波纹管内流动特性的实验研究

随着超导技术的发展,高温超导电缆在电力输运中逐渐得到重视并进行了广泛的研究.由于波纹管具有良好的柔韧性和收缩性,在高温超导电缆中得到应用.波纹管内的流动压力损失参数是高温超导电缆低温系统重要的设计参数,因而研究波纹管内的流动特性具有重要的意义.对通径为6 mm,8 mm和10 mm的波纹管内液氮和氮气的流动特性进行了实验研究.液氮实验结果表明:液氮在波纹管内的流动具有波动性.在4000～40000的雷诺数范围内,测量了氮气的质量流量和压力损失,计算得到流动摩擦系数.分析表明:压力损失随雷诺数的增大而增大;波纹管的摩擦系数要高于光管,摩擦系数随雷诺数的增大而减小,摩擦系数随t/d的减小而减小.     

结构参数对波纹管内液氮流动与能量损失的影响

高温超导电缆通常浸泡在采用真空多层绝热保护的双层波纹管内程管的液氮中。液氮在超导电缆内流动的压力损失和冷却效果是其运行系统设计的重要参数。对不同直径的波纹管进行了不同流量下的CFD仿真计算,结果表明流量越大、直径越小,压降越大;波高直径比与波高波距比不变时,波纹管的达西流动阻力系数与波纹管的直径基本无关;波纹管直径对超导电缆的沿程温升几乎没有影响;增大波纹管的直径能够大幅降低超导电缆的沿程能量损耗。该文结果为超导电缆设计过程中波纹管的选取提供了理论依据。     

高温超导电缆波纹管内液氮流动阻力特性实验平台搭建与分析

介绍了搭建高温超导电缆用波纹管内液氮流动阻力特性实验平台的搭建过程及其工作方式与原理。给出液氮的流动阻力特性实验测试,并与数值计算结果进行了对比分析。实验结果表明压力损失随着液氮流量的增大逐渐增大,出压差大致与流速的平方成正比。     

倾斜角度对管内液氮流动阻力系数的影响

高温超导电缆大都采用带真空多层绝热保护的双层波纹管作为冷却电缆的液氮套管。波纹管内含有超导电缆时液氮的流动压力损失是其低温系统设计的重要参数。超导电缆根据实际布置需要,存在按一定角度倾斜排布的情况。对倾斜角度的波纹管进行了液氮流动实验,考察倾斜角度和流动阻力系数的关系。同时,也对光滑圆管进行不同倾斜角度的CFD仿真,考察光滑圆管内液氮流动受到不同角度下重力作用的影响。通过上述两方面的研究,得出结论认为在超导电缆实际应用中,电缆的倾斜不会对液氮的流动压力损失造成明显影响。     

插入芯体的螺旋型波纹管液氮流动特性仿真研究

液氮在传输管线中的压降特性一直是高温超导电缆低温系统最重要的设计参数之一。以往针对液氮流动阻力的研究大多在直管或环型波纹管方面,主要关注其几何尺寸对压降的影响。然而,实际应用的长距离高温超导电缆更适合应用螺旋型波纹管。本文主要研究螺旋型波纹管插入导体芯后管内液氮的流动特性。通过建立三维数值模型,对螺旋型波纹管中插入直径为5、8 mm的3根或4根螺旋绞织缠绕导体芯时的液氮流动阻力进行对比分析。结果表明,导体芯的粗细、导体芯自身螺旋缠绕的节距、及导体芯缠绕时相互间形成的空隙大小均是直接影响液氮流动压降、摩擦因子的关键因素,并获得了液氮摩擦因子与上述参数的定量关系。     

波纹管对超导电缆出口液氮温度的影响

建立了30米长高温超导电缆的二维模型,利用Fluent软件对该模型进行仿真分析。在该模型中,采用波纹管恒温器,分析了波纹管的波距、波高等因素对出口液氮温度的影响。结果表明:在相同的热负荷及流量下,波纹管的波距越小,波高越大,出口液氮温度越高。超导电缆波纹管内液氮温度模拟,为低温冷却系统的优化设计提供理论依据。     

微通道中液氮单相流动和换热实验研究

对直径为0.531,0.834,1.042和1.931 mm的圆形微通道内液氮的单相流动和传热进行了实验研究.在10,000～90,000的高雷诺数范围内,测量了流动摩擦系数、局部和平均对流换热系数.结果表明,流动摩擦系数随微通道壁面粗糙度的增加而变大.微通道中局部对流换热系数受到液氮导热系数变化的影响沿管程逐渐下降约12.5%.传统的Gnielinski换热关联式经过流动摩擦系数的修正后与实验换热系数符合较好.     

