基于代数重建算法的有限角度扫描的光声成像

由于滤波反投影重建算法要求对成像区域进行全方位扫描以获取完全投影数据,它需要较长时间采集大量数据,使其在医学上的应用受到限制。研究了在有限角度下采用代数重建算法进行光声成像的方法,实验用的光源为YAG激光器,波长为1064nm,重复频率20Hz,脉宽为6ns,探测器为针状的磺化聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜水听器,接收面积的直径为1mm,从仿真和实验结果表明该方法适用于“非完备投影数据”的光声层析成像。从图像重建效果上与滤波反投影算法相比较,该成像算法提高了重建图像的分辨率和对比度。采用代数重建算法的有限角度的光声成像方法,对临床医学的无损伤检测,具有重要的意义。     

任意发光类型的多色光照明下光栅塔尔博特效应的研究

利用部分相干光理论对多色光源照明下光栅的菲涅耳衍射进行了理论分析,得到了适用于任意发光类型(脉冲或连续发光)的多色光源的衍射光强的一般公式,理论结果表明菲涅耳衍射区的平均衍射光强的形式只与光源的频谱分布有关,这对借助于连续发光光源来研究脉冲光源照明下光栅的塔尔博特效应以及用来确定脉冲光源的性能参量提供了有力的参考依据。此外,详细讨论了光源的频谱分布对光栅塔尔博特效应的影响并进行了相应的数值计算。实验中通过选用不同频率的激光分别照明光栅,拍摄到对应于不同频率的衍射光强分布图像,从而间接获得多色光同时照明光栅时总的衍射光强分布。实验结果表明,理论和实验符合较好。     

用于彩色光照粒子图像测速的粒子场模拟成像

分析了基于彩色光照的粒子图像测速算法中示踪粒子的成像原理,并根据实际流场中的应用环境以及彩色粒子图像测速算法的实验条件,采用一套由白色光源和波长线性变化的滤波片组成的照明系统,为粒子场提供不同深度、相同光强的彩色体积光照明.根据针孔相机模型和其对应的点扩散函数,建立示踪粒子的三维成像模型,得到在彩色体积光照射下流场中的...     

不同波长光源照明的水下成像及光学图像实时处理

水下成像环境复杂,为改进水下成像质量,在清水中掺入一定量的蓝绿墨水和牛奶来模拟不同的水质环境,采用不同波长的照明光源进行水下图像采集实验。考虑到水下的吸收和散射的影响,将不同光源采集到的图像特点进行对比分析,设计了一种新的光学方法来进行图像处理。结合长波长的红光抗散射和较短波长的蓝绿光抗吸收两方面的光传输特性,通过红光和绿光照明采集图像的灰度线性差值去除散射噪声信息,获取目标图像信息,在Windows和Android系统中进行图像采集和清晰化。实验结果表明该方法能有效增强图像清晰度,与虚光蒙板(USM)锐化算法相比计算量小,实时性高。     

金属漆闪光效果的评价方法和装置的研究

在多种光源的45°/0°照明观测条件下,提出了一种测量金属涂料闪光效果的评价方法和开发了测量装置。根据不同的色彩分布和闪光等级,选取39张金属漆色卡并构建了测试样本库。对采集样本的多光谱图像进行校正,以符合不同光源下观察者的视觉响应。通过设定与图像相关的阈值分离闪光点和背景,以BYKmac的测试数据为标准进行标定,得到了闪光面积、闪光强度和闪光等级算法。在D65和A光源照明条件下,进一步比较实验装置对样本闪光等级的测量结果与视觉评价数据的相关性。实验结果表明:在D65光源下,实验装置和人眼数据相关系数为0.848;在A光源下,实验装置和视觉数据的相关系数为0.851。实验装置的测量效果优于现有的测量设备。     

