描述家具VOCs释放特性的简化模型研究

家具中释放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)是造成室内空气质量低劣的主要原因之一,严重影响人们的舒适、健康和工作效率.为准确预测其释放特性,需建立相应的传质模型对其进行描述.现有的描述材料VOCs内部扩散、界面分配及表面对流过程的传质模型一般形式较为复杂,需要数值求解或者无穷级数求和,计算量较大,不便于工程应用。本文对现有传质模型及其解析解进行了深入研究,提出了一种新的简化双指数模型来预测家具VOCs的释放特性,可明显降低计算复杂度.基于文献中测定的释放关键参数,本文用简化双指数模型对环境舱及实际环境中的气相VOCs浓度进行了计算分析,所得结果与文献中的实验数据吻合较好,表明该简化模型具有较高的精度.     

撞击流内相间传热传质理论模型研究

将直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法与传热传质理论相结合,建立了考虑颗粒碰撞与热质传递过程的气固两相撞击流理论模型。应用所建理论模型计算分析了撞击流内的热质传递过程,以及颗粒预热温度对传递过程的影响。结果表明:利用所建模型对撞击流干燥过程的计算结果合理、正确,该模型能够有效地用于撞击流内传热传质过程的理论分析;撞击流内传递过程的有效体积位于两喷嘴之间区域,且在撞击区内的传递过程得到强化;提高颗粒的预热温度可以有效提高干燥装置的干燥强度。     

多孔介质对流干燥外部传热传质的非平衡热力学理论

从非平衡热力学理论出发,以广义热力学力作为传质过程驱动势,建立了描述多孔介质恒速干燥阶段外部对流传热传质过程的热力学理论模型,并进行了数值计算,计算值与已有的实验数据吻合较好;同时,还将计算结果与传统的理论进行了比较,结果表明,非平衡热力学理论更能反映过程的物理本质。     

微牛物污垢形成的传热传质模型

为研究循环冷却水中微生物污垢的形成,本文综合考虑微生物的传质和吸附过程,建立了微生物污垢形成的传热传质模型。该模型基于微生物生长动力学原理,建立了水质参数与污垢热阻的关联关系,并考虑了微生物比生长速率、致垢物质的沉积与脱除速率。通过微生物污垢动态模拟实验,对相关参数进行分析测量,以验证该传热传质模型准确性。实验结果表明:由该模型计算的污垢热阻预测值能够与实验结果很好吻合,验证了该模型的正确性,其综合预测误差为5.8%。     

超声空化引起界面湍动促进的传质机理

本文分析了超声空化引起界面湍动对传质过程的影响,提出了相界面上超声空化气泡析出增强边界层液体湍动并促进传质的机理,在传质理论和流体动力学原理的基础上,建立了超声空化引起界面湍动促进的传质机理模型,获得了超声空化引起界面湍动促进的传质系数表达式。实验结果验证了模型的合理性。该模型既证实了超声对传质有强化效应,又对传质过程有很好的预测功能,为工业化提供了理论依据。     

基于多尺度模型预测木材含水率和温度的变化

了解木材干燥过程中的水分迁移和热量传递规律有助于提高木材的干燥质量,改善干燥工艺,节约能源。以樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)为材料,建立能够较准确模拟木材干燥过程中含水率和温度分布变化的多尺度单元表征模型,模型由宏观尺度上三个耦合方程一两个水分扩散方程和一个热量平衡方程,以及微观尺度上的单个细胞水分迁移的平衡方程组成。解析模型的过程为:分析初始条件和边界条件、有限元网格的生成、方程离散化、查找相应物性参数、MATLAB软件编程求解。最后通过实验分析验证了建立的多尺度模型的准确性,进行试件在80℃时各层含水率随时间变化的实验,实验结果与模拟值比较,曲线吻合性较好,多尺度模型可以反映木材干燥过程中含水率的分布。最后对建立的多尺度模型进行理论分析,预测了干燥过程中各层温度的变化和分布,进一步验证模型的准确性。从不同尺度建立的木材热质转移数学模型,能较为准确的反映木材含水率的变化和空间分布情况,为干燥过程水分和温度分布的研究提供了一定的理论基础和参考价值。     

便携式近红外光谱仪的苹果糖度模型温度修正

样品温度对近红外光谱有很大影响,在近红外技术评价水果品质的实际应用时,需要修正温度变化对模型预测结果的影响。便携式近红外光谱仪采集不同温度下(0～30℃)苹果的漫透射光谱,采用二阶导数和卷积平滑进行预处理。选取20℃下代表性样本的光谱数据,建立基准PLS模型。斜率/偏差法分别计算苹果糖度PLS模型在0,10和30℃下的修正方程。分析结果表明:斜率/偏差法对0,10和30℃下外部样本预测结果进行修正,预测精度得到显著提高,其修正前后的Q值分别为0.525cv 0.810,0.680cv0.822,0.669cv 0.802。温度修正模型可以有效提高预测精度,也扩展了近红外仪器的适用性,为自主研发便携式近红外光谱仪提供参考。     

