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1.
In order to quantify the effects of exposure parameters under therapeutic conditions such as sonodynamic therapy, it is necessary initially to evaluate the inertial cavitation activity in vitro. In this study, the dependence of cavitation activity induced by the low-level dual-frequency ultrasound irradiation on exposure parameters has been studied. Experiments were performed in the near 150 kHz and 1 MHz fields in the progressive wave mode. It has been shown that at constant ultrasound energy the fluorescence intensity for continuous sonication is higher than for pulsed mode. With increasing the duty cycle of pulsed field, the inertial cavitation activity is increased. The activity of cavitation produced by simultaneous combined sonication by two ultrasound fields is remarkably higher than the algebraic sum of effects produced by fields separately (p-value < 0.05). This study shows that simultaneous combined dual-frequency ultrasound sonication in continuous mode is more effective in producing inertial cavitation activity at low-level intensity. Therefore, it is concluded that investigations in this combined ultrasound sonication can be useful in sonodynamic therapy for superficial tumors.  相似文献   

2.
This study aims to compare the efficiency of sonolysis and ozonation in improving anaerobic biodegradability of source sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste, for the enhancing of biogas production and energy recovery as well. The methane yield of solid organic material anaerobic digestion is significantly affected by substrate availability, which can be favoured by pretreatments. In this investigation, both sonolysis and ozonation effects on substrate solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability were evaluated under different treatment conditions. Results show that both pretreatments can significantly improve the solubilisation of organic solid waste. However, during ozonation experiments, no correlation was observed between increased solubilisation and biogas production: the application of higher ozone doses led to the formation of by-products less biodegradable than untreated substrate. This evidence makes the ultrasound process more efficient than ozonation and addresses further studies for sonolysis optimisation as pretreatment for solid waste anaerobic digestion.  相似文献   

3.
In recent years, high-energy ultrasound has been used as an alternative to improve the functional properties of various proteins, such as from milk, eggs, soy and poultry. The benefits of implementing this technology depend on the inherent characteristics of the protein source and the intensity and amplitude of the ultrasound, as well as on the pH, temperature, ionic strength, time, and all of the variables that have an effect on the physicochemical properties of proteins. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the optimal conditions for each type of food. The use of ultrasound is a promising technique in food technology with a low impact on the environment, and it has thus become known as a green technology. Therefore, this review focuses on the application of high-energy ultrasound to food; its effects on the functional properties of proteins; and how different conditions such as the frequency, time, amplitude, temperature, and protein concentration affect the functional properties.  相似文献   

4.
This article aims to apply the ultrasound technique in the field of clean technology to protect environment. The principle of sonochemistry is conducted here to degrade pesticides in simulated industrial wastewater resulted from a factory manufacturing pesticides namely diazinon. Diazinon pesticide selected in this study for degradation under high frequency ultrasound wave. Three different initial concentrations of diazinon (800, 1200, and 1800 ppm), at different solution volumes were investigated in to degrade dissolved diazinon in water. Ultrasound device with 1.7 MHz, and 0.044 cm diameter, was used to study the degradation process.

It is found that as the concentration of diazinon increased, the degradation is also increasing, and when the solution volume increases, the ability to degraded pesticides decreases. The experimental results showed an optimum condition achieved for degradation of diazinon at 1200 ppm as initial concentration and 50 ml solution volume. Kinetic modeling applied for the obtained results showed that the degradation of diazinon by high ultrasound frequency wave followed a pseudo-first-order model with apparent rate constant of around of 0.01 s−1.  相似文献   


5.
Soltani A  Prokop AF  Vaezy S 《Ultrasonics》2008,48(2):109-116
Several experimental studies have demonstrated that ultrasound (US) can accelerate enzymatic fibrinolysis and this effect is further enhanced in the presence of ultrasound contrast agents (UCA). Although UCA have been shown to be safe when administered to ischemic stroke patients, safety information of these agents in the thrombolysis setting is limited. Therefore, in this study we investigated potential adverse effects of acoustic cavitation generated by UCA on alteplase (t-PA), the drug used for treatment of ischemic stroke patients. A volume of 0.9 mL of alteplase was dispensed into a custom-made polyester sample tube. For treatments in the presence or absence of cavitation either 0.1 mL Optison or phosphate buffer saline was combined with alteplase. Three independent samples of each treatment group were exposed to ultrasound of 2 MHz frequency at three different peak negative acoustic pressures of 0.5, 1.7, and 3.5 MPa for a duration of 60 min. All treatments were carried out in a cavitation detection system which was used to insonify the samples and record acoustic emissions generated within the sample. After ultrasound exposure, the treated samples and three untreated drug samples were tested for their enzymatic activity using a chromogenic substrate. The insonified samples containing Optison demonstrated cavitational activity proportional to acoustic pressure. No significant cavitation activity was observed in the absence of Optison. Enzymatic activity of alteplase in both insonified groups was comparable to that in the control group. These tests demonstrated that exposure of alteplase to 60 min of 2 MHz ultrasound at acoustic pressures ranging from 0.5 MPa to 3.5 MPa, in the presence or absence of Optison had no adverse effects on the stability of this therapeutic compound.  相似文献   