高温超导电缆在故障状态下的温升计算

为了更好地研究高温超导电缆在电力系统中的暂态过程,有必要研究高温超导电缆温升情况。从高温超导电缆的结构出发,分析了高温超导电缆的温度特性,建立了故障状态下高温超导电缆温度分布的数学计算模型,并通过MATLAB仿真软件对220kV高温超导电缆模型进行了仿真计算。结果表明高温超导电缆超导层与屏蔽层温度在系统发生三相短路时瞬间增大,但随着故障的解除而减小;超导层与屏蔽层电阻在瞬间增大之后会随温度的增大而增大。结果验证了所提出的电缆温度数学模型的可行性。     

影响波纹换热管换热性能因素的数值模拟研究

为研究工业生产中应用的波纹换热管换热性能以及相关的影响因素,课题中应用FLUENT软件建立了6种当量直径相同,波高和波距不同的波纹管模型,以常温下水为工质,设置不同的雷诺数并进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示,波纹管的波高波距比和雷诺数作为影响波纹管换热性能的两个重要因素,对波纹管的换热系数有着较显著的影响。其中,在一定范围内波纹管的换热系数随着雷诺数的增大而增大,另外,当波纹管的波高波距比值在0.24～0.26范围之间时波纹管的换热系数可以达到一个相对较优的值。     

组合波纹管内流动及传热性能仿真研究

不同波纹参数对波纹管的传热性能有重要的影响,因此开展波纹参数的优化设计研究具有重要的意义。通过建立不同参数波纹管有限元模型,数值仿真研究了雷诺数为10 000～40 000时波纹组合类型及凸凹波纹宽度比例对流动及传热性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,相比单一的凸起或凹坑波纹,凹坑-凸起及凸起-凹坑组合波纹能诱导更强的流体混合继而更大程度地提高波纹管的传热性能。此外,当组合波纹的凸起与凹坑波纹比例等于或小于1时波纹管有更优的流动及传热性能。研究结果可以为波纹参数的优化设计提供指导。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A DISCRETE SOURCE TO A CIRCULAR LIQUID JET WITH ANNULAR COLLECTION OF THE SPENT FLUID

This study reports an experimental investigation of evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of R-134a flowing downward inside vertical corrugated tubes with different corrugation pitches. The double tube test section is 0.5 m long with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and hot water flowing in the annulus. The inner tubes are comprised of one smooth tube and three corrugated tubes with different corrugation pitches of 6.35, 8.46, and 12.7 mm. The test runs are performed at evaporating temperatures of 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C; heat fluxes of 20, 25, and 30 kW/m²; and mass fluxes of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m²s. The experimental data obtained from the smooth tube are plotted with flow pattern map for vertical flow. Comparisons between smooth and corrugated tubes on the heat transfer and pressure drop are also discussed. It is observed that the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop obtained from the corrugated tubes are higher than those from the smooth tube. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop increase as the corrugation pitch decreases. The maximum heat transfer enhancement factor and penalty factor are up to 1.22 and 4.0, respectively.     

Aeroacoustic interaction in a corrugated duct

The sound generation by an air flow in a corrugated tube is studied experimentally for different values of the corrugation pitch and different tube lengths. The Strouhal numbers of sound generated in different tubes with different flow velocities lie within 0.4–0.6. As the flow velocity increases, the Strouhal number decreases. The effect of sound absorption by an air flow in a corrugated duct is described: in a corrugated tube with a flow, at frequencies below the generation frequency, the absorption of sound produced by an external source is observed. A semiempirical model of aeroacoustic interaction in a corrugated tube is proposed. The model provides a qualitative agreement with the experiment.     