基于差分平稳时序的Ka波段雨衰预测

针对经典模型在Ka波段雨衰预测时存在涉及参数多、计算量大的问题,提出了基于差分平稳时序的预测方法.该方法利用前导雨衰值的差分变换建立预测模型,并通过对平稳时序的参数估计得到各频点的雨衰预测值,进而实现将传统的非线性预测转化为简便的线性预测.仿真结果表明:不同预测间隔、时序个数、差分次数下的预测精度不同,与Dissanayake-Allnut-Haidara模型相比在满足预测间隔0.1 GHz、时序数20、二次差分条件时预测误差可达10-3以下,同时表明极化方式对模型参数的影响可以忽略,验证了所提方法具备参数计算简单、预测精度高的优点.     

基于BP神经网络的人体血液中红细胞浓度无创检测

采用BP神经网络算法模型对人体血液红细胞浓度进行无创检测。对获取的动态光谱数据和红细胞实测值利用BP神经网络进行建模分析,校正集输出对期望值的跟踪较好,相关系数R达到了0.993,用建立起的BP神经网络模型去检验预测集输出值,得到预测集的相对误差最大为4.7%,平均相对误差为2.1%,预测能力较为理想。结果表明：用BP神经网络模型能够较准确的处理动态光谱数据和人体红细胞实际值的非线性关系,提高了血液成分无创测量在临床上应用的可行性,具有较高的应用价值。     

产水气井井筒温度压力计算方法

应用考虑气液相间滑脱与流体沿井筒截面非均匀分布的漂移模型,结合动量守恒、能量守恒和井筒传热学,建立考虑井斜变化的气井井筒温度、压力耦合预测模型,通过15口实测井数据对模型进行验证.结果表明:所建模型可以准确计算产水气井井筒的温度和压力,计算结果平均绝对误差3.60%,满足工程计算要求.     

Free vibration of polar orthotropic circular plates with elastic growth stresses and drying stresses

This study was performed to analyze effect of transverse growth stresses and drying stresses on natural frequencies of transverse free vibration of thin tree disk with free boundary condition. Using Rayleigh-Ritz method and finite element method, explicit closed form expression was derived for homogeneous orthotropic circular plates with internal stresses, which enables to predict both the effects of growth stresses, drying stresses, and combined growth and drying stresses on the natural frequency changes. This model can be used for predicting growth stresses from known natural frequencies. The same approach can also be undertaken to validate models visco-elastic drying stresses.     

多孔介质快速干燥过程热质耦合方程的代数显式解析解

对多孔介质快速干燥过程的传热与传质耦合方程组导出了两套代数显式解析特解。这些解首先可以作为计算传热传质学的标准解,用以检验数值计算的准确性、收敛性与稳定性等,还可以启发数值工作者改进计算技巧例如差分格式与网格生成技术等。当然,解析解还会有其相应的理论价值。     

Osmotic dehydration and convective drying of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) – The influence of ultrasound on process kinetics and product quality

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ultrasound on two subsequent processes – initial osmotic dehydration and convective drying of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). The effect of ultrasound (at a frequency of 25 kHz) was assessed both in terms of process kinetics and product quality. During the study, three different osmotic agents were used – erythritol, sorbitol, and sucrose – in an aqueous solution at a concentration of 50% (w/w). The essential kinetic parameters were analyzed – water loss and increase of dry matter during osmotic dehydration, and evolution of moisture content and temperature of samples during convective drying (drying curves). Product quality was assessed on the basis of color, water activity, and content of relevant bioactive components – polyphenols and carotenoids. It was found that the application of ultrasound during osmotic dehydration resulted in higher water loss and solid gain. This surely results from the phenomena occurring during the propagation of the elastic waves in the liquid medium (mainly related to cavitation) and enhancement of the mass transfer. The use of ultrasound during convective drying also had a positive effect on the kinetics of this process. In most cases, during the ultrasonically assisted drying operations, a significant increase in drying rate was observed, leading to a reduction in drying time. This may be due to the intensification of both heat and mass transfer as a result of the mechanical and thermal effects of ultrasound. The assessment of product quality showed that the use of sugar alcohols was a good alternative to sucrose, and ultrasound-assisted convective drying increased the retention of valuable carotenoids and polyphenols. Moreover, in all dried kiwifruit slices, water activity was below 0.6, which can guarantee the microbiological stability of the tested samples.     

