近场显微干涉成像中的探测角度和偏振问题研究

用偶极子耦合系统来模拟近场干涉测量中的探针样品关系,并利用各电场分量之间的组合方程组精确计算出其可能探测到的强度和相位像。结果显示,近场干涉所测量到的近场像的分辨力和探测器的方位及参考光的偏振方向之间有较强的依赖关系,随着探测器位置不同或者参考光偏振方向的变化,同一样品在同一照明条件下所得到的图像也会发生明显的改变。在倏逝波照明的情况下,近场像的精确度随着探测器相对于样品视角的增大而改善,且在不同偏振方向的近场像中,只有偏振方向垂直于样品表面的像能真实反映样品的细节分布,且同时具有足够的强度分布。     

照明模式SNOM中样品对近场光场分布的影响

在同时考虑样品的形貌及材料光学参量和入射光偏振模式的情况下,利用基于边界元方法编写的二维矢量电磁场计算程序,对工作在照明模式下的扫描近场光学显微镜（Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope,SNOM）的近场矢量电磁场分布进行了数值计算模拟研究.结果表明,在没有表面形貌特征时,探针的光能量透射率随样品材料的折射率和损耗角的增加而增大,而样品表面光斑尺寸受折射率和损耗角的影响很小；对有形貌特征的探针扫描像研究结果表明,SNOM的分辨率随着样品的折射率和损耗角的增加而提高；对SNOM不同的工作模式的扫描成像信号进行的计算结果表明,恒定间距扫描方式比恒定高度扫描方式对样品表面的细节有较强的分辨能力.     

基于半导体纳米线/锥形微光纤探针的被动式近场光学扫描成像

本文结合近场扫描结构和纳米线-微光纤耦合技术,提出了一种基于硫化镉纳米线/锥形微光纤探针结构的被动近场光学扫描成像系统.该系统采用被动式纳米探针,保留了纳米探针对样品表面反射光的强约束优势.其理论收集效率为4.65‰,相比于传统的金属镀膜近场探针收集效率提高了一个数量级,可有效地提高扫描探针对样品形貌信息的检测能力;而后通过硫化镉纳米线与微光纤之间高效的倏逝场耦合,将检测的光强信号传输到远场进行光电探测,最终实现对目标样品形貌的分析成像,其样品宽度测量误差在7.28%以内.该系统不需要外部激发光路,利用显微镜自身光源进行远场照明,被动扫描探针仅作为样品表面反射光的被动收集系统.本文基于半导体纳米线/锥形微光纤探针的被动式近场光学扫描成像方案,可有效地降低探针的制备难度和目标光场的检测难度,简化扫描成像的结构,为近场光学扫描显微系统之后的发展提供新的思路.     

基于半导体纳米线/锥形微光纤探针的被动式近场光学扫描成像

本文结合近场扫描结构和纳米线-微光纤耦合技术,提出了一种基于硫化镉纳米线/锥形微光纤探针结构的被动近场光学扫描成像系统.该系统采用被动式纳米探针,保留了纳米探针对样品表面反射光的强约束优势.其理论收集效率为4.65‰,相比于传统的金属镀膜近场探针收集效率提高了一个数量级,可有效地提高扫描探针对样品形貌信息的检测能力;而后通过硫化镉纳米线与微光纤之间高效的倏逝场耦合,将检测的光强信号传输到远场进行光电探测,最终实现对目标样品形貌的分析成像,其样品宽度测量误差在7.28%以内.该系统不需要外部激发光路,利用显微镜自身光源进行远场照明,被动扫描探针仅作为样品表面反射光的被动收集系统.本文基于半导体纳米线/锥形微光纤探针的被动式近场光学扫描成像方案,可有效地降低探针的制备难度和目标光场的检测难度,简化扫描成像的结构,为近场光学扫描显微系统之后的发展提供新的思路.     