多尺度各向异性扩散方程的红外弱小目标检测算法

针对复杂背景下红外弱小目标检测效果不佳的问题,结合多尺度分析法和各向异性扩散方程,利用图像尺度和方向信息,提出一种新的红外弱小目标检测算法.首先,采用Surfacelet变换对图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,得到不同尺度下高频子带系数和低频子带系数;其次根据不同频带的特点,分别采用改进的各向异性扩散方程差分滤波和局部去均值滤波对高频子带系数和低频子带系数进行处理;最后,采用逆Surfacelet变换重构处理后的子带系数,并采用自适应阈值分割对重构的图像进行分割,以实现目标检测.采用多组红外图像进行试验,并与小波滤波以及各向异性扩散滤波进行比较,实验结果显示,该算法能有效抑制背景及其边缘,可以获得比另外两种算法更好的红外弱小目标检测效果.     

最小核植相似区低层次图像处理算法的改进及应用

首先介绍一种能有效地进行边缘、角点检测和滤波等低层次图像处理的最小核植相似区算法,然后提出自适应阈值的选取方法,局部区域灰度重心判据对其算法的改进使得边缘检测算法抗噪能力更强。针对序列图像的具体应用,用改进的边缘检测算法能准确、快速地从噪声图像中得到较准确的边缘信息,用滤波算法对序列图像作预处理,可使互相关跟踪结果更可靠。     

层次卷积滤波红外弱小目标检测方法

针对单帧复杂背景红外图像点目标检测算法存在复杂背景下处理效果不理想、处理时间长的问题,提出了一种层次卷积滤波检测算法。主要分为两个部分：第一,根据红外小目标特性,设计一种层次卷积滤波的算子,对图像进行滤波处理,实现图像中小目标的增效和背景抑制的效果;第二,采用基于最大值的自适应阈值方法,对图像进行二值化操作,过滤背景杂波,最终提取到待检测的目标。在大量不同背景红外图像中进行实验,论文算法在背景抑制因子和信噪比增益的性能量化结果上优于现有5种典型红外弱小目标检测算法的性能结果,且平均处理时间仅为高斯拉普拉斯（Laplacian of Gaussian,LoG）滤波算法的30.42%。通过实验对比,表明该层次卷积滤波算法可以有效解决在不同复杂背景下的红外图像中对小目标检测的问题。     

光源角度对金属表面图像边缘的影响分析

在机器视觉的图像处理中影响图像优劣的因素有很多,其中光源照射角度是主要因素之一。为了得到更好的图像数据,对视觉系统中光源照射最佳角度进行了仿真分析与实验研究,实验中采用单一变量法,只改变光源照射角度,通过理论计算、模拟仿真和实验验证相结合,得到了最佳的光源照射角度。结合Sobel算法检验在最佳角度下和其他角度下的图像边缘质量,结果表明在光照角度为57.17°的倾角下图像光照数据和边缘图像表现最好。该实验结果对更深层次的图像处理和图像采集具有指导意义。     

基于聚焦换能器的超声透射CT技术*

超声透射CT技术能够重建物体横断面的图像,为了重建高质量图像,分别从换能器和图像重建算法两个方面展开研究。分析了弧形线聚焦换能器焦域处聚焦切片尺寸与换能器几何尺寸的关系及其对CT检测的影响。搭建了超声透射CT检测系统,以等角扇形束的扫描方式获取投影数据,并利用滤波反投影和最小二乘正交分解两种算法重建图像,对比发现最小二乘正交分解算法通用性更强,成像质量更佳。实验结果表明,利用聚焦换能器并结合最小二乘正交分解算法对物体进行CT检测,能够取得较好的成像结果,检测分辨力可达毫米量级。     

角锥棱镜阵列谐振腔的输出特性

 角锥棱镜阵列具有溯源反射和准相位共轭两大特点,可在一定程度上补偿高平均功率固体激光器的热畸变。但由于这种角锥棱镜阵列自身的缺陷和由它构成的谐振腔输出激光模式众多的特点,限制了其在谐振腔中的应用。分析了角锥棱镜阵列谐振腔产生多模输出的原因,提出了采用腔内滤波的方法实现单模输出。理论模拟和实验研究结果表明：利用该方法可较好地改善阵列角锥棱镜谐振腔的输出特性,获得了近5倍衍射极限的输出。     