谷物的红外辐射振动流化优化传热传质机理研究

在与工业设备相仿的螺旋提升红外辐射振动流化模拟干燥机与热风固定床中，研究了谷物玉米的干燥特性，分析了物料的干燥动力学的实验规律，阐明了红外辐射振动流化高效、优质优化传热传质的机理。     

多孔介质快速干燥过程中热质耦合效应的研究

本文针对一维多孔介质的第一类边界条件,对高强度快速干燥条件下热质交换的普遍微分方程组进行求解。研究了高强度快速干燥过程中多孔介质内部传热传质之间的相互耦合现象以及初始边界条件的变化对热质传递的影响,为多孔介质内部温度场和湿度场的控制奠定理论基础。     

Q-Switched Intracavity Frequency-Doubled Solid State Lasers: Influence of ETU Effect, Repetition Rate and ESA Effect

Our theoretical analysis showed that the overall intracavity frequency-doubled actively Q-switched solid state laser performance is affected by both pulse repetition rate and energy transfer up-conversion effect. The energy transfer up-conversion effect increased greatly and seriously degraded the laser performance especially when operating at high pumping power and low pulse repetition rate. The curves generated by numerical computation of the presented model can be used to predict the laser performance. We concluded that the pulse lengthening effect also appears with the influence of energy transfer up-conversion and is not related to the repetition rate. From the analysis, we found that the frequency doubling coefficient that Liu and Kim chose in their experiment was just the optimized value. Considering the effect of excited state absorption of saturable absorber into passively Q-switched intracavity frequency doubled solid state laser, the second threshold condition for this model is derived. A simple and very clear formula is obtained.     

Intensification of the Plant Products Drying Process by Improving Solar Dryer Design

The article presents the rationale for production of dried fruits and vegetables using a solar drying unit. To intensify the drying process, convection of drying agent flow in the proposed drying chamber is studied using Navier–Stokes equations. Numerical methods are used for solving equations describing the process of convective heat transfer. As a result, graphical interpretations of isolines of drying agent flow are obtained and location of passive zones in the dryer chamber are identified. Uniformity of the temperature zones in the chamber is ensured by supplying additional drying agent into the passive zones. Temperature values at various levels of the drying chamber are experimentally obtained. Results for drying cut-up mass of vegetables and fruits are presented.     

Micro-computed tomography observation of sublimation interface and image analysis on sublimation process during freeze-drying

The freeze-drying process is complicated with complex heat and mass transfer during sublimation. The sublimation interface of freeze-drying has become more attractive and meaningful recently. In this study, apple slices undergoing sublimation were scanned by a Micro-CT scanner. The cross-sectional images were reconstructed with those scanning images respectively. The technique of grey value analysis was used to recognize the procedure. The results showed that, from direct scanning images and 2-D reconstructed images, a 3-D moving mode of sublimation interface which contracted to the centre of the sample could be seen, sublimation process proceeded from edge to center gradually. The grey value of ice crystals was determined to be 154 through gauss calculation. By comparing frozen sample with freeze-dried one, the ice crystals regions in the beginning became the porous regions after drying, grey values increased correspondingly. Samples shrunk slightly after drying for 3 to 7 hours, which could be distinguished by the change in grey values.     

Effect of ultrasonic far-infrared synergistic drying on the characteristics and qualities of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.)

This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power, irradiation height and temperature on the drying characteristics, quality and microstructure of wolfberry by ultrasonic-assisted far-infrared drying. By fitting five commonly used thin-layer drying mathematical models, it was found that the coefficient of determination (R²) of the Weibull model was 0.99400–0.99825, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 1.2162 × 10^-4–4.5209 × 10^-4, and the reduced chi-square (χ²) was 0.00207–0.00663, which was the best fit. Under the application of ultrasound, the average drying rate of wolfberry increased. Compared with natural drying, the polysaccharide content increased by 33.2 % at 250 mm irradiation height, and the total phenol content increased by 44.9 % at 40 kHz ultrasonic frequency. The antioxidant activity was the strongest, and the total flavonoids content was the highest (2.594 mg/g) at 24 W ultrasonic power. By comparing the microstructure of wolfberry under different drying methods, such as a fresh sample, natural drying, hot air drying, and ultrasonic-assisted drying, we found that the ultrasonic assistance increased the number of micropores on the surface of wolfberry, reduced the damage to epidermal cells, reduced the mass transfer resistance of the drying process and accelerated the drying process. This study shows that ultrasonic-assisted far-infrared drying technology played a significant role in the heat and mass transfer of wolfberry drying, and had great potential in the commercial processing of wolfberry.