6.
We performed a high resolution imaging of a coiled coil filament used in tungsten lamps, a standard reference source in spectroscopy. The radiometric results using two-wavelength thermometry indicate that its configuration also introduces cavity effects and non-uniformity of filament temperature distribution, with the average temperature calculated to be 2869 K. Considering the tungsten source as an extended body, significant temperature variations of up to +19 K are found above its nominal 2850 K value.  相似文献   

7.
Previous experimental studies showed that powerful heating of nanoparticles by a laser pulse using energy density greater than 100 mJ/cm2, could induce vaporization and generate microbubbles. When ultrasound is introduced at the same time as the laser pulse, much less laser power is required. For therapeutic applications, generation of microbubbles on demand at target locations, e.g. cells or bacteria can be used to induce hyperthermia or to facilitate drug delivery. The objective of this work is to develop a method capable of predicting photothermal and acoustic parameters in terms of laser power and acoustic pressure amplitude that are needed to produce stable microbubbles; and investigate the influence of bubble coalescence on the thresholds when the microbubbles are generated around nanoparticles that appear in clusters.

We develop and solve here a combined problem of momentum, heat and mass transfer which is associated with generation and growth of a microbubble, filled with a mixture of non-vaporized gas (air) and water vapor. The microbubble’s size and gas content vary as a result of three mechanisms: gas expansion or compression, evaporation or condensation on the bubble boundary, and diffusion of dissolved air in the surrounding water. The simulations predict that when ultrasound is applied relatively low threshold values of laser and ultrasound power are required to obtain a stable microbubble from a single nanoparticle. Even lower power is required when microbubbles are formed by coalescence around a cluster of 10 nanoparticles. Laser pulse energy density of 21 mJ/cm2 is predicted for instance together with acoustic pressure of 0.1 MPa for a cluster of 10 or 62 mJ/cm2 for a single nanoparticle. Those values are well within the safety limits, and as such are most appealing for targeted therapeutic purposes.  相似文献   


8.
This work presents the optimum conditions of dissolution of copper in copper converter slag in sulphuric acid ferric sulphate mixtures in the presence and absence of ultrasound. The Taguchi method was used to determine the optimum conditions. The parameters investigated were the reaction temperature, acid concentration, ferric sulphate concentration and reaction time. The optimum conditions for the maximum dissolution of copper were determined as follows: reaction temperature, 65 °C; acid concentration, 0.2 M; ferric sulphate concentration, 0.15 M; reaction time 180 min. Under these conditions, extraction efficiency of copper, zinc, cobalt, and iron from slag were 89.28%, 51.32%, 69.87%, and 13.73%, respectively, in the presence of ultrasound, while they are 80.41%, 48.28%, 64.52%, and 12.16%, respectively, in the absence of ultrasound. As seen from the above results, it is clear that ultrasound enhances on the dissolution of Cu, Zn, Co and Fe in the slag.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Every year, a tremendous amount of meat is wasted, which may have adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, waste meat should be recycled. Building a recycling system for waste meat to reduce financial loss and careful treatment of life-based resources is essential. As meat contains abundant amino acids, it can be used as an immense source of amino acids for other industries following enzymatic hydrolysis. However, during the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the waste meat can easily get contaminated by microbes and therefore needs high temperature. In the present study, we applied high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) technology to prevent the contamination of meat by microbes during enzymatic hydrolysis process. According to our research, HPCD has a great potential to be adopted as a novel decontamination technology in the industrial enzymatic hydrolysis process at relatively lower temperature.  相似文献   

10.
电池作为便携式能源,除提供诸多便利外,也带来对环境的污染和资源浪费等负面效应.利用超级电容组的强大储电和放电功能替代传统的充电电池可减少对环境的污染,有利于保护环境和提高能源利用率,将其应用于物理实验对今后应用推广更具有积极作用.  相似文献   

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