扫描近场光学显微镜的光耦合偶极子模型

为了研究扫描近场光学显微镜中探针和粗糙样品表面的耦合相互作用,提出了一种光耦合偶极子模型.在该模型中,探针和样品突起都由光极化偶极子表示,在准静态电磁场近似的情况下样品表面的诱导极化效应由影像偶极子表示,应用偶极子辐射理论可以得到系统的自洽场方程.此模型提供了一种直观分析扫描近场光学显微镜中探针和样品相互作用机理的方法.在此基础上,进一步讨论了金属样品的近场成像特点和其特有的局域光学共振现象.数值结果表明：不同于一般的介质样品,金属样品的近场图像与入射光频率直接相关,改变入射光的频率,获得的样品近场图像的形状和对比度都会发生变化.特别是当入射光频率处于样品极化共振范围内时,金属纳米粒子的极化率会出现光极化共振,这样就可以获得样品粒子的最大有效尺寸,为提高系统的分辨率提供了一条重要途径.     

热拉伸和化学腐蚀相结合制备弯曲光纤探针

提出了原子力/光子扫描隧道显微镜(AF/PSTM)系统的关键部分——双功能弯曲光纤探针的制作方法.采用热拉伸与动态、静态两步化学腐蚀相结合的方法制作出AF/PSTM弯曲光纤探针，弯曲角度约为150°，尖端曲率半径优于100nm，锥角范围为60°—90°.将这种双功能弯曲光纤探针应用在新研制的AF/PSTM系统上，同时获得了样品的光学与形貌图像，实现了图像分解. 关键词： 原子力/光子扫描隧道显微镜 光纤探针 热拉伸 化学腐蚀     

基于纳米光学天线的扫描近场光学探针研究

提出了一种基于纳米光学天线的新型扫描近场光学探针,基本结构是在传统光学探针的下端面集成金属偶极纳米光学天线,当入射光照射金属纳米偶极天线时激发金属表面等离激元共振,在天线间隙处产生了巨大的局域场增强,既提高耦合进入探针的光信号强度,又提高信噪比,实现高分辨率。利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法研究了不同孔径(50,100,130,150,170和200 nm)的新型探针对同一样品的探测结果。照明光源为830 nm平面波,TE极化,扫描高度10 nm。研究结果表明新型探针分辨率随孔径增大时变化规律是先增加后减小,在孔径150 nm时分辨率最高,达45 nm,比同样孔径传统探针分辨率提高近4倍。对比分析了当探针位于样品中心时不同孔径探针端面光场分布图,认为新型探针分辨率变化规律是纳米天线在探针上的有效长度不同所致。对其灵敏度和对比度也进行了初步分析。     

PSTM成像的FDTD数值模拟

尝试用时域有限差分法(FDTD)分析采用不同探针时光子扫描隧道显微镜(PSTM)成像的分辨率和效率。对四种探针,即不镀膜,带菱形金尖,镀金膜有孔径,镀金膜无孔径的探针,用二维p极化波,满足全反射条件,并用样品台上方平行于界面的隐失波作为等效入射波源,用探针距离尖顶一定高度截面的玻印亭矢量计算散射场强。数值模拟结果表明,带纳米尺度金尖的探针具有最好成像的分辨率和效率,镀膜无孔径和镀膜孔径探针次之,不镀膜探针最差。     

照明光可控收集式近场光学显微镜测量样品倾角和折射率

对于收集模式的近场光学显微镜,提出一种新的测量样品折射率和倾斜角的方法。这种方法中,使用一个反馈回路控制照射样品的光强,探针与样品保持等间距垂直振荡,照射样品的光有两束且位置对称。数字信号处理器控制照射光强改变、近场光强采样与探针振荡同步。在一个振荡周期获取一组近场光强极值,在另一个周期,改变每束光强度,隐失场分布发生改变,得到一组不同的近场光强极值,使用从多个振荡周期获取的不同近场光强极值,计算得到样品倾角,折射率。使用光栅和细胞膜对这种方法进行了测试,对光栅样品的扫描得到的形貌图显示这种方法横向分辨率优于400nm,对细胞膜样品的测试显示细胞膜的折射率在1.4左右,从而表明这种方法不但能有效测量样品折射率,而且提供了一种使用光学信息构建样品形貌的新途径。     

平面近场辐射的单色效应和偏振态

本文计算了平面内涨落电磁场产生的电磁能密度和两平行平面间的微纳米尺度辐射热流密度,分析了近场辐射中单色效应对辐射的影响,结果表明对于碳化硅(SiC),单色效应极大地提高了电磁能密度和近场辐射换热量,而对于铝(Al)则没有明显的单色效应.本文还分析了不同偏振态对热辐射的影响.针对SiC材料,在微纳米尺度范围内,电磁能密度和辐射换热量主要受p偏振的近场倏逝波的影响,而s偏振电磁波和p偏振的远场传播波对微纳米尺度下辐射总量的贡献可以忽略.     

