人和糖尿病人血清中微量铬

本文应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对各种石墨管测铬进行了比较。热解石墨管可提供较好的灵敏度(4.86pg/0.0044A)和检出限(0.418μg/L),可用于血清铬的测定。血清样品经HClO_4-H_2O_2-HCl消化处理后,以工作曲线法测定。结果是健康人血清铬为8.16±4.30μg/L(13例),糖尿病人3.10±1.92μg/L(13例)。令人满意。     

苯酚红褪色分光光度法测定小麦粉中的痕量溴酸钾

对苯酚红褪色分光光度法测定小麦粉中痕量溴酸钾进行了研究。实验考察了各种因素如酸度、苯酚红的浓度和用量、反应时间和温度等对测定的影响。结果表明,在最优化的实验条件下(最大吸收波长为504nm,0.5mol/L盐酸,1.00mL 1.00×10-4mol/L苯酚红,85℃水浴条件下加热10min),溴酸钾在0—0.45μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律,线性回归方程为ΔA=0.6094C-0.0013(C:μg/mL,相关系数r=0.9991),摩尔吸光系数ε=3.6×106L.mol-1.cm-1,检出限为0.01μg/g(取样量5g)。将该法用于小麦粉中痕量溴酸钾的测定,样品加标回收率在93%—103%,相对标准偏差RSD<5%,结果满意。     

中性红褪色光度法测定蒙药铜灰体系中产生的过氧化氢含量

在 p H=3.5的乙酸 -乙酸钠缓冲溶液中 ,用中性红褪色光度法测定了蒙药铜灰体系中产生的过氧化氢的含量。过氧化氢在 0— 5 0μg/ 2 5 m L范围内与 lg(A0 / A)值呈线性关系 ,线性回归方程为 lg(A0 / A) =2 .5× 10 -3+1.0 5× 10 -2 C双氧水 (μg/ 2 5 m L) ,r=0 .9999     

催化分光光度法测定铜(Ⅱ)

基于在pH 5磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,铜(Ⅱ)对溴酸钾氧化靛蓝胭脂红(IC)的褪色反应具有显著的催化作用,建立了测定铜(Ⅱ)的新催化分光光度法.在优化实验条件下,铜(Ⅱ)在1-16μg/25mL浓度范围内与△A呈良好的线性关系,检出限为3.4×10-9g/mL.该方法用于水样中铜(Ⅱ)的测定,结果满意.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定生物体液中有机锗

本文研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定人及动物口服丙氧锗二酸(Ge-132)后血浆及尿中锗浓度的方法。样品无需预先处理,加入Triton X-100后,可直接测定。为排除未消化生物样品对测定的干扰,本法对基体改进剂硝酸镍及硝酸钙的作用进行了比较,认为硝酸镍虽可明显提高水溶液中锗的吸收值,但对血浆中锗的影响不如硝酸钙,且镍浓度的变化对锗吸收的影响也较大,约需3～4mg/ml为宜。而钙剂对血浆及水溶液中锗的影响近似,含钙量大于0.5mg/ml均可获得相同的效果。残留在石墨炉中碳渣的影响不可忽视。本文采用通氧的办法消除了影响。本法绝对灵敏度为34pg/0.0044A,检出下限为1.6×10~(-9)g,线性范围0～200ng/ml Ge,变异系数(4个浓度)1.46～3.1%(n=10),回收率(4个浓度)为95.5～102.6%。     

Preparation,Characterization and Optimization of Egg Albumin Nanoparticles as Low Molecular‐Weight Drug Delivery Vehicle

Protein nanoparticles have been recognized as carriers to deliver low molecular‐weight drugs, anticancer drug, DNA, vaccines, oligonucleotides, peptides and etc. The purpose of this research was preparation of Egg Albumin (EA) nanoparticle with suitable size/size distribution and good surface properties for drug delivery application based on simple coacervation method along with optimization of the nanoparticles by employing Taguchi method. Several synthesis parameters were examined to characterize their impacts on nanoparticle size and topography. These variables were including temperature, EA concentration, desolvating agent volume, pH value and agitation speed. In addition, size and morphology of prepared nanoparticles were analyzed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM). As result of Taguchi analysis in this research, desolvating agent volume and pH were most influencing factors on particle size. The minimum size of nanoparticles (～51 nm) were obtained at Temperature 55 °C, 30 mg/ml EA concentration, desolvating agent volume 50 ml, agitation speed of 500 rpm and pH 4. The mechanistic of optimum conditions for preparing protein nanoparticles from Egg Albumin for the first time and their characterization as delivering nano system are discussed.     

