基于CMOS探测模拟气泡幕前向光散射动态特性

提出了基于CMOS图像传感器探测前向激光近轴的散射横面角和散射纵面角的概念.使用CMOS采集了模拟气泡幕前向散射光动态图像序列,通过计算每帧灰度图像行和列像元均值将其可以用一个列向量和行向量表示,从而图像序列可以用一个图像序列矩阵描述.实验模拟了压强0.005MPa和0.01 MPa产生的气泡幕,通过计算两种压强产生的气泡幕前向光散射图像序列的横向灰度均值和纵向灰度均值,定性分析了100帧图像序列的灰度分布和演化特点,并定量分析了5帧连续图像的动态变化范围和相关性.分析CMOS探测气泡幕前向散射光动态图像序列实验结果表明,随着压强增大,产生气泡幕尺度增大、密度增加、上升速度加快,导致图像序列横向和纵向散射光灰度变化范围增加,并且相邻图像帧之间变化波动幅度增大.     

模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质对比研究

对模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质进行了对比研究.结果表明,实验室模拟尾流气泡幕的散射光平均照度均值随着压强变化梯度大，可据此定性区别不同压强的气泡幕.实际尾流随着航速增大，散射光照度减小，但这种减小不是线性的.散射光照度一定周期性的规律，说明随着航速的增大，尾流气泡幕逐渐增强，气泡幕中气泡密度、不同直径气泡分布等均随之变化，这可能预示着气泡幕的增强存在饱和度.实验室模拟尾流气泡幕与实际尾流的散射光信号在轮廓方面是相似的，都随着压强或航速的增加而减小.通过比较实验室模拟气泡幕和实际尾流的差值信号，可以有效地消除杂散光或自然光的影响，利用Haar小波对差值信号的分析也得到相同的结论.     

船舶尾流散射光信号及一维离散小波分析

用自行设计的测试系统测量了不同航速下船舶尾流的散射光信号,并选用一维离散小波Dmeyer小波对散射光信号进行了5层小波分析.测量和分析结果表明,随着航速增大,船舶尾流散射光照度减小,尾流气泡幕逐渐增强,气泡幕中气泡密度、气泡运动规律、不同直径气泡分布均随之变化.气泡幕的增强可能存在饱和度,在航速增大到一定值时,气泡幕会达到一稳定的密度分布.从小波分析得到的第五层逼近信号来看,不同航速下主峰位置、主峰个数以及峰值差均不同,不同航速下散射光细节信号的第一层均具有一定周期性,航速10 km/h时表现出完美的周期性,出现类似于同方向不同频率简谐振动叠加而出现“拍”的现象.     

小波分析在气泡幕散射光信号处理中的应用

选取Daubechies小波对尾流气泡幕散射光信号做一维离散小波变换,小波阶数为3,尺度数Level为5,得到了原始信号的小波分析和重构误差结果.经db3小波分解,散射光信号的低频及高频部分区别不大,可能是信号采集频率过低(×10－1 s)导致的结果.对原始信号进行小波分析容易得到均值、中值、模式、标准差等统计量.通过对散射光信号进行一维平稳小波去噪、小波变换密度估计、小波系数选取等方面的分析,揭示了不同压强下散射光信号具有不同的性质.     

尾流气泡幕光学特性的数理模型

对实验室模拟的尾流以及真实尾流气泡幕中气泡的运动规律进行了分析和计算,并提出了气泡幕中气泡随半径分布规律的数学物理模型,引入了最可几半径的概念从单个气泡对激光散射的影响推导出了气泡幕对激光的散射效应的数学表达式,并利用所得到的表达方式在实验室条件下进行了相关计算所建立的理论模型对于气泡分布的计算结果同实验结果相比,一致性相当好在气泡幕对激光散射的影响中,首次对激光偏振化特性的影响进行了区别计算计算结果表明:激光的两种偏振化状态对气泡幕散射的影响从粗糙结构来看没有明显差异,但其精细结构有所不同对不扩束和扩束两个条件下的计算明确显示出,扩束条件下散射光的强度是不扩束条件下的二倍以上,但二者的精细结构并没有可见的差别.     