Surface plasmon mediated near-field imaging and optical addressing in nanoscience

We present an overview of recent progress in "plasmonics". We focus our study on the observation and excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with optical near-field microscopy. We discuss in particular recent applications of photon scanning tunnelling microscope (PSTM) for imaging of SPP propagating in metal and dielectric wave guides. We show how near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) can be used to optically and actively address remote nano objects such as quantum dots. Additionally we compare results obtained with near-field microcopy to those obtained with other optical far-field methods of analysis such as leakage radiation microscopy (LRM).     

探针尖带金属微粒的光子扫描隧道显微镜成像数值模拟

引入了色散介质的时域有限差分法散射场方程,并针对光子扫描隧道显微镜的带金属尖光纤扫描成像问题进行三维的数值模拟。在考虑了光纤和样品相互作用的情况下,采用等效入射波法设置入射波,探针扫描模式为等高扫描模式,从成像分辨力和灵敏度的角度,比较了不同入射角、不同的光纤一样品间距,不同金属类型,及不同金属尖大小的成像情况。数值模拟结果显示,带金属颗粒光纤探针尖的光子扫描隧道显微镜在成像分辨力和灵敏度上有显著的改进,而带不同类型金属颗粒情况下对分辨力影响不大,灵敏度是银最好。     

Adaptive ultrafast nano-optics in a tight focus

We theoretically demonstrate the control of electromagnetic field properties on a sub-diffraction length scale, by polarization shaping of tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses. The field distribution in a tight focus is represented as a superposition of plane waves. The near-field of a model nanostructure is then obtained as a sum of the near-field distributions induced by the planar waves components. A self-consistent solution of Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain yields the near-field distributions for planar wave illumination. Adaptive optimization of the incident polarization pulse shape using an evolutionary algorithm allows controlling of a number of observables, such as local nonlinear flux, simultaneous spatial and temporal control of the intensity evolution, and control of the local spectrum. The tight focusing reduces the controllability of the flux distribution in comparison to plane wave illumination. However, it is still possible to control the spatial and temporal field evolution for particular locations in the vicinity of the nanostructure. PACS 42.65.Re; 78.47.+p; 78.67.-n; 82.53.-k     

镀纳米结构薄膜光纤探针的光子隧道扫描显微镜成像数值模拟

利用时域有限差分法,对镀纳米结构薄膜光纤探针的成像特性进行了三维数值模拟。在考虑光纤和样品相互作用的基础上,采用等效入射波法设置入射波和等高扫描。从成像分辨率和灵敏度的角度比较了不同纳米颗粒与样品间距、纳米颗粒大小、排列方式以及排列密度对成像的影响。结果表明,镀纳米结构薄膜光纤探针的光子隧道显微镜无论在制备的可行性上,还是在分辨率和灵敏度上都有显著的改进。     

Controllable and switchable chiral near-fields in symmetric graphene metasurfaces

A strong chiral near-field plays significant roles in the detection, separation and sensing of chiral molecules. In this paper, a simple and symmetric metasurface is proposed to generate strong chiral near-fields with both circularly polarized light and linearly polarized light illuminations in the mid-infrared region. Owing to the near-field interaction between plasmonic resonant modes of two nanosheets excited by circularly polarized light, there is a strong single-handed chiral near-field in the gap between the two graphene nanosheets and the maximum enhancement of the optical chirality could reach two orders of magnitude. As expected, the intensity and the response wavelength of the chiral near-fields could be controlled by the Fermi level and geometrical parameters of the graphene nanosheets, as well as the permittivity of the substrate. Meanwhile, based on the interaction between the incident field and scattered field, the one-handed chiral near-field in the gap also could be generated by the linearly polarized light excitation. For the two cases, the handedness of the chiral near-field could be switched by the polarized direction of the incident light. These results have potential opportunities for applications in molecular detection and sensing.     