Concise presentation of the Coulomb electrostatic potential of a uniformly charged cube

We use a novel method to calculate in closed form the Coulomb electrostatic potential created by a uniformly charged cube at an arbitrary point in space. We apply a suitable transformation of variables that allows us to obtain a simple presentation of the electrostatic potential in one-dimensional integral form. The final concise closed form expression of the Coulomb electrostatic potential of the uniformly charged cube is obtained after completing the calculation of the resulting one-dimensional integrals. Such integrals consist of combinations of products of error functions and power functions that can be solved exactly despite their intimidating appearance. The exact analytic formula for the Coulomb electrostatic potential that we derive reflects the symmetry of the cube and is easy to implement. We illustrate its use by calculating the exact values of the electrostatic potential at some points of symmetry such as the center of cube, center of face of cube, center of edge of cube and corner of cube.     

折叠式角锥棱镜谐振腔的偏振特性理论与实验研究

建立了角锥棱镜的偏振模型,分析了角锥棱镜对入射线偏振光的偏振态的影响,分析表明角锥棱镜的单个入射区域存在特殊的偏振方向,该方向的线偏振光被角锥棱镜反射后仍然是线偏振光。利用角锥棱镜的该特性设计了腔内存在线偏振光振荡的角锥棱镜激光谐振腔,能够使用电光开关调Q,在振动环境中具有较好的抗失调稳定性。研制了激光器样机并进行了实验,在重复频率为10 Hz时,输出激光单脉冲能量大于300 mJ,光束质量因子β值在2左右,实验结果也表明角锥棱镜的棱和顶点并不影响输出激光的光束质量。     

基于柱坐标系抛物方程和矩量法的电波传播混合算法

针对包含近源障碍物条件下的电波传播问题,提出了一种新颖的电波传播预测混合建模方法:矩量法(MOM)和圆柱坐标系抛物方程法(PEM)混合建模方法(MOM-PEM);MOM用于包含辐射源和近源障碍物的小圆柱区域内的电波传播建模,PEM用于MOM计算空间外的大区域范围内电波传播建模。MOM和PEM的计算过渡区域进行精细化网格剖分处理以避免场强数值传递的不兼容。仿真模拟了三类近源障碍物存在场景下的电波传播问题:有限开窗屏障碍物、立方体障碍物以及包含辐射源的半封闭空间障碍物,并将混合算法计算得到的结果和相同环境下采用全矩量法计算得到的结果进行了数值对比,结果表明混合算法和矩量法在精度上吻合较好。     

A low-finesse Fabry–Pérot interferometer for use in displacement measurements with applications in absolute gravimetry

A low-finesse Fabry–Pérot interferometer is used to determine long and fast displacements. Two corner cube reflectors form the traveling-wave cavity and one beam splitter couples the input collimated laser beam. Given the retro-directive property of corner cube reflectors, the cavity operates at the edge of stability over an extended scanning range. The in-line scheme with a single fixed optical component makes the proposed interferometer robust and easy to align and use. These characteristics are particularly useful in applications running in noisy environments, such as in on-field absolute gravimetry. Experimental data showing the performances reached in a transportable ballistic gravimeter are also presented.     

Quasicontinuum analysis of the effect of tool geometry on nanometric cutting of single crystal copper

A dynamic multiscale simulation based on quasicontinuum method (QC) has been conducted to study the effect of tool geometry in nanometric cutting process of single crystal copper. In the simulation, the many-body EAM potential is used for the interactions between copper atoms in of the workpiece. The simulation captures the atomistic behaviors of material removal mechanisms from the free surface and the mobility of dislocations and their interactions with the computational cost of local atomistic simulation method. Simulations are performed on single crystal copper to study the atomistic details of material removal, chip formation, sub-surface deformation, and machining mechanism. The simulation results demonstrate that tool edge radius has significant effect on chip formation and subsurface deformation, because the effective rake angle varies with the tool edge radius. In addition, different effective rake angles result in different stress states and smoother surface can be obtained under bigger clearance angle. The variations of tangential force, normal force as well as the ratio of normal force to tangential force are obtained to analyze the effects of tool edge radius, rake angle and clearance angle in quantitative way.     