尾流中气泡对光传播的影响

从几何光学的角度出发,针对气泡直径与光束直径之间的大小关系,分两种情况,推得了单个气泡的散射光强变化情况,以及气泡速度与散射光强之间的关系.得出散射光强的变化频率与气泡半径和速度存在一定的关系,光束的直径与气泡直径的大小关系决定光强变化的强弱.在此理论基础上,模拟了光强的变化,并与实验所得曲线相比较,验证了实际与理论的相符性.同时用短曝光、连续拍摄的数码相机对气泡进行拍摄,进一步验证了理论推导的正确性.     

光在水中吸附膜层气泡上的散射特性

光在水中大尺度气泡上散射特性的研究多是基于Davis模型.该模型没有考虑到吸附膜层对光在气泡上散射的影响,而海水中的大多数气泡都有膜层附着,这些膜层会影响到气泡的光散射特性.本文从几何光学的角度出发,建立了吸附膜层气泡的体积散射函数简化公式.在此理论基础上,模拟计算了尺度远大于入射光波长的大气泡散射光强分布曲线,得出光照射下气泡上散射光强的远场特性,讨论了影响气泡散射光强分布的主要因素.并与无膜气泡光散射分布曲线比较,讨论了油膜膜厚、折射率等参量对气泡的光散射特性影响.得出结论:吸附膜层气泡的光强分布曲线与无膜气泡相似,但吸附膜层会削弱前向散射光,增强后向散射光.     

水下多粒子场激光偏振特性研究

水中粒子偏振效应的变化对激光水下探测领域的研究具有重要意义。针对不同粒子多次散射对后向散射光强以及偏振度的影响规律问题,基于激光偏振特性理论,通过实验测量的方法,对比分析了线偏振激光入射不同气泡大小和不同气泡数密度形成的气泡幕、不同气泡幕所在距离、洁净水与混浊水、不同入射角度情况下回波信号在强度和偏振度特性上的差异性,验证了水下激光偏振特性变化用于激光水下探测领域的可行性。     

舰船尾流气泡层散射相位函数及其后向散射信号特性分析

根据实测舰船的尾流气泡分布模型,利用米氏理论计算得到尾流气泡层的散射相位函数,并将其应用于尾流气泡层后向散射光接收信号的Monte Carlo仿真分析中,以便为实际海况下的舰船尾流气泡层后向散射光探测的实验设置与信号预测、分析提供可靠的依据.通过对不同距离处尾流气泡层的散射相位函数及后向散射光接收信号特性的分析,可以得出:尾流中气泡层散射相位函数的变化小明显,且对接收信号的影响较小;气泡数密度的变化导致的多次散射效应和气泡层衰减系数的变化是引起后向散射光强度变化的主要原因,数密度越大,散射光信号中的多次散射光成分越大;当气泡层厚度达到一定倍数的衰减长度时,继续增加气泡层厚度对后向散射接收信号的影响较小.     

基于图像处理的模拟尾流气泡幕分类识别

提出了一种应用数字图像处理技术对模拟尾流气泡幕分类识别的新方法.文章介绍了BP神经网络的基本结构及其工作原理,通过仿真测试了BP神经网络对模拟尾流气泡幕图像的模式分类.应用灰度图像统计矩法得到了均值﹑归一化系数﹑三阶矩﹑一致性和熵等特征量,设定神经网络学习率为0.1时经过14次循环可以达到训练目标误差为0.001,此时网络对不同压强下的尾流气泡幕分类正确率到达100%.这种方法在处理尾流图像时具有直观、高效、精确等特点,易于应用于对尾流探测、识别等工程技术中.     