Fiber Structure,Tensile Behavior and Antibacterial Activity of Polylactide/Poly(butylene terephthalate) Bicomponent Fibers Produced by High-Speed Melt-Spinning

Abstract

Various types of bicomponent fibers composed of polylactide (PLA) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with different molecular weights, arranging the polymers separately in the skin or core, were produced by high-speed melt-spinning. The bicomponent spinning, arranging the PLA with high molecular weight (melt flow rate =1.9?g/10?min, L-lactide content = 98.7%) in the skin and the PBT with low molecular weight (IV = 0.835–0.865 dL/g) in the core, resulted in orientation-induced crystallization in the PLA component at the spinning speed of 2?km/min. This crystallization effect was ascribed to a chain-extending treatment applied to the original PLA (MFR = 4.0?g/10?min) to increase its molecular weight. By the treatment the PLA could crystallize when spun even at 1?km/min in its single-component spinning. On the other hand, the bicomponent spinning system interfered with the orientation-induced crystallization of PBT in the core. As a result, the critical spinning speed needed to generate the orientation-induced crystallization in the core PBT was elevated to 4?km/min. The inferior tensile behavior of the bicomponent fibers, as compared to the single-component PLA or PBT fibers, suggested poor compatibility between PLA and PBT. Transesterification reactions rarely occurred at the interface of the two polymers. The bicomponent fibers prepared from high molecular weight PLA and low molecular weight PBT, however, showed sufficient antibacterial activity and physical properties to be suitable for designing medical clothing materials.     

Static laser light scattering (SLLS) investigations of the scattering parameters of a synthetic polymer

A laser light scattering system was built to study the scattering parameters of some materials in solution form. The light source used was an argon-ion laser at wavelength 488 nm (all lines). The investigated material was a synthetic polymer which has a wide range of applications in the field of teeth medicine applications. This is polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) which is used for the formation of artificial clamps. The PMMA was solved in both acetone and methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK). The acetone solvent is chosen for its high specific refractive index increment dn/dc at the same wavelength 488 nm as the argon laser source. The angular distribution of the scattered laser light intensities of PMMA dissolved in acetone was measured at different scattering angles from 30 to 150° for each concentration. The angular distributions have a symmetrical behavior about the scattering angle π/2; by using the scattered intensities the Zimm plot was formed. The weight average molecular weight (WAMW) was determined, the two other scattering parameters like as radius of gyration, h, and the second verial coefficient, A₂ were determined.     

On the formation of nanocomposite TiC/a-C:H coatings by the method of the magnetron sputtering of Ti in an electron-beam activated Ar/C2H2 mixture

Composite TiC/a-C:H coatings with a thickness of 5 μm are produced by the reactive magnetron sputtering of titanium in an Ar/C₂H₂ gas mixture, which was additionally irradiated by a wide electron beam with an energy of 100 eV and an electric current of up to 1 A. The composition of the coatings is controlled by changing the C₂H₂ flow rate in the range from 1 to 16 mL/min under a constant Ar flow rate (40 mL/min) and magnetron current (2 A, 10 μs, 50 kHz). X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) methods confirm the formation of nanostructured coatings with a thickness of 4 to 9 nm. The hardness of the coatings nonmonotonically depends on the acetylene-flow rate. A maximum microhardness of 30 GPa is obtained when the atomic concentration of titanium in the coating determined by the Auger spectroscopy method is close to 38%. It is established that the electron-beam irradiation of a gas mixture during the deposition of coatings promotes the accelerated decomposition of acetylene and leads to a multiple (from 10 to 2 mL/min) decrease in the C₂H₂ flow rate, at which the maximum microhardness of coatings is reached.     

Effects of temperature gradient induced nanoparticle motion on conduction and convection of fluid

The continuous synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) in a static microchannel T-mixer by the reduction of NiCl₂·6H₂O in the presence of ethylene glycol without a stabilizing/capping agent was investigated. The nanoparticles were formed in accordance with the modified polyol process with hydrazine used as a reducing agent and NaOH as a catalyst for nanoparticle formation. The reaction mechanism for NiNP formation was investigated in batch with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Parameters were found for reducing reaction times from 60 to 1?min. The effects of temperature (60?C120?°C) and NaOH concentration (0.1 and 0.5?M) on batch-processed particle characteristics were also studied using XRD, transmission electron microscope and electron microprobe analysis. Average particle size was reduced from 9.2?±?2.9 to 5.4?±?0.9?nm at higher temperature and NaOH concentration. Adaptation of this chemistry to a static microchannel T-mixer for continuous synthesis resulted in smooth, spherical particles. Increases in the reaction temperature from 120 to 130?°C resulted in a narrow size distribution of 5.3?±?1?nm and also resulted in magnetic properties of 5.1?emu/g (saturation magnetization), 1.1?emu/g (remanent magnetization), and 62?Oe (coercivity).     