A temperature-related boundary Cauchy–Born method for multi-scale modeling of silicon nano-structures

The surface, edge and corner effects have significant influences in the electrical and optical properties of silicon nano-structures. In this paper, a novel hierarchical temperature-related multi-scale model is presented based on the boundary Cauchy–Born method to investigate not only the surface but also the edge and corner effects in thermal properties of diamond-like structures such as silicon nano-structures at finite temperature. A combined finite element method and molecular dynamics are respectively employed in macro- and micro-scale levels. The temperature-related Cauchy–Born rule is applied using the Helmholtz free energy, as the energy density of equivalent continua relating to the Tersoff inter-atomic potential. The model employs radial quadratures at the surface, edge and corner elements as an indicator of material behavior. The capability of computational algorithm is illustrated by numerical simulation of a nano-scale cube at finite temperature and the results are compared with the atomistic model.     

Coulomb self-energy integral of a uniformly charged d-cube: A physically-based method for approximating multiple integrals

We report a concise expression for the electrostatic Coulomb self-energy of a uniformly charged cube with arbitrary dimensionality. The result, conveniently expressed in integral form, shows the unique behavior of the system as dimensionality increases. We use the case study of a uniformly charged square and cube to illustrate the effectiveness of the method employed. The resulting integral expression of the Coulomb self-energy of a multi-dimensional cube can be calculated numerically at very high accuracy. Numerically exact values of Coulomb self-energy obtained this way provide an excellent tool to gauge the validity of various computational techniques including a straightforward discretization method employed in this work. The proposed method relates the self-energy multi-variable integral to energy contributions coming from a finite discrete system of point charges with the understanding that the number of point charges gradually increases towards the continuum limit. We achieve very good accuracy by using an expression with only two terms where the second term increases considerably the accuracy of computation of continuum integrals and represents a systematic first-order correction to the finite energy of the discrete system. The applied numerical method turns out to be very reliable as shown by the results obtained for cubic domains with dimensionality varying from two to five. The method can be easily generalized to other types of domains with arbitrary geometry.     

Deformation of a nanocube with a single incoherent precipitate: role of precipitate size and dislocation looping

ABSTRACT

Precipitate hardening is a key strengthening mechanism in metallic alloys. Classical models for precipitate hardening are based on the average behaviour of an ensemble of precipitates, and fail to capture the complexity of dislocation-precipitate interactions that have recently been observed at individual precipitates in simulations and in-situ electron microscopy. In order to achieve tailored mechanical properties, detailed deformation mechanisms at specific precipitates that account for precipitate size, crystallography, and defect structure must be understood, but has been challenging to achieve experimentally. Here, in-situ scanning electron microscope mechanical testing is used to obtain the compressive stress–strain behaviour at an individual, incoherent Au precipitate within a Cu nanocube, and determine the influence of precipitate and cube size on yield strength and strain hardening. TEM imaging and strain mapping of the initial structure shows misfit dislocations at the Au precipitate, threading dislocations that traverse the Cu shell, and localised and anisotropic strain near the precipitate and threading dislocation. These nanocubes have yield strengths of 800–1000?MPa and strain hardening rate of 1–4?GPa. Yield strength is found to depend on the distance from the precipitate interface to the cube edge, while strain hardening depends on both cube size and precipitate size. An analytical model is developed to quantify the contribution of Orowan looping, Orowan stress, back stress and image stress to plasticity at the Au precipitate. Orowan stress is found to be the largest contributor, followed by back stress and image stress.