利用后向散射光空间谱强度分布探测尾流气泡的实验研究

利用自行设计制作的尾流模拟系统产生气泡，应用散射光空间频谱测量分析系统，对水中气泡群的后向散射光空间谱强度分布进行测量和分析，研究了不同探测距离的散射光衰减对其强度分布的影响.结果表明，在气泡密度、大小分布不变的情况下，扩束光照明时，由于参与光散射的气泡数目增加对散射光在水中传播衰减的补偿，散射空间谱强度分布的峰值和半宽值均不随探测距离变化；而细光束照明时，散射谱强度分布峰值随探测距离的增加而减小，半宽值则逐渐增大.所以在远距离探测时，细光束的探测效果好.     

尾流后向散射光功率衰减特性研究

依据Mie理论光散射在0°和180°有明显增强的结论，应用自行设计的模拟尾流后向散射光功率实验系统在632.8 nm He-Ne激光器直接照明和扩束后照明两种条件下，对模拟尾流后向散射光功率衰减特性进行了研究.结果表明,用后向散射光功率进行探测时，考虑到散射光在水中传播的衰减，对近距离分布的气泡，使用扩束光照明效果较好；对较远距离分布的气泡，使用细光束照明效果较好，其可探测的距离要比扩束光远.     

Influence of dissolved-air concentration on spatial distribution of bubbles for sonochemistry

The pulsation of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles at various dissolved-air concentration in a sonochemical reaction field of standing-wave type is investigated experimentally by laser-light scattering. When a thin light sheet, finer than half the wavelength of sound, is introduced into the cavitation bubbles at an antinode of sound pressure, the scattered light intensity oscillates. The peak-to-trough light intensity is correlated with the number of bubbles that contribute to the sonochemical reaction. It is shown that as the dissolved air concentration becomes higher, the weighted center of the spatial distribution of the peak-to-trough intensity tends to shift towards the liquid surface. At higher concentration of the dissolved air, a great deal of bubbles with size distribution generated due to coalescence between bubbles disturbs sound propagation to change the sound phase easily. A standing wave to trap tiny oscillating bubbles is established only at the side which is nearer to the liquid surface. Also at higher concentration, liquid flow induced by drag motion of bubbles by the action of radiation force becomes apparent and position-unstable region of bubble is enlarged from the side of sound source towards the liquid surface. Therefore, the position of oscillating bubbles active for sonochemical reaction is limited at the side which is nearer to the liquid surface at higher concentration of the dissolved air.     

Theoretical prediction of the scattering of spherical bubble clusters under ultrasonic excitation

Due to the nonlinear vibration of ultrasound contrast agent bubbles, a nonlinear scattered sound field will be generated when bubbles are driven by ultrasound. A bubble cluster consists of numerous bubbles gathering in a spherical space. It has been noted that the forward scattering of a bubble cluster is larger than its backscattering, and some studies have experimentally found the angular dependence of a bubble cluster’s scattering signal. In this paper, a theory is proposed to explain the difference of acoustic scattering at different directions of a bubble cluster when it is driven by ultrasound, and predicts the angular distribution of scattered acoustic pressure under different parameters. The theory is proved to be correct under circumstances of small clusters and weak interactions by comparing theoretical results with numerical simulations. This theory not only sheds light on the physics of bubble cluster scattering, but also may contribute to the improvement of ultrasound imaging technology, including ultrasonic harmonic imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.     

基于Mie光散射理论的尾流气泡前向散射光特性研究

实验中利用CMOS图像传感器代替传统的光电探测器接受前向散射光,由几何光学和图像处理分析得出不同散射角的散射光与采集图像中的光环相对应.通过计算各个光环的所有像素值的总和就可以得到前向散射光光强的相对值,进而可以得出前向散射光光强变化规律.根据米氏（Mie）光散射理论可以计算出气泡各个方向的散射光光强,通过比较实验结果和Mie理论计算结果可以看出,采用CMOS图像传感器探测和图像处理技术可以准确地得出散射光强度的变化规律.     