Flow injection determination of metoclopramide based on KMnO4—HCHO chemiluminescence in a micellar medium

A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) analysis method for the determination of metoclopramide in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) surfactant micelles is described. This method is based on the luminescent properties of the KMnO₄-HCHO-metoclopramide in acid medium sensitized by SDS. The optimized experimental conditions were evaluated and the possible mechanism was discussed. The CL increase is linearly related to the concentration of metoclopramide in the range 0-80.0 μg/ml with a detection limit of 31.3 ng/mL (S/N=3).The relative standard deviation for 20.0 μg/ml samples was 2.6% (n=11). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of metoclopramide in tablets.     

Intensified recovery of lipids,proteins, and carbohydrates from wastewater-grown microalgae Desmodesmus sp. by using ultrasound or ozone

This study evaluates the effect of ultrasound and ozone pretreatments for the subsequent recovery of Desmodesmus sp. biocomponents—lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates—using a response surface methodology. Both pretreatments impact on the recovered lipids quality, solvent waste production and extraction time is analysed for process intensification purposes. For ultrasound pretreatment, independent parameters were energy applied (50–200 kWh/kg dry biomass), biomass concentration (25–75 g/L), and ultrasonic intensity (0.32 and 0.53 W/mL). While for ozone pretreatment, independent parameters were ozone concentration (3–9 mg O₃/L), biomass concentration (25–75 g/L), and contact time (5–15 min). In the case of ultrasound pretreatment, recovery yield reached 97 ± 0.4%, 89 ± 3%, and 73 ± 0.6% for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids respectively. Given process required: energy applied of 50 kWh/kg dry biomass, 75 g/L of biomass concentration, 0.32 W/mL of ultrasonic intensity, and 56 min of time process. Ultrasound caused high cell disruption releasing all proteins, thereby obviating downstream processing for its recovery. Ozone pretreatment recovery yield was 85 ± 2%, 48 ± 1.4%, and 25 ± 1.3%, for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins respectively, under the following conditions: 9 mg O₃/L of ozone concentration, 25 g/L of biomass concentration, and 5 min of contact time that depicts an energy consumption of 30.64 kWh/kg dry biomass. It was found that ultrasound and ozone pretreatments intensified the lysis and biocomponents recovery process by reducing solvent consumption by at least 92% and extraction time between 80% and 90% compared with extraction of untreated biomass biocomponents. Both pretreatments improve the composition of the recovered lipids. It was noted that the yield of neutral lipids increased from 28% to 67% for ultrasound pretreatment while for ozone pretreatment from 49% to 63%. The method used for lipid extraction may also have an effect but here it was kept constant.     

Effect of ultrasound treatments on functional properties and structure of millet protein concentrate

In this study, the effect of high power ultrasound (US) probe in varying intensities and times (18.4, 29.58, and 73.95 W/cm² for 5, 12.5 and 20 min respectively) on functional properties of millet protein concentrate (MPC) was investigated, and also the structural properties of best modified treatment were evaluated by FTIR, DSC, Zeta potential and SDS-PAGE techniques. The results showed the solubility in all US treated MPC was significantly (p < .05) higher than those of the native MPC. Foaming capacity of native MPC (271.03 ± 4.51 ml) was reduced after US treatments at low intensities (82.37 ± 5.51 ml), but increased upon US treatments at high intensities (749.7 ± 2 ml). In addition, EAI and ES increased after US treatments. One of the best US treatments that can improve the functional properties of MPC was 73.95 W/cm² for 12.5 min that resulted in reduction of molecular weight and increase nearly 36% in the negative surface charge that was confirmed by SDS-page and Zeta potential results, respectively.     

An analysis of the charged and neutral energy flow in e+e− hadronic annihilation at 34 GeV,and a determination of the QCD effective coupling constant

Using both charged and neutral components, 2600 multihadronic e⁺e^? annihilation events, recorded at 34 GeV by the CELLO detector at PETRA, have been analysed in a calometric approach. The fraction of energy carried by gamma rays is measured to be f_γ = (26.0 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 4.0 (syst)%. The neutral energy flow is seen to follow closely the overall energy flow. From the corrected oblateness distribution, a first order determination of α_s is performed. The result is α_s = 0.16 ± 0.01 (stat) ± 0.03 (syst).     

Refractive indices and thermo-optical properties of dye laser solvents

By measuring the wavelength tuning of a distributed feedback dye laser, solvent refractive-index changes as small as 0.0002 may be determined. This technique hence allows precise measurement of refractive-index dependence on temperature (dn/dT) and therefore enables the thermo-optical properties of solvents used in dye lasers to be assessed. In addition to single component solvents, the thermo-optical properties of solvent mixtures and additives are reported here. The refractive-index change with temperature (dn/dT) is related to solvent density change with temperature (dq/dT) through molecular polarizability.