波纹板片上降膜吸收过程的传热传质数值仿真

建立了在连续的竖直波纹板上降膜吸收过程的传热传质数学模型,并进行了无因次化处理和仿真数值计算。给出了溶液液膜内流场、温度场、质量分数分布的计算结果,比较了交叉双尺度波纹板片和当量平板上的吸收传热和传质系数随不同溶液喷淋密度的变化结果,显示出前者具有更好的性能,并讨论了波纹节距对传热和传质系数的影响关系。     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer performance of corrugated tube with spring tape inserts

Turbulent forced convection in a corrugated tube with spring tape is investigated experimentally, for Reynolds numbers from 10,000 to 50,000. The working fluid is air. Experiments are performed for different pitch and spring ratios. Results show that Nusselt numbers can be increased considerably, depending on pitch and spring ratios. An overall assessment, considering the friction losses, is achieved using the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter. The latter is observed to take values larger than unity for all cases, where quite high values around 2.8 occur for cases with smallest pitch and spring ratios. Predictive Nusselt number and friction factor correlations are proposed.     

Experimental characterization of novel SiC foam corrugated structured packing with varied pore size and corrugation angle

In our study, SiC foam material has been applied to produce corrugated structured packing in distillation. Three kinds of novel packing with different pore size and corrugation angle have been developed and tested in pilot scale, respectively, to investigate the influence of structural parameters on the performance of SiC foam corrugated structured packing. Hydraulic parameters including pressure drop for dry and wet packing and flooding velocity are determined in an organic glass tower of 600 mm internal diameter, using gas–water. Mass transfer efficiency (HETP) is measured by total reflux experiments in a column with a 310 mm diameter at atmospheric pressure, using a mixture of n-heptane and cyclohexane. The experimental results indicate that SFP-500YD3 with a smaller pore size has higher dry and wet pressure drop, lower flooding velocity and higher mass transfer efficiency compared with SFP-500Y-D5. SFP-500X-D3 with a 30° corrugation angle exhibits lowest pressure drop and highest separation efficiency among all three packings. This study reveals the influence of structural characteristics of SiC foam corrugated structured packing on its performance.     

Experiments on New Arrangements of Convex and Concave Corrugated Tubes through a Double-pipe Heat Exchanger

The main scope of this article paper is to experimentally clarify the effects of outer-tube and inner-tube corrugations on thermal and frictional characteristics in a horizontal double-pipe heat exchanger. Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance factor are evaluated for new various arrangements of convex and concave corrugated tubes. Smooth tubes were corrugated by means of a special machine. Findings indicate that the arrangement type of corrugated tubes has a significant effect on the mentioned parameters. The best performance was obtained for a heat exchanger made of a concave corrugated outer tube and a convex corrugated inner tube.     

外螺旋槽管污垢特性的实验研究

本文采用污垢热阻动态监测方法,考察了冷水硬度、温度、流速及几何参数对外螺旋槽管污垢特性的影响,结果表明:螺旋槽管参数对污垢热阻有显著影响,螺距最小的螺旋槽管具有最小的污垢热阻,当螺距增大时,污垢热阻的增长未出现单调变化;温度的升高导致污垢热阻的增大,并且随温度的升高,结垢速率增大,污垢诱导期趋于消失;随着流速的增大,螺...     

Elastic wave propagation in sinusoidally corrugated waveguides

The ultrasonic wave propagation in sinusoidally corrugated waveguides is studied in this paper. Periodically corrugated waveguides are gaining popularity in the field of vibration control and for designing structures with desired acoustic band gaps. Currently only numerical method (Boundary Element Method or Finite Element Method) based packages (e.g., PZFlex) are in principle capable of modeling ultrasonic fields in complex structures with rapid change of curvatures at the interfaces and boundaries but no analyses have been reported. However, the packages are very CPU intensive; it requires a huge amount of computation memory and time for its execution. In this paper a new semi-analytical technique called Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM) is used to model the ultrasonic field in sinusoidally corrugated waveguides immersed in water where the interface curvature changes rapidly. DPSM results are compared with analytical solutions. It is found that when a narrow ultrasonic beam hits the corrugation peaks at an angle, the wave propagates in the backward direction in waveguides with high corrugation depth. However, in waveguides with small corrugation the wave propagates in the forward direction. The forward and backward propagation phenomenon is found to be independent of the signal frequency and depends on the degree of corrugation.     

The measurement of frequency dependance of surface resistance in high Tc superconductor

We have measured the penetration depth and conductivity of high Tc superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperature by using microwave transmission method. After that we obtain the frequency dependance of surface resistance in high Tc superconductor. Experimental results show that the surface resistance of high Tc superconductor is proportional to the square of frequency as theoretical prediction. The advantage of microwave transmission method is broadband and easy to use.