共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 156 毫秒
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根据爱因斯坦的质能等效关系式,热能具有的等效质量称为热质,从而在固态和气态介质中分别建立了声子气质量和热子气质量的概念.应用牛顿定律建立了含有驱动力、阻力和惯性力的热质(声子气或热子气)运动的动量守恒方程.由于热量在介质中的传递本质上就是热质(声子气和热子气)在介质中的运动,所以热质动量守恒方程就是普适的导热定律,能够统一描述各种条件下的导热规律.当热流密度不是很大从而热质惯性力可以忽略时,热质动量守恒方程就退化为傅里叶导热定律,这表明傅里叶导热定律是特殊条件下的导热定律,对于微纳尺度条件下的导热,热流密度可以极高,由速度空间变化引起的惯性力不能忽略,在稳态导热情况下也将出现非傅里叶导热,此时在计算或者实验中不能用热流密度除温度梯度求导热系数.在超快速加热条件下,必需考虑惯性力,与基于CV导热模型的波动方程相比,普适的导热定律增加了因速度空间变化引起的惯性力项,所以在介质中热波叠加时不会出现产生负温度的非物理现象,表明基于热质运动概念的普适导热定律更为合理.
关键词:
傅里叶导热定律
普适导热定律
热质运动
非傅里叶导热 相似文献
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本文在热质和热子气概念的基础上建立了热子气的质量、动量、能量守恒方程.基于傅立叶导热定律求得了热子气粘性系数和粘性力的近似表达式.分析了傅立叶定律的物理意义:傅立叶定律是在忽略惯性力的条件下对热子气动量方程的近似.在极低温度或极高热流密度条件下傅立叶定律不再适用. 相似文献
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热质的运动与传递——热质和热子气 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
基于爱因斯坦的狭义相对论的质能关系建立了热质的概念。物体的热能所对应的动质量就是热质。提出了热子的概念和热子气模型。采用气体分子动理论导得了热子气的压力(热质压力)和热子气的状态方程。热子气中的热质压力梯度是热量(热子气)运动的推动力。 相似文献
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以界面摩擦为研究对象,分析了黏滑过程中的能量积累和耗散问题.基于晶格热动力学理论,通过分析界面原子在周期性势场中跳跃前后的势能差,推导了界面原子温升公式.理论表明,界面温升与摩擦系统的接触状态和材料特性有关,界面交互势能是其中影响较大的因素之一.在滑动阶段初期,由于界面原子处于非热平衡状态,晶格的热振动将通过激发出新声子而耗散能量,从而使得非热平衡向平衡状态转变.通过引入量子力学和热力学理论,分析了界面摩擦能量的耗散规律.结果表明,当声子振动频率较大时,黏着阶段存储于界面振子上的弹性势能在滑动阶段就很快完全耗散,耗散时间远小于滑动阶段的时间.
关键词:
界面摩擦
黏滑
声子
温升 相似文献
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本文通过求解简谐近似的哈密顿量H0的本征值方程,得出晶格振动能量量子化的结论,引出声子概念.然后对声子的性质进行讨论,并与光子、经典气体的性质作比较,以便揭示声子的基本特性. 相似文献
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Vladimir Popov 《General Relativity and Gravitation》2006,38(5):917-935
The relativistic kinetic theory of the phonon gas in superfluids is developed. The technique of the derivation of macroscopic balance equations from microscopic equations of motion for individual particles is applied to an ensemble of quasi-particles. The necessary expressions are constructed in terms of a Hamilton function of a (quasi-)particle. A phonon contribution into superfluid dynamic parameters is obtained from energy-momentum balance equations for the phonon gas together with the conservation law for superfluids as a whole. Relations between dynamic flows being in agreement with results of relativistic hydrodynamic consideration are found. Based on the kinetic approach a problem of relativistic variation of the speed of sound under phonon influence at low temperature is solved. 相似文献
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纳米技术的快速发展使得对微纳尺度导热机理的深入研究变得至关重要. 理论和实验都表明, 在纳米尺度下声子热导率将表现出尺寸效应. 基于声子玻尔兹曼方程和修正声子平均自由程的方法得到了多约束纳米结构的声子热导率模型, 可以描述多个几何约束共同作用下热导率的尺寸效应. 不同几何约束对声子输运的限制作用可以分开计算, 总体影响则通过马西森定则进行耦合. 对于热流方向的约束, 采用扩散近似的方法求解声子玻尔兹曼方程; 对于侧面边界约束, 采用修正平均自由程的方法计算边界散射对热导率的影响. 得到的模型能够预测纳米薄膜(法向和面向)及有限长度方形纳米线的热导率随相应特征尺寸的变化. 与蒙特卡罗模拟及硅纳米结构热导率实验值的对比验证了模型的正确性. 相似文献
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AbstractThe elastic constants and force constants of an energetic material named as 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) are calculated by first-principles method under the GGA+vdW functional. Based on them, a physical picture to describe the phonon–phonon scattering mechanism is obtained, and a method to evaluate the thermal conductive tensor is developed. The resulting thermal conductivities are in agreement with the available experiments. We find that 20 vibrational modes play important roles in determining the heat exchange process of TATB. The vibrational direction, symmetry, displacement field and the detailed information of the key vibrational modes are obtained. 相似文献
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高温气体的冷却对火花隙开关的重复运行具有重要的影响。利用流体方程、热传导方程和理想气体状态方程构建的方程组,对火花隙开关中高温气体冷却的过程进行了数值模拟。分析了气体导热系数、粘性系数、对流及气体压强等要素对气体冷却速度的影响,得到了气体冷却的基本规律:火花隙开关内气体的冷却以传导为主;若不采用其他手段,气体在十几ms内冷却较困难;对流的作用经数十ms后才显著;气体的粘性系数对气体冷却的影响可以忽略。可以通过选用导热系数高的气体,优化电极结构或采用吹气方法提高气体冷却速度的办法。 相似文献
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We investigate the coherent phonon thermal transport at low temperatures in Gold nanowires, in order to study the effects of scattering on the lattice thermal conductivity. Three types of shaped joint nanostructures are employed in our calculation. We present a detailed study of the thermal conductance as a function of the temperature for different shaped joint. This is done by solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation in the ballistic regime and calculating the transmission rates of the vibration modes through the consideration of the phonon group velocity modification in the system. The transmission properties are calculated by use of the matching method in the harmonic approximation with nearest and next nearest neighbor force constants. The results show that the transmission probabilities depend on the type of joint nanostructure. The pronounced fluctuations of the transmission spectra as a function of the frequency can be understood as Fano resonances. It is also found that the behavior of the thermal conductance versus temperature is qualitatively different for different nanostructures and depends sensitively on the width of the shaped joint. 相似文献
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The effective thermal conductivity of nanofilms is size dependent due to the diffusive–ballistic transport of phonons. In this paper, we investigate the cross-plane phonon transport from the viewpoint of the phonon Boltzmann equation. A predictive model for the size dependent thermal conductivity is proposed and agrees well with the results of molecular dynamics simulation for silicon nanofilms. The ballistic transport has different effects on the heat conduction in the in-plane or cross-plane directions, which causes the anisotropy of thermal conductivity of nanofilms. Such anisotropy is also size dependent and vanishes with the increase of film thickness. 相似文献