Non-linear behaviour and stability of trapped micron-sized cylindrical gas bubbles in an ultrasonic field

Stable arrays of cylindrical bubbles with diameters 3 and 4 μm were produced by trapping air in the pores of hydrophobic Nuclepore filters. These bubble arrays were irradiated by beams of cw and pulsed ultrasound at carrier frequencies near the resonance frequencies of the trapped bubbles. By examining the frequency spectrum of the field scattered by the arrays it was found that the bubbles may oscillate as non-linear stable cavities of long duration. Using short pulses, the bubbles remain stable up to excitation pressure amplitudes of several bars. Mechanisms for the eventual growth and decay of the bubbles are discussed in light of the observations.     

基于小波分析的气泡光散射空间谱强度分布的高斯拟合算法优化

将小波消噪方法应用在采用CCD器件作为光传感器的尾流气泡光散射空间谱强度分布检测技术中, 发现CCD输出经过消噪后的高斯拟合曲线比其直接进行高斯拟合的结果更逼近实际的气泡光散射谱强度分布,可以有效减小测量误差,使高斯拟合算法得以优化,从而解决了CCD饱和与测量噪音对散射谱强度分布半值宽度和峰值的影响,提高了用气泡光散射谱强度分布判断水中气泡存在和气泡大小的准确度.     

Characterisation of the acoustic cavitation cloud by two laser techniques

An experimental investigation of the size and volumetric concentration of acoustic cavitation bubbles is presented. The cavitation bubble cloud is generated at 20 kHz by an immersed horn in a rectangular glass vessel containing bi-distilled water. Two laser techniques, laser diffraction and phase Doppler interferometry, are implemented and compared. These two techniques are based on different measuring principles. The laser diffraction technique analyses the light pattern scattered by the bubbles along a line-of-sight of the experimental vessel (spatial average). The phase Doppler technique is based on the analysis of the light scattered from single bubbles passing through a set of interference fringes formed by the intersection of two laser beams: bubble size and velocity distributions are extracted from a great number of single-bubble events (local and temporal average) but only size distributions are discussed here. Difficulties arising in the application of the laser diffraction technique are discussed: in particular, the fact that the acoustic wave disturbs the light scattering patterns even when there are no cavitation bubbles along the measurement volume. As a consequence, a procedure has been developed to correct the raw data in order to get a significant bubble size distribution. After this data treatment has been applied the results from the two measurement techniques show good agreement. Under the emitter surface, the Sauter mean diameter D(3, 2) is approximately 10 microm by phase Doppler measurement and 7.5 microm by laser diffraction measurement at 179 W. Note that the mean measured diameter is much smaller than the resonance diameter predicted by the linear theory (about 280 microm). The influence of the acoustic power is investigated. Axial and radial profiles of mean bubble diameters and void fraction are also presented.     

Spatial study on a multibubble system for sonochemistry by laser-light scattering

Volumetric oscillation of multiple cavitation bubbles in an ultrasonic standing-wave field is investigated spatially through the intensity measurements of scattered light from bubbles changing the measuring position in the direction of sound propagation. When a thin light sheet finer than half of wavelength of sound is introduced into the cavitation bubbles, at an antinode of sound pressure the scattered light intensity oscillates. The peak-to-peak light intensity corresponds to the number of the bubbles which contribute to the sonochemical reaction because the radius for oscillating bubbles at pressure antinodes is restrictive in a certain range due to the shape instability and the action of Bjerknes force that expels from the antinode bubbles that are larger than the resonant size. The experimental results show that the intensity waveform of oscillating scattered light measured at the side near the sound source is similar to the waveform as seen in a single-bubble experiment. The peak-to-peak light intensity for the scattered light waveform is low at the side near the sound source where the progressive wave is dominant, while at the side near the water surface far from the sound source the intensity is relatively high and has periodic structure corresponding to the periodicity of half wavelength from the standing wave. These tendencies of high intensity near the water surface and the periodicity correspond to the periodic luminescent stripes seen in images of luminescence in an ultrasonic standing wave as reported by Hatanaka et al. [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39 (2000) 2962]. The present method of light scattering is promising for evaluating spatial distribution of violently oscillating cavitation bubbles which effect sonochemical reactions.