金属介电常数的色散模型对光学Tamm态的影响

比较银介电常数三种色散模型对光学Tamm态的影响,根据三种色散模型的复折射率随波长的变化研究银-光子晶体-银结构TE波和TM波的光学Tamm 态随入射角、银层厚度及周期数的变化.得出：三种色散模型下银-光子晶体-银结构中都会出现两个光学Tamm 态（OTS1和OTS2）.三种色散模型下的光学Tamm 态的波长随入射角、银层厚度及周期数的变化规律一致.但是光学Tamm 态的透射峰值随入射角、银层厚度及周期数的变化规律不一致.Drude-Lorentz模型和Lorentz模型能够描述银的特征,而Drude模型不能.     

Near-field intensity correlations in semicontinuous metal-dielectric films

Spatial intensity correlation functions are obtained from near-field scanning optical microscope measurements of semicontinuous metal-dielectric films. The concentration of metal particles on a dielectric surface is varied over a wide range to control the scattering strength. At low and high metal coverages where scattering is weak, the intensity correlation functions exhibit oscillations in the direction of incident light due to excitation of propagating surface waves. In the intermediate regime of metal concentration, the oscillatory behavior is replaced by a monotonic decay as a result of strong scattering and anomalous absorption. Significant differences in the near-field intensity correlations between metallic and dielectric random systems are demonstrated.     

基于人工表面等离激元探针实现太赫兹波的紧聚焦和场增强

为提高太赫兹近场显微成像技术的分辨率,设计了一款在Teflon探针的尖锥形表面镀上厚度渐变、具有相同占空比的超薄金属银制条带的探针,用于实现探针尖端处人工表面等离激元的激发和太赫兹波的亚波长聚焦.研究表明,对于频率为0.1 THz的入射波,厚度渐变镀银条带探针产生的紧聚焦光场的尺寸可稳定在20μm左右(λ/150),探针尖端处最大电场强度为入射电场强度的849倍.研究还发现,周期性金属条带的数目和入射电场的偏振方向可对探针尖端处产生的紧聚焦光斑的尺寸和电场强度等进行灵活有效的调控.     

Current density distribution along conducting sheath helix encapsulated silver metal cylinder coated with dielectric material under L-nihility and upon oblique incidence

Abstract

This communication is aimed at investigating the electromagnetic (EM) characteristics of silver metal cylinder coated with homogeneous dielectric material, which is loaded with tightly wound perfectly electrical conducting sheath helix (outside of the dielectric layer) structure of different angles of orientation. Considering the L-nihility kind of behavior of silver metal at a particular frequency, the current density distributions are discussed corresponding to the parallel polarization (transverse magnetic) of the incident EM wave. The investigations are made taking into account the different values of oblique incidence, and also, the orientation angle of sheath helix structure. It is found that the current density, and hence the scattering of radiation, greatly depends on these parameters, and its magnitude increases with the increase in helix pitch as well as the angle of incidence.     

Resonantly enhanced transmission of light through subwavelength apertures with dielectric filling

Using both analytical and numerical methods to study transmission of light through dielectric-filled subwavelength apertures in a real metal, we have found that a propagating mode can in principle exist inside a waveguide of arbitrary small size if a particular relationship between the dielectric constants of the cladding and filling materials at the incident frequency is satisfied. Practical transmission through a subwavelength aperture of finite depth can be enhanced when the depth is such that Fabry-Pérot-like resonances are excited. For 810 nm light incident on a silicon-filled 50-nm-diameter aperture in a 200-nm-thick gold film, we found that a normalized near-field intensity ratio of 1.6 at the exit can be achieved. This resonantly enhanced transmission phenomenon may be advantageously applicable to near-field scanning optical microscopy and single-molecule spectroscopy.